Physalaemus riograndensis Milstead, 1960
publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1 |
publication LSID |
lsid:zoobank.org:pub:B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361 |
DOI |
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583642 |
persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640-FFBA-FF80-BE8B-F9BEFB37FE65 |
treatment provided by |
Plazi |
scientific name |
Physalaemus riograndensis Milstead, 1960 |
status |
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Physalaemus riograndensis Milstead, 1960
We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with high fundamental frequency (ca. 1000 Hz). It has a general downward FM throughout the call, with an up-downward FM segment in the its first third.
Call A ( Fig. 45 View FIGURE 45 A–F and 42D). We examined 14 recordings, a total of 31 minutes, with ca. 820 calls from 50 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2 View TABLE 2 ). Call duration varies from 0.691 to 0.835 s. The envelope of the call is variable ( Fig. 45A, C, D View FIGURE 45 ). In most calls, the limits between the call rise, sustain, and call fall are not clear. Calls usually have a short segment with very low amplitude at the beginning of the call, separated from the rest of the call by an abrupt change in amplitude. The shape of the call rise and fall is usually exponential. The sustain is irregular, usually composed of a shallow or deep valley (i.e., with a concave shape; Fig. 45D View FIGURE 45 ). The amplitude peak is often at around the middle or after one third of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic ( Fig. 45A, D View FIGURE 45 ) to triangular (pointed right; Fig. 45C View FIGURE 45 ). Due to the concave shape of the sustain, the triangular shape of some calls resembles an arrow. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 27 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series ( Fig. 42D View FIGURE 42 ). The fundamental frequency is ca. 1020 Hz and the first six harmonics are generally emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 950 to 1030 Hz ( Fig. 42D View FIGURE 42 ). The first harmonic is the dominant ( Fig. 42D View FIGURE 42 , 45B, E, F View FIGURE 45 ). There is a clear shift in relative energy among bands. Although, usually, there is no shift in the dominant frequency, the higher bands get more energy towards the end of the call ( Fig. 42D View FIGURE 42 ). Most of the call energy is between 850 and 1150 Hz (one harmonic). The call has a general downward FM (45B, E, F). Additionally, calls have an up-downward FM in the first third of the call duration, leading to arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short upward FM at the end (45B, E, F). The general downward FM and the initial updownward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM.
No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.
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