APHIDIINAE

Čkrkić, Jelisaveta, Petrović, Andjeljko, Kocić, Korana & Tomanović, Željko, 2021, Insights into phylogenetic relationships between Trioxys Haliday, 1833 and Binodoxys Mackauer, 1960 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae), with a description of a new species of the genus Trioxys, Zoosystema 43 (8), pp. 145-154 : 151-152

Genera Trioxys and Binodoxys are considered closely related, and were initially considered to be one genus, Trioxys ( Mackauer 1959) . Mackauer (1960) separated Binodoxys as a subgenus of Trioxys based on the presence of secondary tubercles on the petiole. Since then, Binodoxys has been considered as a separate genus ( Mackauer 1961) or as a subgenus of Trioxys ( Mackauer 1960) . Morphological data seem to support the separation of two groups ( Lazarević et al. 2017). Molecular analyses of the phylogeny of Aphidiinae recovered Trioxys and Binodoxys as closely related, but usually with a small number of species used in the analysis ( Belshaw & Quicke 1997; Smith et al. 1999; Kambhampati et al. 2000; Sanchis et al. 2000; Shi & Chen 2005; Derocles et al. 2012). Recent studies that focused solely on the two genera, rather than the whole subKEY TO SPECIES OF APHIDIINAE PARASITIZING TINOCALLIS MATSUMURA, 1919 APHIDS IN EUROPE, BASED ON FEMALES

1. Forewing m-cu vein present; ovipositor sheath without prongs; pupation in a cocoon under mummified aphids ........................................................................................................... Praon flavinode (Haliday, 1833)

— Forewing m-cu vein absent; ovipositor sheath with prongs; pupation in a cocoon inside the mummified aphid ........................................................................................................................................................... 2

2. Abdominal prongs bent knee-like behind the middle, apex of prongs brush-like with 5 bristles on apex ........ ..................................................................................................................... Betuloxys hortorum (Starý, 1960)

— Abdominal prongs not bent, apex of prongs with 1 simple or claw-shaped bristle ....................................... 3

3. Abdominal prongs with 1 simple bristle at apex ............................................. Trioxys tenuicaudus Starý, 1978

— Abdominal prongs with 1 claw-shaped bristle at apex .................................................................................. 4

4. Prongs curved upwards, with 2 long hairs on dorsal surface .................... Trioxys curvicaudus Mackauer, 1967

— Prongs straight, with 2 or 4 setae on dorsal surface ...................................................................................... 5

5. Prongs with 4 long setae on dorsal surface ..................................................... Trioxys pallidus (Haliday, 1833)

— Prongs with 2 long setae on dorsal surface ....................................... Trioxys ulmi Čkrkić & Tomanović , n. sp. family, showed that molecular data is not in concordance with morphological analyses, implying that Binodoxys and Trioxys are not monophyletic groups ( Čkrkić et al. 2019; Rakhshani et al. 2020). The results of this study confirm the ambiguities shown by molecular results – while all Binodoxys species cluster together, the positioning of Trioxys species used in the analysis does not support monophyly of this genus. Genetic distances between species of the two genera based on COI are relatively high for Aphidiinae ( Table 2 ), a situation that is becoming increasingly common with new studies of various Aphidiinae genera ( Čkrkić et al. 2019, 2020; Kocić et al. 2019). In addition, the divergence rates between congeners are not significantly different from those between species designated to different genera, as previously shown ( Čkrkić et al. 2019). The grouping of some Trioxys species does not reflect ecological similarities either. Trioxys ulmi Čkrkić & Tomanović , n. sp. and T. pallidus , parasitoids of arboricolous aphids, cluster with T. complanatus , a parasitoid of the spotted alfalfa aphid, Therioaphis trifolii on Medicago and Trifolium ( Tomanović & Kavallieratos 2002) . These results suggest that a comprehensive revision is needed, where all available species of both genera will be included and subject to an integrative approach. Combining morphology, several molecular markers and biology and ecology of analysed species with thorough sampling for greater resolution will allow for a clearer picture of the phylogenetic relationships between Trioxys and Binodoxys species.