Blepharoneura atomaria, Fabricius, 1805: 329

Murphy, William L., Abercrombie, Jay, González, Christian R. & Knutson, Lloyd, 2023, Overview of the Sciomyzidae (Diptera: Sciomyzoidea) of the Americas south of the United States, Zootaxa 5345 (1), pp. 1-113 : 60-83

Species Transferred to Other Families

atomaria Fabricius, 1805: 329 (Dictya) [= Blepharoneura atomaria (Fabricius) , Tephritidae ; Norrbom et al. 1998: 105]

bicolor Walker, 1837: 358 (Sciomyza) [= Heloparia bicolor (Walker) , Pallopteridae ; Malloch 1933: 339] ST ♂ ♀ “Port Famine in the Strait of Magellan.” NHMUK

bispinosa Fabricius, 1805: 210 (Scatophaga) [= Beckeriella bispinosa (Fabricius) , Ephydridae ; Wirth 1968: 20] HT:? “America meridionali.”

cancellaria Fabricius, 1805: 328 ( Dictya ) (= Anastrepha striata Schiner , Tephritidae ; Norrbom et al. 1998: 82)

clavipes Fabricius, 1805: 329 (Dictya) [= Ropalomera clavipes (Fabricius) , Ropalomeridae ; Steyskal 1967: 60.2]

cornuta Walker, 1853: 401 ( Tetanocera ) [= Loxozus cornutus (Walker) , Neriidae ; Steyskal 1966: 446] HT: ♀ “Columbia.” NHMUK

corollae Fabricius, 1805: 331 (Dictya) [= Chaetominettia corollae (Fabricius) , Lauxaniidae ; Gaimari & Silva, 2020: 33] HT: “America meridionalis” [ Brazil, according to Wiedemann 1830: 452]. Zimsen (1964: 495) noted that ZMUC has two syntypes (1♀, 1 sex unknown). The ZMUC database lists this species in their Fabricius collection.

externa Fabricius, 1805: 328 (Dictya) [= Euscopoliopteryx nebulosa Townsend , Tachinidae ; Townsend 1931: 87] LT: ♂ “America meridionali.” ZMUC. Note: Also described in some detail and figured by Wiedemann 1830 but not mentioned by Wulp 1897, Malloch 1933, Steyskal 1954b, Orth 1991, or other authors

facialis Wiedemann, 1830: 684 (Sciomyza) [= Neoxangelina facialis (Wiedemann) , Lauxaniidae ; Gaimari & Silva, 2020: 52] ST: ♂ “ Brasilien ” “In meiner Sammlung” [“in my collection”]. NMW

femorata Fabricius, 1805: 326 (Dictya) [= Ropalomera femorata (Fabricius) , Ropalomeridae ; Steyskal 1967: 60.2]

fulvescens Blanchard, 1854: 448 (Sciomyza) [= Zamyprosa fulvescens (Blanchard) , Lauxaniidae ; Gaimari & Silva, 2020: 93] LT: ♂ Chile, Coquimbo. MNHN, ED8574

geminata Fabricius, 1805: 331 (Dictya) [= Setulina geminata (Fabricius) , Lauxaniidae ; Malloch 1941: 127] ST: ♀ “America meridionalis” [= Guyana, cf. Stål 1868: 3]. Zimsen (1964: 495) noted that ZMUC had one specimen. The ZMUC database lists this species in their Fabricius collection.

infuscata Wulp, 1897: 355 (Sciomyza) [= Pseudogriphonerua infuscata (Wulp) , Lauxaniidae ; Steyskal 1966: 448] HT: ♀ Mexico, “Sierra de las Aguas Escondidas in Guerro [Guerrero] 7000 feet [2134 m.] (H.H. Smith).” NHMUK

melanaspis Wiedemann, 1830: 575 (Sciomyza) [= Neominettia melanaspis (Wiedemann) , Lauxaniidae ; Gaimari & Silva, 2002: 51] LT: ♂ Brazil. NMW

nigripes Blanchard, 1854: 449 (Sciomyza) [= Zamyprosa macquarti Gaimari & Silva , Lauxaniidae ; Gaimari & Silva, 2020: 91; nec Sapromyza nigripes Macquart, 1844 ] LT: ♂ Chile, Coquimbo. MNHN, ED8576

obscuripennis Bigot, 1857: 826 (Sciomyza) [= Physogenua obscuripennis (Bigot) , Lauxaniidae ; Hendel 1908: 16] LT: ♂ Cuba. MNHN, ED10058

ocellata Fabricius, 1805: 330 (Dictya) [= Pterocalla ocellata (Fabricius) , Ulidiidae ; Steyskal 1968: 8] HT:? “South America”

pectoralis Walker, 1861: 321 (Tetanocera) (= Ulidiidae ; Brian H. Cogan, pers. comm. to LK) HT:? “ Mexico.” NHMUK

picta Wiedemann, 1830: 576 (Sciomyza) [= Hirtodeceia picta (Wiedemann) , Lauxaniidae ; Shewell 1986: 538].

Note: According to Gaimari & Silva (2020):

“The names Sciomyza picta Wiedemann, 1830: 576 , and Sciomyza picta Meigen, 1830: 18 , are primary homonyms referring to different taxa, with the former being a lauxaniid and the latter being a tephritid. The name of Wiedemann has priority, as it was published on 1 September 1830 while that of Meigen was published on 3 October 1830 ( Evenhuis & Pape 2017). Although the name of Meigen is permanently invalid, it is a junior synonym of Trypeta colon Meigen, 1826: 346 (= Terellia colon ( Meigen, 1826)) ( Norrbom et al. 1998: 222) .”

ST: ♂ Brazil. ZMUC uncana Fabricius, 1805: 330 (Dictya) [= Oestrophasiana uncana (Fabricius) , Tachinidae ; Guimar ã es 1971: 20]

HT:? “South America”

Key to Genera of Adults in the Nearctic-Neotropical Transition Area and the Caribbean Islands

Modified from Marinoni & Knutson (2011)

1. Proepisternal seta strong ( Fig. 1 ); if proepisternal seta short, fine ( Atrichomelina ) ( Fig. 2 ), then only one well-developed fronto-orbital seta ( Fig. 3 ). Pedicel one-half to less than one-half length of first flagellomere ( Fig. 4 ) ( SCIOMYZINI ).............. 2

- Proepisternal seta absent, only a few short, fine setulae on proepisternum ( Fig. 5 ). Pedicel from subequal to, to twice, length of first flagellomere ( Fig. 6 ) ( TETANOCERINI ).................................................................. 5

2. Proepisternal seta short, fine ( Fig. 2 ). All thoracic pleura with fine setulae, without setae ( Fig. 7 ). Basal fore tarsomere pale yellow or white, contrasting strongly with dark distal four tarsomeres ( Fig. 8 ). Wing without pattern ( Fig. 9 ).. Atrichomelina [Only one species in the genus: Atrichomelina pubera (Loew) . Habitus ( Fig. 10 ).]

Distribution in the Nearctic-Neotropical transition area: Guatemala, Mexico

- Proepisternal seta strong ( Fig. 1 ). At least one thoracic pleurite with setae ( Fig. 11 ). Basal fore tarsomere not pale yellow or white, not contrasting with dark distal four tarsomeres. Wing with or without pattern................................ 3

3. Frontal vitta subshiny, nearly reaching anterior margin of frons; one fronto-orbital seta ( Fig. 12 ). Wing without pattern ( Fig. 13 )........................................................................................ Ditaeniella [Further description: Frons narrowed anteriorly, more so in male. Prosternum with a few fine setulae ( Fig. 14 ). Katepisternum without setae but with many short setulae ( Fig. 15 ). Hind coxa with fine setulae on inner posterodorsal margin ( Fig. 16 ). Anterior surstylus vestigial. Only one species in the Nearctic-Neotropical transition area: Ditaeniella parallela Walker. ] Distribution in the Nearctic-Neotropical transition area: Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Mexico

- Frontal vitta absent or short, triangular, tomentose ( Fig. 17 ). One or two fronto-orbital setae. Wing with or without pattern.. 4

4. Face with rounded median dark spot ( Fig. 18 ). One fronto-orbital seta. Wing with strong pattern ( Fig. 19 )......... Neuzina [Only one species in the genus: Neuzina diminuta Marinoni & Zumbado. ]

Distribution in the Nearctic-Neotropical transition area: Costa Rica, Mexico

- Face without median rounded dark spot. Two fronto-orbital setae. Wing with ( Fig. 20 ) or without pattern......... Pherbellia [Further description: Frontal vitta short, triangular, tomentose ( Fig. 17 ). Frons not narrowed anteriorly. First flagellomere about as long as wide or slightly longer than wide ( Fig. 21 ). Anepisternum without setae, with or without setulae. Anterior surstylus well developed. Habitus, Pherbellia vittigera (Malloch) ( Fig. 22 ).]

Distribution in the Nearctic-Neotropical transition area: Bahamas, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico

5. Hind tibia with two dorsal preapical setae ( Fig. 23 ). Wing without pattern ( Fig. 24 ).......................... Anticheta [Two described species in the Nearctic-Neotropical transition area. Habitus of Anticheta testacea Melander ( Fig. 25 ).] Distribution in the Nearctic-Neotropical transition area: Mexico (Baja California)

- Hind tibia with one preapical dorsal seta ( Fig. 26 ). Wing with or without pattern................................... 6

6. Face with median rounded dark spot...................................................................... 7

- Face without median rounded dark spot.................................................................... 9

7. Head about as long as high. Lunule broadly exposed ( Fig. 27 ). Two fronto-orbital setae. Arista white. Wing with strong pattern ( Fig. 28 )..................................................................................... Euthycera [Only one species in the Nearctic-Neotropical transition area: Euthycera mira Knutson & Zuska. Habitus ( Fig. 28 ). Habitus of similar Euthycera flavescens (Loew) (Nearctic) ( Fig. 29 ).]

Distribution in the Nearctic-Neotropical transition area: Mexico (Durango)

- Head higher than long. Lunule exposed or concealed. One fronto-orbital seta ( Fig. 30 ). Arista white or dark. Wing with or without pattern....................................................................................... 8

8. Lunule broadly exposed. Wing heavily spotted ( Fig. 31 ) or with extensive areas without spots ( Fig. 32 ). Hind femur slender, slightly longer than tibia. Fifth sternum of male with posterior process ( Fig. 33 )............................ Protodictya [Further description: Arista ( Figs. 34, 35 ) densely white pubescent. Face with dark median spot ( Figs. 35, 36 ). Only one species in the Nearctic-Neotropical transition area: Protodictya nubilipennis (Wulp) . Habitus of similar P. chilensis Malloch ( Fig. 37 ).]

Distribution in the Nearctic-Neotropical transition area: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama

- Lunule concealed or nearly concealed ( Fig. 38 ). Wing with strong pattern ( Fig. 39 ). Hind femur short, almost same length as tibia ( Fig. 26 ). Fifth sternum of male without posterior process............................................. Dictya [Further description: Face with dark median spot ( Fig. 40 ). One fronto-orbital seta ( Fig. 30 ). Body with many dark spots at base of seta and setulae ( Fig. 41 ). Hind tibia with one preapical dorsal seta ( Fig. 26 ). Habitus, Dictya sp. ( Fig. 42 ).]

Distribution in the Nearctic-Neotropical transition area: Bahamas, Belize, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico

9. Ocellar setae absent ( Fig. 43 ). Ptilinal fissure absent ( Fig. 44 ). One pair of scutellar setae ( Fig. 45 ).................... 10

- Ocellar setae present ( Fig. 46 ). Ptilinal fissure present ( Fig. 47 ). Two pairs of scutellar setae ( Fig. 48 )................. 13

10. Hind tibia with apicoventral spinelike projection ( Fig. 49 ). Head not conically developed ventrally. Palpi present. Thorax mostly reddish brown. Wing without pattern............................................................... 11

- Hind tibia without apicoventral spinelike projection. Head conically developed ventrally ( Figs. 50, 51 ). Palpi absent ( Fig. 50 ). Thorax dark brown with bright yellow markings ( Fig. 51 ). Wing without pattern ( Fig. 52 ).................... Thecomyia [Further description: Postocellar setae absent ( Fig. 43 ), fronto-orbital setae usually absent. Pleura without setae or setulae except a few fine setulae on proepisternum above fore coxa. Sternum closed above hind coxae (surface smooth) ( Fig. 53 ). Habitus, Thecomyia limbata (Wiedemann) ( Fig. 51 ).]

Distribution in the Nearctic-Neotropical transition area: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama

11. Face with dark brown spot in each anteroventral corner ( Fig. 54 ). Male surstyli fused along midline. Posterior thoracic spiracle often with strong setulae along or near margin ( Fig. 55 )............................................... Sepedonea [Further description: Antenna ( Fig. 56 ). Postocellar setae present. Wing without pattern ( Fig. 57 ). Fore femur with at least one outstanding dorsal seta on apical one-fourth ( Fig. 58 ). Hind femur without markings.]

Distribution in the Nearctic-Neotropical transition area: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama

- Face without dark brown spot in each anteroventral corner. Male surstyli separate. Posterior thoracic spiracle usually without strong setulae along or near margin...................................................................... 12

12. Postocellar setae present ( Fig. 59 ). Hind femur about one-third longer than abdomen, without markings ( Fig. 60 ). Mid femur with one or more distinctly larger anterior setae near midlength ( Fig. 61 )................................... Sepedon [Further description: Antenna ( Fig. 62 ). Wing without pattern. Fore femur without outstanding dorsal seta on apical one-fourth. Male surstyli well separated. Posterior thoracic spiracle without strong setulae along or near margin. Habitus, Sepedon pacifica Cresson ( Fig. 63 ).]

Distribution in the Nearctic-Neotropical transition area: Mexico (south to Oaxaca)

- Postocellar setae absent ( Fig. 64 ). Hind femur almost twice as long as abdomen, with lateral dark markings ( Fig. 65 ). Mid femur with minute setae or setulae, none of which is distinctly larger than the others........................... Sepedomerus [Further description: One fronto-orbital seta ( Fig. 64 ). Antenna as in Sepedon . Wing without pattern ( Fig. 66 ). Habitus, Sepedomerus macropus (Walker) ( Fig. 67 ).]

Distribution in the Nearctic-Neotropical transition area: Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico

13. Very small. Head dorsoventrally flattened; pedicel wide and flattened in lateral view, much longer than roundish first flagellomere; arista white, extremely short ( Figs. 68, 69 ). Hind tibia arch shaped ( Fig. 69 ). Dorsal preapical tibial seta absent. Wing almost circular in outline, with strong pattern ( Fig. 70 )......................................... Teutoniomyia [Further description: Head at least 1.5 times longer than high. Habitus, Teutoniomyia costaricensis Steyskal ( Fig. 69 ).] Distribution in the Nearctic-Neotropical transition area: Costa Rica, Mexico

- Small to medium sized. Head, pedicel, and arista not as above. Hind tibia not arch shaped. Dorsal preapical tibial seta present ( Fig. 71 ). Wing not almost circular in outline.............................................................. 14

14. Wing without pattern except for darkened crossveins ( Fig. 72 ). Two fronto-orbital setae ( Fig. 73 ). Anepisternum and anepimeron without setae or setulae ( Fig. 74 )................................................................. Tetanocera [Further description: Arista ( Fig. 75 ) with hairs long to plumose. Katepisternum with setulae only ( Fig. 74 ). Zero presutural and two postsutural dorsocentral setae. Habitus, Tetanocera plumosa Loew ( Fig. 76 ).]

Distribution in the Nearctic-Neotropical transition area: Mexico, Venezuela (?)

- Wing with strong pattern. One or two fronto-orbital setae. Anepisternum and sometimes anepimeron with setae or setulae... .................................................................................................. 15

15. With dark brown stripe between eye and oral margin; face not strongly concave; two fronto-orbital setae ( Fig. 77 ). Arista with sparse, plumose dark hairs ( Figs. 77 , 78 ). Wing with reticulate pattern ( Fig. 79 ). Habitus, Hoplodictya spinicornis (Loew) ( Fig. 80 )........................................................................................ Hoplodictya [Further description: One strong katepisternal seta ( Fig. 80 ). Face without dark median spot ( Figs. 77 , 80 ).]

Distribution in the Nearctic-Neotropical transition area: Bahamas, Cuba, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico

- Without dark brown stripe between eye and oral margin, face strongly concave. One or two fronto-orbital setae. Arista with white or dark hairs. Wing with or without pattern........................................................... 16

16 Arista with rather dense, plumose dark hairs ( Fig. 81 ). One fronto-orbital seta; frons with dark spots lateral of antenna and lateral of ocellar triangle ( Fig. 82 ). Wing with weak ( Guatemalia straminata (Wulp)) or strong ( G. nigritarsis Marinoni ) ( Fig. 83 ) pattern. Habitus, Guatemalia nigritarsis ( Fig. 84 )................................................ Guatemalia [Further description: Face without dark median spot. Body largely plain tawny ( Fig. 84 ).]

Distribution in the Nearctic-Neotropical transition area: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico

- Arista with dense, plumose white hairs ( Fig. 85 ). Two fronto-orbital setae; frons with dark spots lateral of antenna but absent lateral of ocellar triangle ( Fig. 86 ). Wing with reticulate pattern ( Fig. 87 ). Habitus, Limnia ottawensis Melander ( Fig. 88 ).................................................................................................. Limnia [Only one species in the Nearctic-Neotropical transition area: Limnia ottawensis Melander. ] Distribution in the Nearctic-Neotropical transition area: Mexico (Chihuahua)

Key to Genera of Adults in the Neotropical Region and the Caribbean Islands

Modified from Steyskal & Knutson (1975 b). Measurements in figures are in millimeters.

Included are the genera Anticheta , Atrichomelina , Euthycera , and Tetanocera , widespread in the Nearctic Region and also found near the distinction between the Nearctic and Neotropical Regions or slightly adventive into the Neotropical Region.

1. Proepisternal seta strong ( Fig. 1 ); if proepisternal seta short, fine ( Atrichomelina ) ( Fig. 2 ), then only one well-developed fronto-orbital seta ( Fig. 3 ). Pedicel one-half to less than one-half length of first flagellomere ( Fig. 4 ) ( SCIOMYZINI , plus Eutrichomelina , Perilimnia , and Shannonia of TETANOCERINI )............................................................... 2

- Proepisternal seta absent, only a few short, fine setulae on proepisternum ( Fig. 5 ). Pedicel from subequal to, to twice, length of first flagellomere ( Fig. 6 ) ( TETANOCERINI , plus Pseudomelina of SCIOMYZINI )..................................... 10

2. Proepisternal seta short, fine ( Fig. 2 ). All thoracic pleura with fine setulae, without setae ( Fig. 7 ). Basal fore tarsomere pale yellow or white, contrasting strongly with dark distal four tarsomeres ( Fig. 8 ). Wing without pattern ( Fig. 9 ).. Atrichomelina [Only one species in the genus: Atrichomelina pubera (Loew) . Habitus ( Fig. 10 ).]

Distribution in the Neotropical Region: Guatemala, Mexico

- Proepisternal seta strong ( Fig. 1 ); if proepisternal seta short, fine ( Shannonia meridionalis Zuska ) then without above combination of characters. At least one thoracic pleurite with setae ( Fig. 11 ). Wing with or without pattern.............. 3

3. Face with rounded median dark spot ( Fig. 18 ). One fronto-orbital seta. Wing with strong pattern ( Fig. 19 )......... Neuzina [Only one species in the genus: Neuzina diminuta Marinoni & Zumbado. ]

Distribution in the Neotropical Region: Brazil, Costa Rica, Mexico, Venezuela

- Without above combination of characters.................................................................. 4

4. Vein CuA+CuP not reaching margin of wing and vein R 1 not extending beyond level of crossvein r-m ( Fig. 89 ). Two dorsocentral setae, anterior seta very strong, at suture ( Fig. 90 ). Aristal hairs short, pubescent; gena very narrow; palpus with one strong apical seta ( Fig. 91 ). Shiny black or brown species. Wing without pattern ( Fig. 92 ). Habitus, Parectinocera inaequalis (Malloch) ( Fig. 93 ).................................................................................. Parectinocera Distribution in the Neotropical Region: Argentina, Bolivia. Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela

- Vein CuA+CuP reaching margin of wing, although weakly in some species. Without above combination of characters..... 5

5. Four dorsocentral setae, one presutural and three postsutural ( Fig. 94 ). Frontal vitta very short, tomentose ( Fig. 95 ). Wing without pattern; vein R 1 extending beyond level of crossvein r-m ( Fig. 96 ). Habitus, Eutrichomelina fulvipennis Walker ( Fig. 97 )..................................................................................... Eutrichomelina Distribution in the Neotropical Region: Argentina, Chile

- Two or three dorsocentral setae, none presutural. Frontal vitta short and tomentose or elongate, subshiny or moderately long, yellowish. Wing with or without pattern; vein R 1 extending beyond level of crossvein r-m or not...................... 6

6. Frontal vitta scarcely extending beyond ocellar triangle; one fronto-orbital seta ( Fig. 98 ). Three dorsocentral setae. Anepisternal seta present ( Fig. 99 ). Katepisternal setae absent. Wing with weak pattern ( Fig. 100 ).......................... Calliscia [Only one species in the genus: Calliscia callisceles Steyskal ( Fig. 101 ).]

Distribution in the Neotropical Region: Chile

- Frontal vitta short or elongate. One or two fronto-orbital setae. Two or three dorsocentral setae. Both anepisternal and katepisternal setae present or both absent or only katepisternal setae present. Wing with or without pattern............... 7

7. Frontal vitta subshiny, nearly reaching anterior margin of frons ( Fig. 12 ). Frons narrowed anteriorly, more so in male. One fronto-orbital seta ( Figs. 3 , 12 ). Prosternum with a few fine setulae ( Fig. 14 ). Katepisternum without setae but with many short setulae ( Fig. 15 ). Hind coxa with fine setulae on inner posterodorsal margin ( Fig. 16 ). Anterior surstylus vestigial. Wing without pattern ( Fig. 13 ). Habitus, Ditaeniella patagonensis (Macquart) ( Fig. 102 )................................ Ditaeniella Distribution in the Neotropical Region: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay

- Without above combination of characters.................................................................. 8

8. Frontal vitta short, triangular, tomentose ( Fig. 17 ). Frons not narrowed anteriorly. First flagellomere about as long as wide or slightly longer than wide ( Fig. 21 ). Anepisternum without setae, with or without setulae. Anterior surstylus well developed. Wing with ( Fig. 20 ) or without pattern.............................................................. Pherbellia [Further description: Two fronto-orbital setae. Habitus, Pherbellia vittigera (Malloch) ( Fig. 22 ).]

Distribution in the Neotropical Region: Argentina, Bahamas, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Peru

- Frontal vitta elongated, parallel sided, subshiny. First flagellomere one to five times longer than wide. Anepisternal setae present or absent, with fine setulae. Anterior surstylus vestigial. Wing without pattern............................... 9

9. Anterior fronto-orbital seta weaker than posterior fronto-orbital seta, occasionally absent; first flagellomere elongate, tapered apically ( Fig. 103 ). Anepisternum with one seta and several small setulae. Male fourth sternum with short, dense, black spinules on posterior margin ( Fig. 104 ). Wing ( Fig. 105 ). Habitus, Perilimnia albifacies Becker ( Fig. 106 ).............. Perilimnia Distribution in the Neotropical Region: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Uruguay

- Anterior fronto-orbital seta almost as strong as posterior fronto-orbital seta; first flagellomere rather short, rounded apically ( Fig. 107 ). Anepisternum without setae, with only small setulae on posterior portion. Male fourth sternum without short, dense, black spinules on posterior margin. Wing ( Fig. 108 ). Habitus, Shannonia meridionalis Zuska ( Fig. 109 )......... Shannonia Distribution in the Neotropical Region: Argentina, Chile

10. First flagellomere broadly rounded apically as in Pherbellia ( Fig. 21 ). Anepimeron with one or two setulae. Two postsutural dorsocentral setae. Hind coxa without fine setulae on inner posterodorsal margin........................ Pseudomelina [Only one species in the genus: Pseudomelina apicalis Malloch. ]

Distribution in the Neotropical Region: Bolivia, Chile

- Without above combination of characters................................................................. 11

11. Subalar sclerite (vallar ridge), under wing base, with setulae ( Fig. 110 ).......................................... 12

- Subalar sclerite without setulae (except a few minute, short, fine setulae present on Sepedonea )...................... 13

12. Arista with sparse blackish hairs; lunule visible only between bases of antennae; face without dark median spot ( Fig. 111 ). Wing heavily spotted ( Fig. 112 ). Habitus, Retellia claropunctata Robineau-Desvoidy ( Fig. 113 )....................... Retellia Distribution in the Neotropical Region: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Uruguay

- Arista densely white pubescent ( Figs. 34, 35 ). Lunule broadly exposed ( Fig. 35 ). Face with dark median spot ( Figs. 35, 36 ). Wing heavily spotted ( Fig. 31 ) or with extensive areas without spots ( Fig. 32 )............................. Protodictya [Further description: Hind femur slender, slightly longer than tibia. Fifth sternum of male with posterior process ( Fig. 33 ). Habitus, Protodictya brasiliensis (Schiner) ( Fig. 32 ), P. chilensis Malloch ( Fig. 37 ).]

Distribution in the Neotropical Region: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Trinidad and Tobago ( Trinidad), Uruguay, Venezuela

13. Ocellar setae well developed ( Fig. 46 ). Ptilinal fissure present ( Fig. 47 ). Two pairs of scutellar setae ( Fig. 48 )........... 14

- Ocellar setae small and weak or absent. Ptilinal fissure absent ( Fig. 44 ). One pair of scutellar setae.................... 22

14. Hind tibia with two dorsal preapical setae ( Fig. 23 ). Wing without pattern ( Fig. 24 ).......................... Anticheta [Two described species in the Neotropical Region. Habitus of Anticheta testacea Melander ( Fig. 25 ).]

Distribution in the Neotropical Region: Mexico (Baja California)

- Hind tibia with one or zero dorsal preapical setae. Wing with or without pattern................................... 15

15. Arista with white pubescence or hairs. Wing with strong pattern............................................... 16

- Arista with dark pubescence or hairs. Wing with or without pattern............................................. 18

16. Lunule exposed only between antennae ( Fig. 114 ). Habitus, Euthycerina sp. ( Fig. 115 )..................... Euthycerina Distribution in the Neotropical Region: Argentina, Chile

- Lunule broadly exposed (as in Fig. 27 , Euthycera ).......................................................... 17

17. Pedicel about as long as first flagellomere ( Fig. 116 ). Head about as long as high ( Figs. 28, 29 ). Hind tibia straight. Dorsal preapical setae present on all tarsi. Wing longer than wide, with strong pattern ( Fig. 28 )...................... Euthycera [Further description: Two fronto-orbital setae. Only one species in the Neotropical Region: Euthycera mira Knutson & Zuska. Habitus ( Fig. 28 ) and of closely related E. flavescens (Loew) (Nearctic) ( Fig. 29 ).]

Distribution in the Neotropical Region: Mexico (Durango)

- Pedicel much longer than roundish first flagellomere, wide and flattened in lateral view ( Fig. 68 ). Head at least 1.5 times longer than high, dorsoventrally flattened. Hind tibia arch shaped ( Fig. 69 ). Dorsal preapical tibial seta absent. Wing almost circular in outline, with strong pattern ( Fig. 70 ).......................................................... Teutoniomyia [Further description: Very small. Arista extremely short. Habitus, Teutoniomyia costaricensis Steyskal ( Fig. 69 ).]

Distribution in the Neotropical Region: Brazil, Costa Rica, Mexico

18. Anepisternum and anepimeron without setae or setulae; if setulae present on posterior part of anepisternum, then wing without dense pattern........................................................................................ 19

- Anepisternum and sometimes anepimeron with setae or setulae. Wing with dense pattern........................... 20

19. Katepisternum with setulae only ( Fig. 74 ). Zero presutural and two postsutural dorsocentral setae. Arista with hairs long to plumose ( Fig. 75 ). Wing without pattern except for darkened crossveins ( Fig. 72 ).......................... Tetanocera [Further description: Two fronto-orbital setae ( Fig. 73 ). Habitus, Tetanocera plumosa Loew ( Fig. 76 ).]

Distribution in the Neotropical Region: Mexico, Venezuela (?)

- Katepisternum with two strong setae ( Fig. 117 ). One or zero presutural dorsocentral setae, three or four postsutural dorsocentral setae. Arista basally pubescent, distal one-half nearly bare ( Fig. 118 ). Wing without pattern ( Fig. 119 ). Habitus, Tetanoceroides bisetosus (Thomson) ( Fig. 120 )............................................................... Tetanoceroides Distribution in the Neotropical Region: Argentina, Chile, Uruguay

20. Two fronto-orbital setae ( Fig. 77 ). One strong katepisternal seta ( Fig. 80 ). Face without dark median spot ( Figs. 77 , 80 ). Wing with reticulate pattern ( Fig. 79 )................................................................. Hoplodictya [Further description: With dark brown stripe between eye and oral margin; face not strongly concave ( Fig. 77 ). Arista with sparse, plumose dark hairs ( Figs. 77 , 78 ). Habitus, Hoplodictya spinicornis (Loew) ( Fig. 80 ).]

Distribution in the Neotropical Region: Bahamas, Cuba, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico

- One fronto-orbital seta. No katepisternal seta. Face with or without dark median spot. Wing with pattern............... 21

21. Face with dark median spot ( Fig. 40 ). Body with many dark spots at base of seta and setulae ( Fig. 41 ). Wing with strong pattern ( Fig. 39 )........................................................................................ Dictya [Further description: One fronto-orbital seta ( Fig. 30 ). Lunule concealed or nearly concealed ( Fig. 38 ). Hind femur short, almost same length as tibia; hind tibia with one preapical dorsal seta ( Fig. 26 ). Habitus, Dictya sp. ( Fig. 42 ).]

Distribution in the Neotropical Region: Bahamas, Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico

- Face without dark median spot, body without dark spots at base of seta and setulae, largely plain tawny ( Fig. 84 ). Wing with weak ( Guatemalia straminata (Wulp)) or strong ( G. nigritarsis Marinoni ) ( Fig. 83 ) pattern.................. Guatemalia [Further description: One fronto-orbital seta. Arista with rather dense, plumose dark hairs ( Fig. 81 ). Frons with dark spots lateral of antenna and of ocellar triangle ( Fig. 82 ).]

Distribution in the Neotropical Region: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico

22. Head conically developed ventrally ( Figs. 50, 51 ). Palpi absent ( Fig. 50 ). Postocellar setae absent ( Fig. 43 ). Fronto-orbital setae usually absent. Pleura without setae or setulae except a few fine setulae on proepisternum above fore coxa. Sternum closed above hind coxae (surface smooth) ( Fig. 53 ). Wing ( Fig. 52 )........................................... Thecomyia [Further description: Hind tibia without apicoventral spinelike projection. Thorax dark brown with bright yellow markings ( Fig. 51 ). Habitus, Thecomyia limbata (Wiedemann) ( Fig. 51 ).]

Distribution in the Neotropical Region: Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela

- Head not conically developed ventrally. Palpus well developed. Postocellar setae present or absent. One or two fronto-orbital setae. Pleura frequently with numerous small, fine setulae. Sternum above hind coxae divided by membranous area (surface wrinkled). Wing without pattern......................................................................... 23

23. Postocellar setae absent; one fronto-orbital seta ( Fig. 64 ). Mid femur with minute setae or setulae, none of which is distinctly larger than the others. Hind femur almost twice as long as abdomen, with lateral dark markings ( Fig. 65 ). Wing ( Fig. 66 ). Habitus, Sepedomerus macropus (Walker) ( Fig. 67 )................................................ Sepedomerus Distribution in the Neotropical Region: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay

- Postocellar setae well developed. Zero, one, or two fronto-orbital setae. Mid femur with one or more distinctly larger anterior setae near midlength. Hind femur at most one-third longer than abdomen, without lateral dark markings............... 24

24. Face with dark brown spot in each anteroventral corner ( Fig. 54 ). Fore femur with at least one outstanding dorsal seta on apical one-fourth ( Fig. 58 ). Posterior thoracic spiracle usually with strong setulae along or near margin ( Fig. 55 ). Male surstyli fused along midline................................................................................ Sepedonea [Further description: Antenna ( Fig. 56 ). Wing without pattern ( Fig. 57 ).]

Distribution in the Neotropical Region: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, French Guiana, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago ( Trinidad), Uruguay, Venezuela

- Face without dark brown spot in each anteroventral corner. Fore femur without at least one outstanding dorsal seta on apical one-fourth. Posterior thoracic spiracle usually without strong setulae along or near margin. Male surstyli not fused along midline, well separated........................................................................... Sepedon [Further description: Antenna ( Fig. 62 ). Postocellar setae present ( Fig. 59 ). Hind femur about one-third longer than abdomen, without markings ( Fig. 60 ). Mid femur with one or more distinctly larger anterior setae near midlength ( Fig. 61 ). Habitus, Sepedon pacifica Cresson ( Fig. 63 ).]

Distribution in the Neotropical Region: Mexico (south to Oaxaca)

Key to Third-Instar Larvae in the Neotropical Region and the Caribbean Islands

From Knutson & Vala (2011); also includes data on Neotropical species from Abercrombie (1970) and on Tetanocera species from Foote (1961). See Knutson & Vala (2011: 216–248) for an exhaustive description and analysis of morphology of sciomyzid larvae as well as definitions of the morphological terms used to describe them.

● We include ranges where couplets are weak and/or where the geographical distribution can be especially useful.

● All freshwater snails refer to nonoperculate snails except for several families of operculate snails that probably are attacked by some species of Dictya .

● asp = anterior spiracular papillae: number of papillae on the anterior spiracular disc

● psd = posterior spiracular disc

● IIx = indentation index, the relative depth of the cornual sinus (= ab/cd x 100 in Fig. 121 ).

● I, II, III, etc. = body segments

● Specimens preserved in alcohol often are lighter in color than are living specimens.

● We list hosts/prey in parentheses at the end of each couplet part. Included in this key are four genera ( Atrichomelina , Hoplodictya , Sepedon , and Tetanocera ) that are marginally invasive into the Neotropical Region. Not included are the biologically unknown Sciomyzini genera Calliscia , Neuzina , Parectinocera , and Pseudomelina and the biologically unknown Tetanocerini genera Euthycerina , Eutrichomelina , Guatemalia , and Teutoniomyia . All biologically known Neotropical genera of Sciomyzidae except five prey upon nonoperculate freshwater snails, as noted in the key.

1. IIx 67–76. Mouthhook without accessory teeth. Dorsal bridge present between pharyngeal sclerites. Dorsal and ventral cornua of pharyngeal sclerite with windows. 7–18 asp. Post-oral spines light colored, in small, sparse patch, primarily ventral; rarely pigmented in larger patch that extends laterally ( Figs. 122, 123 ). Ventral spinule patches present on at least some segments. No well-developed body tubercles. Lobes around psd low, rounded in most species but ventrolateral and ventral, relatively long and conical in some species. Interspiracular processes minute, scalelike ( SCIOMYZINI )............................ 2

- IIx 28–48. Mouthhook with accessory teeth. Dorsal bridge between pharyngeal sclerites absent. Dorsal cornu without window (except diffuse window in Tetanoceroides ). 2–17 asp. Post-oral spines pigmented, in large, dense, well-defined band that extends laterally and which nearly or completely meets middorsally ( Figs. 124, 125 ). Ventral spinule patches absent. Lobes around psd usually more or less elongate except in semiterrestrial species. Interspiracular processes usually moderately to well developed ( TETANOCERINI ).......................................................................... 4

2. Segments III–XI with encircling spinule bands ( Fig. 126 ). IIx 67. 9–16 asp. Length 4.5–8.0 mm. Exposed freshwater snails............................................................................................ Ditaeniella [Only one species in the Neotropical Region: Ditaeniella patagonensis (Macquart) ]

Distribution in the Neotropical Region: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay

- Encircling spinule bands entirely absent or absent beyond segments II, V, or VI ( Fig. 127 ). IIx 67–76. 7–18 asp. Length 2.5–8.5 mm. Exposed freshwater snails and possibly semiterrestrial snails or Succineidae .................................. 3

3. Accessory rod (AR) of pharyngeal sclerite well developed, directed dorsally ( Fig. 128 ). IIx 72. 12–18 asp. All five pairs of psd lobes distinct, dorsal (DL) and dorsolateral (DLL) smallest ( Fig. 129 ). Supraventral papilla absent. Length 4.5–8.5 mm. Exposed freshwater, semiterrestrial, and Succineidae snails; also large, dead, exposed Bivalvia............. Atrichomelina [Only one species in the genus: Atrichomelina pubera (Loew) ]

Distribution in the Neotropical Region: Guatemala, Mexico

- Accessory rod of pharyngeal sclerite weakly to moderately developed, directed anteriorly. IIx 67–76. 7–9 asp. Five pairs of psd lobes ranging from only ventral and ventrolateral distinct to all distinct ( Figs. 130, 131 ). Supraventral papilla present or absent. Length 2.5–10.0 mm. Exposed freshwater, semiterrestrial, terrestrial, and Succineidae snails................... Pherbellia Distribution in the Neotropical Region: Argentina, Bahamas, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Peru

4. 1 or 2 accessory teeth. Integument bare, not pigmented, larva appearing white. Ventrolateral and ventral psd lobes short, rounded. Interspiracular processes minute, scalelike, or absent.................................................. 5

- 2–7 accessory teeth. Integument yellowish white to black, with fine spinules or hairs. Ventrolateral and ventral psd lobes more or less elongate, tapered apically. Interspiracular processes one-half as long or as long as spiracular tubes, always irregularly branched, or 3–5 accessory teeth. Integument with dense coat of thick, short, blackish spinules. Ventrolateral and ventral psd lobes short, rounded apically. Interspiracular processes short, branched........................................... 6

5. IIx 41. Ventral arch with posteromedian projection and elongate, narrow, posterolateral appendages ( Fig. 132 ) 7–9 asp. Length 5.8–9.8 mm. Succineidae and terrestrial snails..................................... Hoplodictya spinicornis (Loew) Distribution in the Neotropical Region: Cuba, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico

- IIx 44–49. Ventral arch incised posteromedially, without posterolateral appendages. 8–17 asp. Length 6.0–13.0 mm (based on three Palearctic species of Euthycera ). Probably feeding on terrestrial snails............ Euthycera mira Knutson & Zuska Distribution in the Neotropical Region: Mexico (Durango)

6. H-shaped and pharyngeal sclerites fused ( Fig. 133 ). Integument with dense coat of short, thick, black spinules ( Fig. 134 ). Ventrolateral and ventral psd lobes short, rounded ( Fig. 135 )................................................... 7

- H-shaped and pharyngeal sclerites separate. Integument with hairs or spinules but not as above. Ventrolateral and ventral psd lobes more or less elongate and acute apically............................................................... 8

7. Integumentary spinules dense, overall appearance dark. 13–16 asp. Interspiracular processes extending well beyond margin of spiracular tube. Length 5.0–9.0 mm. Freshwater snails................................................ Shannonia Distribution in the Neotropical Region: Argentina, Chile

- Integumentary spinules less dense, overall appearance lighter in color. 10 or 11 asp. Interspiracular processes not extending beyond margin of spiracular tube. Length 4.0–9.0 mm. Freshwater snails................................. Perilimnia Distribution in Neotropical Region: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Uruguay

8. Four pairs of psd appendages ( Fig. 136 ). IIx 30–45. 2–7 accessory teeth. Ventral arch with or without posterolateral appendages, posterior margin incised or with posteromedian process. 5–17 asp............................................... 9

- Five pairs of psd appendages ( Fig. 137 ). IIx 28–41. 3–6 accessory teeth. Ventral arch incised on posterior margin, with or without posterolateral lobes. 3–12 asp.................................................................... 15

9. Ventrolateral and ventral psd appendages fused basally. IIx 33–45. 3–5 accessory teeth. Ventral arch with posterior margin incised, without posterolateral appendages. Both cornua of pharyngeal sclerite with windows. 9–17 asp. Length 7.8–13.0 mm. Freshwater snails.......................................................................... Tetanoceroides Distribution in Neotropical Region: Argentina, Chile, Uruguay

- Ventrolateral and ventral psd appendages not fused basally. Only ventral cornu of pharyngeal sclerite with window. Without above combination of other characters.................................................................... 10

10. Ventral arch with posteromedian process with short, laterally directed anterolateral appendages ( Fig. 138 ). Ligulate sclerite absent. IIx 33–41. 5–8 asp. Color golden brown to black. Length 7.5–13.7 mm. Freshwater and small operculate salt marsh snails........................................................................................... Dictya Distribution in Neotropical Region: Bahamas, Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico

- Ventral arch incised posteromedially, with or without posteriorly directed posterolateral appendages.Without above combination of other characters................................................................................... 11

11. Ventrolateral psd lobe triangular or elongate, without apical appendage.......................................... 12

- Ventrolateral psd lobe triangular or elongate, with apical appendage............................................ 13

12. Ventrolateral psd lobe moderately elongate, triangular. IIx 40–43. 4 accessory teeth. Parastomal bar fused to pharyngeal sclerite. 11 or 12 asp. Length 12.5–13.5 mm. Exposed freshwater snails and Succineidae .............. Tetanocera plumosa Loew Distribution in Neotropical Region: Mexico, Venezuela (?)

- Ventrolateral psd lobe exceptionally elongate, more or less tubular, tapering to apex. IIx 31–41. 3–6 accessory teeth. Parastomal bar not fused to pharyngeal sclerite. 2–12 asp. Length 5.0– 11.7 mm. Freshwater snails...................... Protodictya Distribution in Neotropical Region: Throughout South America (except P. nubilipennis Wulp , Mexico to Venezuela)— Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Trinidad and Tobago ( Trinidad), Uruguay, Venezuela

13. Pale gray, dorsally with pair of median dark lines and several oblique dorsolateral marks; not densely covered with hairs. Dorsal and lateral psd lobes well developed, triangular; ventral lobe elongated, triangular. IIx 40–43. 4 accessory teeth. Posterior rami of H-shaped sclerite not connected by darkly pigmented crossbar. 11 or 12 asp. Length 12.5–13.5 mm. Freshwater snails.................................................................................... Tetanocera spreta Wulp Distribution in Neotropical Region: central Mexico

- Dark brown, with or without dorsal pattern; densely covered with hairs. Dorsal psd lobe minute, lateral psd lobe well developed to barely visible, ventral psd lobe moderately long or short and conical. IIx 30–34. 4–7 accessory teeth. Posterior rami of Hshaped sclerite connected by darkly pigmented crossbar. 6–8 asp............................................... 14

14. Lateral psd lobe well developed, triangular; ventral psd lobe elongate, triangular. Anal proleg prominent. With dorsal pattern. IIx 34. 4 or 5 accessory teeth. 6–8 asp. Salivary duct opening near midlength of H-shaped sclerite. Length 6.4–13.0 mm. Freshwater snails................................................................................ Retellia Distribution in Neotropical Region: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Uruguay

- Lateral psd lobe barely visible; ventral psd lobe short, conical. Anal proleg inconspicuous. Without dorsal pattern. IIx 30–34. 5–7 accessory teeth. 8 asp. Salivary duct opening near posterior margin of H-shaped sclerite. Length 6.8–13.3 mm. Freshwater snails....................................................................................... Thecomyia Distribution in Neotropical Region: Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela

15. Ventral arch without posteriorly directed posterolateral appendages. IIx 37. 3 or 4 well separated accessory teeth. 5–7 asp. Upper and lower posterior spiracular slits arcuate. Length 7.1–11.5 mm. Freshwater snails... Protodictya nubilipennis Wulp Distribution in Neotropical Region: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago ( Trinidad), Venezuela

- Ventral arch with posteriorly directed posterolateral appendages. IIx 30–38. 3–6 more or less overlapping accessory teeth. 3–12 asp. Upper and lower posterior spiracular slits at most only slightly arcuate...................................... 16

16. 3–6 accessory teeth, upper tooth larger and darker than others. Posterior spiracular tube usually shiny with scalloped basal margin. Length 3.8–10.8 mm. Freshwater snails..................................................... Sepedonea Distribution in Neotropical Region: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, French Guiana, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago ( Trinidad), Uruguay, Venezuela

- 3 or 4 accessory teeth, subequal in size, all equally lightly pigmented. Posterior spiracular tube usually papillose, without scalloped basal margin................................................................................ 17

17. IIx 30–36. 3 or 4 accessory teeth. Ventral arch with posterolateral appendages elongated, acute apically ( Fig. 139 ). 3–12 asp. Length 4.5–13.2 mm. Freshwater snails.............................................................. Sepedon Distribution in Neotropical Region: Mexico (south to Oaxaca)

- IIx 30. 3 accessory teeth. Ventral arch with posterolateral appendage truncated ( Fig. 140 ). 4–8 asp. Length 7.8–13.5 mm. Freshwater snails........................................................................... Sepedomerus Distribution in Neotropical Region: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay fulvipennis Walker , female. 98. Frontal vitta (lower arrow) scarcely extending beyond ocellar triangle. One fronto-orbital seta

(upper arrow). Calliscia callisceles (Steyskal) . 99. Anepisternal seta (arrow) present. Calliscia callisceles (Steyskal) . 100. Wing of Calliscia callisceles (Steyskal) . From Knutson & Vala (2011). 101. Habitus of Calliscia . Calliscia callisceles (Steyskal) ,

male. 102. Habitus of Ditaeniella . Ditaeniella patagonensis (Macquart) , female.

Figures

FIGURES 1–6. 1. Proepisternalseta (arrow)strong.Pherbellia seticoxa(Steyskal) (Nearctic).2. Proepisternalseta (arrow) short, fine. Atrichomelina pubera (Loew). 3. One well-developed fronto-orbital seta (arrow). Ditaeniella patagonensis (Macquart). 4. Pedicel (arrow) one-half to less than one-half length of first flagellomere. Atrichomelina pubera (Loew). 5. Proepisternal seta absent; only a few short, fine setulae on proepisternum (arrow). Dictya bergi Valley. 6. Pedicel (right arrow) from subequal to, to twice, length of first flagellomere (left arrow). Dictya bergi Valley.

FIGURES 7–13. 7. All thoracic pleura with fine setulae, without setae. Atrichomelina pubera (Loew). 8. Basal fore tarsomere (arrows) pale yellow or white, contrasting strongly with dark distal four tarsomeres. Atrichomelina pubera (Loew). 9. Wing of Atrichomelina pubera (Loew). Photo by J.B. Keiper. From Knutson & Vala (2011). 10. Habitus of Atrichomelina. Atrichomelina pubera (Loew), male. 11. At least one thoracic pleurite with setae. Dictya bergi Valley. 12. Frontal vitta (left arrow) subshiny, nearly reaching anterior margin of frons. One fronto-orbital seta (right arrow). Ditaeniella patagonensis (Macquart), female. 13. Wing of Ditaeniella grisescens (Meigen) (Palearctic). From Knutson & Vala (2011).

FIGURES 14–19. 14. Prosternum with a few fine setulae (arrows). Ditaeniella patagonensis (Macquart). 15. Katepisternum without setae but with many short setulae. Ditaeniella patagonensis (Macquart). 16. Hind coxa with fine setulae (arrows) on inner posterodorsal margin. Ditaeniella patagonensis (Macquart). 17. Frontal vitta (arrow) short, triangular, tomentose. Pherbellia nana nana (Fallén). 18. Face with rounded median dark spot (arrow). Neuzina diminuta Marinoni & Zumbado. From Marinoni et al. (2004). 19. Wing of Neuzina diminuta Marinoni & Zumbado. Photo by L. Marinoni. From Knutson & Vala (2011).

FIGURES 20–25. 20. Wing of Pherbellia nana nana (Fallén). From Knutson & Vala (2011). 21. First flagellomere (arrow) about as long as wide or slightly longer than wide. Pherbellia schoenherri maculata (Cresson) (Palearctic). From Knutson & Vala (2011). 22. Habitus of Pherbellia. Pherbellia vittigera (Malloch), male. 23. Hind tibia with two dorsal preapical setae (arrows). Anticheta testacea Melander. 24. Wing of Anticheta analis (Meigen) (Palearctic). From Rozkošný (1987). 25. Habitus of Anticheta. Anticheta testacea (Melander), male.

FIGURES 26–31. 26. Hind tibia with one preapical dorsal seta (arrow). Dictya matthewsi Steyskal. 27. Lunule (arrow) broadly exposed. Euthycera flavescens (Loew) (Nearctic). 28. Habitus of Euthycera mira Knutson & Zuska, male. From Knutson & Zuska (1968). 29. Habitus of Euthycera flavescens (Loew), male (Nearctic). 30. One fronto-orbital seta (arrow). Dictya abnormis Steyskal. 31. Wing heavily spotted. Protodictya chilensis Malloch. Watercolor by Rolf Grantsau. From Knutson & Vala (2011).

FIGURES 32–39. 32. Wing with extensive areas without spots. Protodictya brasiliensis (Schiner). Watercolor by Rolf Grantsau. 33. Fifth sternum of male with posterior process (posteroventral view). Protodictya chilensis Malloch. 34. Arista (arrow) densely white pubescent. Protodictya nubilipennis (Wulp). 35. Arista densely white pubescent; lunule (arrow) broadly exposed; face with dark median spot. Protodictya chilensis Malloch. 36. Face with dark median spot. Protodictya nubilipennis (Wulp). 37. Habitus of Protodictya. Protodictya chilensis Malloch. 38. Lunule concealed or nearly concealed (arrow points to location of lunule, when present, in other genera of Sciomyzidae). Dictya bergi Valley. 39. Wing of Dictya pictipes (Loew) (Nearctic). From Knutson & Vala (2011).

FIGURES 40–45. 40. Face with dark median spot. Dictya bergi Valley. 41. Body with many dark spots at base of seta and setulae. Dorsum of Dictya bergi Valley. 42. Habitus of Dictya. Dictya sp., female. Photo by Steve Marshall. 43. Ocellar setae absent (lower arrow points to location of ocellar setae, when present, in other genera of Sciomyzidae). Postocellar setae absent (upper arrow points to location of postocellar setae, when present, in other genera of Sciomyzidae). Thecomyia chrysacra Marinoni & Steyskal. 44. Ptilinal fissure absent (arrow points to location of ptilinal fissure, when present, in other genera of Sciomyzidae). Sepedon spinipes (Scopoli) (Palearctic). Photo by J. Ebeling. From Knutson & Vala (2011). 45. One pair of scutellar setae (arrows). Thecomyia chrysacra Marinoni & Steyskal.

FIGURES 46–51. 46. Ocellar setae (arrows) present. Dictya abnormis Steyskal. 47. Ptilinal fissure (arrow) present. Limnia ottawensis Melander. 48. Two pairs of scutellar setae (arrows). Limnia ottawensis Melander. 49. Hind tibia with spinelike projection (arrow) apicoventrally. Sepedonea guianica (Steyskal). 50. Head conically developed ventrally, palpi absent (arrow points to location of palpi, when present, in other genera of Sciomyzidae). Thecomyia chrysacra Marinoni & Steyskal. 51. Habitus of Thecomyia. Thecomyia limbata (Wiedemann), male.

FIGURES 52–58. 52. Wing of Thecomyia limbata (Wiedemann). From Knutson & Vala (2011). 53. Sternum (arrow) closed above hind coxa (surface smooth). Thecomyia limbata (Wiedemann). 54. Face with dark brown spot in each anteroventral corner (arrows). Sepedonea guianica (Steyskal). 55. Posterior thoracic spiracle often with strong setulae along or near margin. Left posterior thoracic spiracle of Sepedonea guatemalana (Steyskal), lateral view. From Freidberg et al. (1991). 56. Antenna of Sepedonea lagoa (Steyskal). From Knutson & Vala (2011). 57. Wing of Sepedonea guatemalana (Steyskal). From Knutson & Vala (2011). 58. Fore femur with at least one outstanding dorsal seta (arrows) on apical one-fourth. Sepodonea giovana Marinoni & Mathis.

FIGURES 59–65. 59. Postocellar setae (arrows) present. Sepedon praemiosa Giglio-Tos. 60. Hind femur about one-third longer than abdomen, without markings. Sepedon praemiosa Giglio-Tos. 61. Mid femur with one or more distinctly larger anterior setae (arrow) near midlength. Sepedon praemiosa Giglio-Tos. 62. Antenna of Sepedon fuscipennis Loew (Nearctic). From Knutson & Vala (2011). 63. Habitus of Sepedon. Sepedon pacifica Cresson, male. 64. Postocellar setae absent (upper arrow points to location of postocellar setae, when present, in other genera of Sciomyzidae), one fronto-orbital seta (lower arrow). Sepedomerus macropus (Walker). 65. Hind femur almost twice as long as abdomen, with lateral dark markings (arrow). Sepedomerus macropus (Walker), male.

FIGURES 66–71. 66. Wing of Sepedomerus macropus (Walker). From Knutson & Vala (2011). 67. Habitus of Sepedomerus. Sepedomerus macropus (Walker), female. 68. Head dorsoventrally flattened; pedicel wide and flattened in lateral view. Teutoniomyia costaricensis Steyskal. 69. Habitus of Teutoniomyia. Hind tibia (arrow) arch shaped. Teutoniomyia costaricensis Steyskal, female. 70. Wing of Teutoniomyia costaricensis Steyskal. From Knutson & Vala (2011). 71. Dorsal preapical tibial seta (arrow) present. Tetanocera plumosa Loew.

FIGURES 72–77. 72. Wing of Tetanocera ferruginea (Fallén) (Holarctic); without pattern except for darkened crossveins (same as in all Neotropical species of Tetanocera). From Knutson & Vala (2011). 73. Two fronto-orbital setae (arrows). Tetanocera plumosa Loew. 74.Anepisternum and anepimeron without setae or setulae; katepisternum with setulae only. Tetanocera plumosa Loew. 75. Arista with hairs long to plumose. Antenna of Tetanocera punctifrons (Rondani) (Palearctic). From Knutson & Vala (2011). 76. Habitus of Tetanocera. Tetanocera plumosa Loew, female. 77. With dark brown stripe between eye and oral margin (bottom arrow). Face not strongly concave. Dark median spot absent (middle arrow). Two fronto-orbital setae (top arrows). Hoplodictya spinicornis (Loew).

FIGURES 78–83. 78. Arista with sparse, plumose dark hairs. Hoplodictya spinicornis (Loew). 79. Wing of Hoplodictya spinicornis (Loew). From Knutson & Vala (2011). 80. Habitus of Hoplodictya. Hoplodictya spinicornis (Loew), male. 81.Arista with rather dense, plumose dark hairs. Guatemalia nigritarsis Marinoni. 82. Frons with dark spots lateral of antenna (lower arrow) and of ocellar triangle (upper arrow). Guatemalia nigritarsis Marinoni. 83. Wing of Guatemalia nigritarsis Marinoni. From Knutson & Vala (2011).

FIGURES 84–89. 84. Habitus of Guatemalia. Guatemalia nigritarsis Marinoni, male. 85. Arista with dense, plumose white hairs. Limnia ottawensis Melander. 86. Frons with dark spots lateral of antenna (lower arrow) but absent lateral of ocellar triangle (upper arrow points to location of dark spots lateral of ocellar triangle, when present, in other genera of Sciomyzidae). Limnia ottawensis Melander. 87. Wing of Limnia ottawensis Melander. 88. Habitus of Limnia. Limnia ottawensis Melander, male. 89. Wing of Parectinocera inaequalis (Malloch). Vein CuA+CuP (bottom arrow) not reaching margin of wing; vein R1 (top arrow) not extending beyond level of crossvein r-m (middle arrow).

FIGURES 90–95. 90. Two dorsocentral setae (arrows), anterior seta very strong, at suture. Parectinocera inaequalis (Malloch). 91. Aristal hairs (leftmost arrow) short, pubescent. Gena (middle arrow) very narrow. Palpus (bottom arrow) with one strong apical seta. Parectinocera inaequalis (Malloch). 92. Wing of Parectinocera sp. From Knutson & Vala (2011). 93. Habitus of Parectinocera. Parectinocera inaequalis (Malloch), male. 94. Four dorsocentral setae (arrows), one presutural and three postsutural. Eutrichomelina fulvipennis Walker. 95. Frontal vitta (arrow) very short, tomentose. Eutrichomelina fulvipennis Walker.

FIGURES 96–102. 96. Wing of Eutrichomelina fulvipennis (Walker). Wing without pattern; vein R1 (upper arrow) extending beyond level of crossvein r-m (lower arrow). From Knutson & Vala (2011). 97. Habitus of Eutrichomelina. Eutrichomelina

FIGURES 103–108. 103. Anterior fronto-orbital seta (arrow) smaller than posterior fronto-orbital seta, occasionally absent; first flagellomere elongate, tapered apically. Perilimnia albifacies Becker. 104. Male fourth sternum (arrow) with short, dense, black spinules on posterior margin. Perilimnia albifacies Becker. 105. Wing of Perilimnia albifacies Becker. From Knutson & Vala (2011). 106. Habitus of Perilimnia. Perilimnia albifacies Becker, female. 107. Anterior fronto-orbital seta almost as strong as posterior fronto-orbital seta (arrows); first flagellomere rather short, rounded apically. Shannonia meridionalis Zuska. 108. Wing of Shannonia costalis (Walker). From Knutson & Vala (2011).

FIGURES 109–114. 109. Habitus of Shannonia. Shannonia meridionalis Zuska, male. 110. Subalar sclerite (vallar ridge, under wing base) with setulae (arrow). Limnia ottawensis Melander. 111. Arista with sparse blackish hairs. Lunule visible only between bases of antennae (arrow). Face without dark median spot. Retellia claropunctata Robineau-Desvoidy. 112. Wing of Retellia claropunctata Robineau-Desvoidy. From Knutson & Vala (2011). 113. Habitus of Retellia. Retellia claropunctata Robineau-Desvoidy. 114. Lunule (arrow) exposed only between antennae. Euthycerina sp.

FIGURES 115–121. 115. Habitus of Euthycerina. Euthycerina sp. 116. Pedicel (upper arrow) about as long as first flagellomere (lower arrow). Euthycera flavescens (Loew) (Nearctic). From Knutson & Vala (2011). 117. Katepisternum with two strong setae (arrows). Tetanoceroides bisetosus (Thomson). 118. Arista basally pubescent, distal one-half nearly bare. Tetanoceroides bisetosus (Thomson). 119. Wing of Tetanoceroides patagonicus (Thomson). From Zuska & Berg (1974). 120. Habitus of Tetanoceroides. Tetanoceroides bisetosus (Thomson), female. 121. Typical sciomyzid cephalopharyngeal skeleton. Third-instar larva of Renocera pallida (Fallén) (Palearctic). From Horsáková (2003). Indentation index (IIx), the relative depth of the cornual sinus, is equal to ab/cd x 100.

FIGURES 122–126. 122. Lateral patch of post-oral spines (POS). Third-instar larva of Pherbellia idahoensis Steyskal (Sciomyzini) (Nearctic). From Bratt et al. (1969). 123. Patch of post-oral spines.Third-instar larva of Sciomyza varia (Coquillett) (Sciomyzini) (Nearctic). From Barnes (1990). 124. Band of post-oral spines. Third-instar larva of Sepedon fuscipennis (Loew) (Tetanocerini) (Nearctic). From Neff & Berg (1966). 125. Band of post-oral spines. Third-instar larva of Coremacera marginata (Fabricius) (Tetanocerini) (Palearctic). From Knutson (1973). 126. Segments III–XI (left to right) with encircling spinule bands. Third-instar larva of Ditaeniella parallela (Walker). From Bratt et al. (1969).

FIGURES 127–134. 127. Encircling spinule bands entirely absent or mostly absent beyond segments II, V, or VI (anterior at left; dorsal view on top, lateral view on bottom). Third-instar larva of Pherbellia dorsata (Zetterstedt) (Palearctic). Photos by J. Church. From Knutson & Vala (2011). 128. Accessory rod (AR) of pharyngeal sclerite well developed, directed dorsally. Third-instar larva of Atrichomelina pubera (Loew). From Foote et al. (1960). 129. Posterior spiracular disc, caudal view, with five pairs of posterior spiracular disc lobes distinct and with dorsal and dorsolateral lobes smallest. Third-instar larva of Atrichomelina pubera (Loew). DL, dorsal lobe; DLL, dorsolateral lobe; LL, lateral lobe; VLL, ventrolateral lobe; VL, ventral lobe. From Foote et al. (1960). 130. Posterior spiracular disc, caudal view, with only lateral, ventrolateral, and ventral lobes distinct. Third-instar larva of Pherbellia knutsoni Orth (Palearctic). LL, lateral lobe; VLL, ventrolateral lobe; VL, ventral lobe. From Bratt et al. (1969). 131. Posterior spiracular disc, caudal view, with five pairs of lobes distinct. Third-instar larva of Pherbellia quadrata Steyskal (Nearctic). DL, dorsal lobe; DLL, dorsolateral lobe; LL, lateral lobe; VLL, ventrolateral lobe; VL, ventral lobe. From Bratt et al. (1969). 132. Ventral arch with posteromedian projection (bottom arrow) and elongate, narrow, posterolateral appendages (side arrows). Third-instar larva of Hoplodictya spinicornis (Loew). From Neff & Berg (1962). 133. Cephalopharyngeal skeleton with H-shaped and pharyngeal sclerites fused. Third-instar larva of Perilimnia albifacies Becker. HS, H-shaped sclerite; PS, pharyngeal sclerite. From Kaczynski et al. 1969. 134. Integument with dense coat of short, thick, black spinules. Third-instar larva of Perilimnia albifacies Becker with segments numbered I–XII. as, anterior spiracle; ps, posterior spiracle; PaP, peri-anal pad. From Kaczynski et al. 1969.

FIGURES 135–140. 135. Posterior spiracular disc appendages with ventrolateral and ventral psd lobes short, rounded. Caudal view. Third-instar larva of Perilimnia albifacies Becker. DL, dorsal lobe; LL, lateral lobe; VLL, ventrolateral lobe; VL, ventral lobe. From Kaczynski et al. 1969. 136. Posterior spiracular disc appendages, four pairs. Caudal view. Second-instar larva of Dictya matthewsi (Steyskal). DL, dorsal lobe; LL, lateral lobe; VLL, ventrolateral lobe; VL, ventral lobe. From Valley & Berg (1977). 137. Posterior spiracular disc appendages, five pairs. Caudal view. Third-instar larva of Sepedonea annulata Macquart. DL, dorsal lobe; DLL, dorsolateral lobe; LL, lateral lobe; VLL, ventrolateral lobe; VL, ventral lobe. From Knutson & Valley (1978). 138. Ventral arch with posteromedian process with short, laterally directed anterolateral appendages (arrows). Third-instar larva of Dictya expansa Steyskal (Nearctic). From Valley & Berg (1977). 139. Ventral arch with posterolateral appendages elongated, apically acute (arrows). Sepedon guatemalana Steyskal. From Neff & Berg (1966). 140. Ventral arch with posterolateral appendages truncated (arrows). Sepedomerus caeruleus (Melander) (as Sepedon caerulea Melander). From Neff & Berg (1966).