Fainia albitarsis (Macquart, 1846)

Thomas-Cabianca, Arianna, Martinez-Sanchez, Anabel, Villet, Martin H. & Rojo, Santos, 2021, Revision of the Afrotropical genus Fainia Zumpt, 1958, with notes on the morphology of Rhiniidae subfamilies (Diptera, Oestroidea), ZooKeys 1033, pp. 127-157 : 127

Fainia albitarsis (Macquart, 1846) Figs 1 , 2 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 13B, C, E, F, H, I

Idia albitarsis ≡ Idia albitarsis Macquart, 1846: 321 (teste Zumpt 1958)

Idia eupoda = Idia eupoda Loew, 1852: 660 [redescribed 1862: 24] (teste Peris 1952; Zumpt 1958)

Idia extensa = Idia extensa Walker, 1858: 211 (teste Peris 1952; Zumpt 1958)

Fainia kagerana = Fainia kagerana Lehrer, 2007a: 2 nom. nud. (no differential diagnosis)

Fainia sambura = Fainia sambura Lehrer, 2008: 16 syn. nov.

Type localities and repositories of primary types.

Idia albitarsis : South Africa, Cafrerie [= KwaZulu-Natal], (?co)Type(s) female(s) in MNHN (destroyed, not in remnants of the Macquart Collection, Thomas-Cabianca, pers. obs., lateral head view illustrated in Macquart 1846: plate 17, figure 2). Idia eupoda : Mozambique, Inhambane, (?co)Type(s) [female(s)] in ZMHB (number of type specimens not specified, not located, considered missing, Thomas-Cabianca, pers. obs.; sex and locality specified in Loew (1862: 24)). Idia extensa : South Africa, Port Natal [= Durban], (?co)Type(s) male(s) in NHMUK (Natural History Museum UK) (number of type specimens not specified, not examined). Fainia sambura : Kenya, Taita Hills, male HT in SMNHTAU (TAUI) (examined).

Distribution.

Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo,?Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe ( Peris 1952, 1956; Zumpt 1958; Pont 1980; Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006; Lehrer 2011).

Biology.

Ecology, immature stages and life history unknown.

Redescription

(male and female). Length 7.83 mm [6.55-9.00 mm] (n = 9). Head (Fig. 5A-D ). Thorax (Fig. 5G, H, K, L ). Chaetotaxy: acrostichal setae = 0 + 1, dorsocentral setae = 0 + 1, intra-alar setae = 0 + 1, postpronotal lobe setae = 1 long and sometimes 1 extra short, outer post-postpronotal lobe setae present, presutural seta present, supra-alar setae = 2, marginal scutellar setae = 3, discal scutellar setae = 0, proepisternal setae = 2, proepimeral seta = 0. Katepisternum covered with light silvery microtomentum; proepimeron, proepisternum, anepimeron, anepisternum and inferior half of postpronotal lobe covered with dense yellow microtomentum (Fig. 5K, L ), anepisternal setae = 2 anterior to an extra posterior dense row of yellow hairs (Fig. 5K, L ). Wing (Fig. 5K, L ). Tegula and basicosta black-brown, outer margin along costal vein lightly infuscated. Lower calypter yellow and slightly longer than broad. Legs (Fig. 5K, L ). Femora yellow-orange, tibiae yellow to brown. Abdomen (Fig. 5E, F, K, L ). Yellow-orange, longer than broad. Male (n = 8). Head (Fig. 5A, C ). Eye bare, inner facets moderately enlarged, but not demarcated from outer ones. Eyes separated by 0.06 times width of head [0.05-0.06] (at narrowest point, one-half to two times width of anterior ocellus); eye length 2.99 times height of gena [2.70-3.16]. Postpedicel length 2.39 times length of pedicel [2.10-2.27]; ocellar setae well-developed, inner vertical seta present, outer vertical seta absent; 6-8 frontal setae; palpus width around 2 times width of postpedicel in broadest area. Legs. Fore tibia 1-2 anterodorsal setae; mid-tibia 1 anterodorsal seta, 1 posterodorsal seta; hind tibia 2 anterodorsal setae, 2 posterodorsal setae, 2 anteroventral setae. Abdomen. Terminalia (Fig. 6 ). Median lobe width 0.33 times the width of sternite 5, posterior margin round with a lighter and less sclerotised margin; section that connects with outer lobes covered with scattered black hairs. Outer lobes shorter and broader than in F. elongata (Fig. 9F ), terminal area globular and covered with long and thick black setae, surrounded by a lighter halo with dense yellow vestiture. Surstylus wide and rectangular (plate form), slightly curved outward in medial distal edge (Fig. 6A ), posterior edge serrated and grooved (Figs 6A , 7G ); ventrally and dorsally covered with black hairs in medial area. Cercus slender and fused, with long black setae, apically bifurcated (Figs 6A , 7G ) forming an inward hook in lateral view (Fig. 7H ). Phallus as Figs 6C-E , 7D, E , ventral plate in ventral view M-shaped (which is obvious (Figs 1C , 6E ) or not, depending of ventral plate position); postgonite and pregonite as in Fig. 6G, H . Female (n = 1). Head (Fig. 5B, D ). Eyes separated 0.23 times of the head width at the narrowest point; eye length 4.14 times gena height; postpedicel 2.21 times pedicel length; proximal edge of fronto-orbital plate weakly concave towards frontal vitta; fronto-orbital plate 0.58 times frontal vitta width at ocellar triangle tip; ocellar setae well-developed and proclinate, 7-8 frontal setae, 2 proclinate orbital setae, 1 reclinate orbital seta; palpus width more than 3.00 times postpedicel width in broadest area. Legs. Fore tibia 2 anterodorsal setae; mid-tibia 1 anterodorsal seta, 1 posterodorsal seta, 1 anteroventral seta, 2 posteroventral setae; hind tibia 2 anterodorsal setae, 1-2 posterodorsal setae, 2 anteroventral setae. Abdomen (Fig. 5F, L ). Posterior margin of tergite 5 without emargination, marginal setae thin and black.

Discussion.

Fainia albitarsis is widely distributed in the Afrotropical Region. It was adequately diagnosed by Peris (1952) and redescribed by Zumpt (1958), but the illustrations of sternite 5 are incongruent between the two authors. Photographs of sternite 5 (Fig. 6F ) are provided here for a proper determination of the species. The HT or STs were found to be destroyed by pests at MNHN. Additionally, the HT or STs of F. eupoda were not found in ZMHB and we consider it missing. The specimen assigned as HT of Idia eupoda in ZMHB is labelled as ' Pr. b. sp Krebs // 4532 // Type (red-label) // Promontorium eupoda Loew*'; ' Pr. b. sp ' refers to Promontorium bonae spei , Latin for "Cape of Good Hope’’ in South Africa and it was collected by Ludwig Krebs (1792-1844), Cape naturalist to the King of Prussia. This differs from the published type locality and collector: Inhambane, Mozambique leg. Peter, suggesting that the specimen is, in fact, not a type. Specimens from Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya and South Africa (see material examined section) identified by Knut Rognes, together with the description of Zumpt (1958), were used for the proper determination of this species. As the descriptions were adequate for identification, neotypes are not required for Fainia albitarsis or Idia eupoda . The synonymy of Idia extensa was first published by Peris (1952), and seems reliable.

The description of Fainia kagerana nom. nud. is an invalid nomenclatural act in terms of ICZN Article 13.1.1 because it lacks a comparative diagnosis. In addition, the descriptions and drawings of F. kagerana nom. nud. ( Lehrer 2011: 59-61) (Fig. 13C, E, I ) and F. sambura syn. nov. ( Lehrer 2011: 63-65) (Fig. 13B, F, H ) match the morphology of F. albitarsis. On examining the F. sambura syn. nov. HT, including the male terminalia (dissected by Lehrer) (Fig. 7 ), we found that the surstyli, cerci and ventral plate exhibit the same diagnostic characters as described above (Fig. 6A, B ). Careful examination of the ventral plate of the phallus revealed that the structure is articulated, with the joint located within the basi- and distiphallus membranous connection. This articulation can produce different orientations of the ventral plate in lateral and ventral views of the phallus, obscuring their typical ‘M’ shape visible in ventral view in various specimens. The phallus drawings of F. kagerana nom. nud. ( Lehrer 2011: fig. 36D) and F. sambura syn. nov. ( Lehrer 2011: fig. 39D) show different orientations of the ventral plate in lateral view, suggesting that they could be different species. The ‘M’ shape of the ventral plate can be clearly observed in the specimen of F. kagerana nom. nud. (Figs 6E , 7E ) and partially observed in the HT of F. sambura syn. nov. as it was partially damaged (it was crushed between the lid and wall of the microvial) (Fig. 7J ). Based on this evidence, we conclude that F. sambura is synonym of F. albitarsis and F. kagerana nom. nud. corresponds to F. albitarsis .

Type material examined.

Fainia sambura HT. 1 ♂ KENYA: Taita Hills / 1000-1200 m / Wyundani Rd. 3°24'S, 38°23'E / 18.ix.2005 / L. FRIEDMAN // holotypus // n. sp. / det. Dr A.Z. Lehrer // SMNHTAU (TAUI) 318990.

Other material examined.

19 specimens (10 ♀♀ 9 ♂♂).

Democratic Republic of the Congo - Katanga • 1 ♂; Ubani Valley Umbombo Dist. ; Mar. 1915; Yoppin leg., det. Thomas-Cabianca, A., 2018; DMSA DIP 6260 . - Oriental • 1 ♀; Bomane village area; 01°16.283'N, 23°43.994'E; 24 May 2010; Kirk-Spriggs, A.H. leg.; lowland evergreen second dry forest; Malaise trap; det. Rognes, K., 2012; BMSA-BECE 01314 .

Kenya - Coast • 1 ♀; N. edge of Arabuko Sokoke Forest ; UTM 37 M 607257 9644873, 83 m elev.; 28 May 2006; Avesani, D., Carpaneto, G., Nardi, G. & Cerretti, P. leg.; hand net; with larva, det. Rognes, K.; MZSUR - Nairobi • 1 ♀; Kakura Forest ; 01°14'28.64"S, 36°49'54.97"E; 1672 m elev.; 21-23 Nov. 2017; PINDIP-Course leg.; Kenyan dry forest; 6 m elev. Malaise trap; det. Thomas-Cabianca, A., 2017; CEUA, DNA-COI USA04 • 1 ♂, same collection data as previous; 23 Nov. 2017; general sweeping; CEUA, DNA-COI USA03 .

South Africa - KwaZulu-Natal • 1 ♂ ; Amatigulu Nature Reserve, north of Tugela River mouth; 29°12'S, 31°36'E; 25-26 Aug. 2006; Davies, G.B.P. leg.; caught hovering in group; det. Thomas-Cabianca, A., 2018; NMSA DIP 84325 • 1 ♀; Durban ; 1914; Haygarth, W.J. leg.; det. Villeneuve (as Idiella eupoda ); SAMC DIP A015193 • 1 ♂; Manguzi Forest Reserve ; 26°59'32"S, 32°43'25"E; 61 m elev.; 13-17 Dec. 2010; Kirk-Spriggs, A.H. leg.; indigenous sand forest; Malaise trap; det. Rognes, K., 2012; BMSA (D) 30066 • 1 ♀; Ndumo Game Reserve, Red Cliffs / Shokwe area at Ingwavuma ; 26°52.125'S, 32°13.731'E; 30 Nov.-04 Dec. 2009; Kirk-Spriggs, A.H. leg., Ficus forest; Malaise trap; det. Rognes, K., 2012; BMSA (D) 15187 - Mpumalanga • 1 ♀ 1 ♂ ; Blyde River, Burkes Luck ; 24°40'30"S, 30°48'40"E; 1200 m elev.; 24 Dec. 1990; Roth, V. & Roth, B. leg.; det. Thomas-Cabianca, A., 2018; NMSA DIP ♀: 84327 ♂: 84332 - Western Cape • 2 ♂♂; George ( Caplant ); 01 Feb. 1918; Brauns, Dr H. leg.; det. Thomas-Cabianca, A., 2018 (previously determined as Rhinia apicalis in the collection); NMSA DIP 020015 • 1 ♀; Pr. B. sp.; Krebs leg.; det. Loew (previously determined as Fainia eupoda in the collection); ZMHBHT 4532.

Tanzania - Morogoro • 1 ♀; Udzungwa Mountains National Park, Mito Mitato Plot 13; 674 m elev.; 26 Oct. 2014; Malumbre-Olearte, J. leg.; det. Thomas-Cabianca, A., 2019; ZMUC, DNA-COI K3 • 1 ♀ 2 ♂♂; Udzungwa Mountains National Park, Mizimu Camp. ; 769 m elev.; 01 Sep. 2013; Pape, T. & Scharff, N. leg.; det. Thomas-Cabianca, A., 2019; ZMUC , ♀: DNA-COI K7, ♂♂ DNA-COI K6 K20 - Tanga • 1 ♂; Usambara, Mts., Rt. B124, 1300 m elev., near Lushoto ; 10-15 Sep. 1992; Freidberg, A. leg; det. Thomas-Cabianca, A. 2019; (previously determined as Fainia kagerana HT by Dr A.Z. Lehrer, 2007 in the collection); SMNHTAU (TAUI) / 318988 .

Figures

Figure 1. Phallus of Fainia albitarsis (Macquart, 1846) A dorsal view B lateral view C ventral view D postgonite and pregonite in lateral view. Abbreviations: acroph - acrophallus; basph - basiphallus; distph - distiphallus; ej e - ejaculatory sclerite; ej o - ejaculatory opening; ext hy l - external (distal) hypophallic lobe; int hy l - internal (proximal) hypophallic lobe; m c - membranous connection; m w - mid-ventral wall; parph - paraphallus; pgt - postgonite; pha - phallapodeme; pregt - pregonite; spm dt - sperm duct; v p - ventral plate. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

Figure 2. Details of the epandrial complex of Fainia albitarsis (Macquart, 1846) A lateral view B posterior view. Abbreviations: an m - anal membrane; cerc - cercus; epand - epandrium; sur - surstylus; T 7 + 8 - tergite 7 + 8. Scale bar: 0.2 mm.

Figure 4. Specification of the characters measured (species = Fainia albitarsis (Macquart, 1846 )) A head in frontal view showing maximum head width and eye separation width B head in lateral view showing maximum eye height (spotted red line), maximum gena height, pedicel length and postpedicel length and width C palpus in lateral view showing palpus width D upper part of head in frontal view showing frontal vitta width, fronto-orbital plate width and anterior ocellus width E body size in lateral view. Abbreviations: fr vit - frontal vitta; frorb plt - fronto-orbital plate; gn - gena; oc - anterior ocellus; ped - pedicel; plp - palpus; pped - postpedicel.

Figure 5. Fainia albitarsis (Macquart, 1846), general body views of male (SAM DIP A 015190) and female (BMSA (D) 15187) A, C, E, G, I-K male A head in frontal view C head in lateral view E abdomen in dorsal view G thorax in dorsal view I retractile membrane connecting T 5 and T 7 + 8 J mid-femur, showing posteroventral row of closely spaced spine-like setae distally K lateral habitus and labels B, D, F, H, L female B head in frontal view D head in lateral view F abdomen in dorsal view H thorax in dorsal view L lateral habitus and labels. Abbreviations: cm T 5 - T 7 + 8 - connective membrane between tergite 5 and 7 + 8, T 5 - tergite 5, T 7 + 8 - tergite 7 + 8. Scale bars: 2 mm.

Figure 6. Fainia albitarsis (Macquart, 1846), male terminalia (BMSA (D) 30066) A, B epandrial complex and tergite 7 + 8 in dorsal (A) and lateral (B) view C-E phallus in dorsal (C), lateral (D) and ventral (E) view F sternite 5 in ventral view and G, H postgonite (upper) and pregonite (lower) in lateral-external (G) and lateral-internal view (H). Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

Figure 7. Fainia kagerana Lehrer, 2007 a nom. nud. (SMNHTAU (TAUI) 318988) and Fainia sambura Lehrer, 2008 holotype (SMNHTAU (TAUI) 318990), male terminalia A-E F. kagerana A, B epandrial complex in dorsal (A) and lateral (B) view C sternite 5 in ventral view and D, E phallus in lateral (D) and ventral (E) view F-J F. sambura F-H epandrial complex in dorsal view (F), details of surstylus, showing serrations along distal margin (G) and lateral view (H) and details in I sternite 5 in ventral view J phallus view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

Figure 9. Fainia elongata (Bezzi, 1908). Male terminalia (BMSA-BECE 03371) A, B epandrial complex in dorsal (A) and lateral (B) view C-E phallus in dorsal (C), lateral (D) and ventral (E) view F sternite 5 in ventral view and G postgonite (upper) and pregonite in lateral-external view (G). Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

Figure 13. Fainia kirinyaga Lehrer, 2007 b holotype (SMNHTAU (TAUI) 318989), Fainia sambura Lehrer, 2008 holotype (SMNHTAU (TAUI) 318989) and Fainia kagerana Lehrer, 2007 a nom. nud. (SMNHTAU (TAUI) 318990) general body and heads views A, D, G F. kirinyaga dorsal habitus view (A), lateral habitus view (D) and head frontal view (G) B, F, H Fainia sambura dorsal habitus view (B), lateral habitus view (F) and head frontal view (H) C, E, I Fainia kagerana nom. nud. dorsal habitus view (C), lateral habitus view (E) and head frontal view (I). Scale bars: 2 mm.