Physalaemus barrioi Bokermann, 1967

Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), Zootaxa 4725 (1), pp. 1-106 : 85

Physalaemus barrioi Bokermann, 1967

We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call has a single harmonic note with a long duration and general downward FM, with an up-downward FM segment in the first seventh of the call.

Call A ( Fig. 54 A–L and 52D). We examined eight recordings, a total of 13 minutes, with ca. 70 calls from eight males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2 ). Call duration varies from 1.323 to 2.038 s. Call rise duration is short and similar to call fall duration; the call rise and fall shapes vary from logarithmic to almost linear or exponential. The sustain is irregular, generally flat ( Fig. 54A, E, F ) or ascending (Fig. C, D, G). In this latter case, the amplitude gets higher towards the end of the call. There is usually a long shallow valley at the beginning or at the middle of the sustain ( Fig. 54A, C, D, E, G ). The amplitude peak is usually at the end of the first three fifths of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic ( Fig. 54F ), rectangular ( Fig. 54A, E, G ) to triangular (usually pointed left; Fig. C, D). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 39 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series ( Fig. 52D ). The fundamental frequency is ca. 460 Hz and the first seven harmonics are generally emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 470 to 2580 Hz. The dominant harmonic is the first or the sixth, but usually the first ( Fig. 52D , 54B , H–L). There is a clear shift in relative energy between the bands; the dominant frequency increases towards the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic and moving to the sixth at the very end of the call ( Fig. 52D , 54B , H–L). Most of the call energy is between 450 and 2700 Hz (four to six harmonics). The call has a general downward FM. Additionally, the calls have an up-downward FM at the first seventh of call duration, leading to slightly arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short downward FM at the end ( Fig. 54B , H–L). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM.

Figures

FIGURE 52. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of four Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. gracilis (A), P. lisei (B), P. evangelistai (C), P. barrioi (D), P. jordanensis (E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency.

FIGURE 54. Call A of Physalaemus barrioi. Oscillograms (A, C–G) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–L). Note the subharmonics at the middle of the call (B). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 2000 (H, J, and I); 2500 (B); 1024 (K); 1500 (L).