Physalaemus orophilus Cassini, Cruz & Caramaschi, 2010

Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), Zootaxa 4725 (1), pp. 1-106 : 72

publication ID

https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1

publication LSID

lsid:zoobank.org:pub:B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583636

persistent identifier

https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640-FFB6-FF84-BE8B-F8ADFAFAFC85

treatment provided by

Plazi

scientific name

Physalaemus orophilus Cassini, Cruz & Caramaschi, 2010
status

 

Physalaemus orophilus Cassini, Cruz & Caramaschi, 2010

We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call has long duration and is composed of a single harmonic note with a sequence of pulses with interpulse silence intervals. The bands have a general upward FM but with a subtle downward FM at the end, yielding slightly arc-shaped bands in the audiospectrogram of some calls when considering the entire call duration.

Call A ( Fig. 41 View FIGURE 41 A–H and 42A). We examined 10 recordings, a total of 26 minutes, with ca. 270 calls from 16 males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2 View TABLE 2 ). Call duration varies from 3.724 to 5.432 s. Call rise and fall are very short and similar to each other in duration. There is a long sustain. This segment is usually regular and almost flat ( Fig. 41A, D View FIGURE 41 ), but convex in some calls ( Fig. 41E View FIGURE 41 ). The amplitude peak of these calls is at the end of the first two thirds of the call duration. The envelope of the call varies from elliptic ( Fig. 41E View FIGURE 41 ) to rectangular ( Fig. 41A, D View FIGURE 41 ). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 43 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call has a strong PAM (silence intervals are present between peaks; Fig. 41 View FIGURE 41 A–H). The rate of the PAM is ca. 11 Hz, forming ca. 57 pulses throughout the call. The pulse rise is longer than fall, with amplitude peak of the pulse at ca. two thirds of the pulse duration. The amplitude peak of the last pulse is at the beginning or middle of the pulse ( Fig. 41C View FIGURE 41 ). Duration of silence intervals is similar to pulse duration. The last pulse is usually the longest (ca. 1.5 times longer than the other pulses). In some calls, the last pulse is the shortest. The call has a harmonic series ( Fig. 42A View FIGURE 42 ). The fundamental frequency is ca. 290 Hz. The first five harmonics are usually absent in audiospectrograms ( Fig. 41B View FIGURE 41 ). There are ca. four adjacent emphasized harmonics. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 2630 to 2910 Hz ( Fig. 41B View FIGURE 41 ). The dominant harmonic varies from the seven to the 29 th, but it is usually the ninth ( Fig. 42A View FIGURE 42 ). There is no shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between 2500 and 3350 Hz (three harmonics; Fig. 41F View FIGURE 41 ). The call has a slight general upward FM and a short downward FM at the end, leading to arc-shaped bands in audiospectrograms when considering the entire call ( Fig. 41B, G, H View FIGURE 41 ). Additionally, there can be a slight PFM throughout the call, which is directly proportional to the synchronic pulse-PAM, i.e. up-downward FM in each pulse.

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Chordata

Class

Amphibia

Order

Anura

Family

Leiuperidae

Genus

Physalaemus

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