Physalaemus signifer (Girard, 1853)

Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), Zootaxa 4725 (1), pp. 1-106 : 14

Physalaemus signifer clade

Species in this clade usually have A calls with low fundamental frequency, below 500 Hz (except P. bokermanni ; see below). Usually the fundamental band is absent or with very low energy, barely visible in audiospectrograms (all species except some calls of P. irroratus , P. obtectus , and P. nanus ). Most of the species (66.6 %) have more than one call type. Nonlinear phenomena, subharmonics and deterministic chaos, are common in the clade (see P. angrensis , P. atlanticus , P. bokermanni , P. camacan , P. crombiei , P. irroratus , P. moreirae , P. nanus , P. obtectus , P. signifer , and P. spiniger ) even though usually restricted to parts of some calls (i.e., polymorphic in presence and position; vs. present in all calls in the same call positions in species of P. cuvieri clade). Eight species ( P. angrensis , P. atlanticus , P. bokermanni , P. crombiei , P. irroratus , P. moreirae , P. nanus , and P. obtectus ) have calls with strong PAM, with silence periods between pulses.