Leptocera erythrocera ( Becker, 1920 )

Buck, Matthias & Marshall, Stephen A., 2009, Revision of New World Leptocera Olivier (Diptera, Sphaeroceridae), Zootaxa 2039 (1), pp. 1-139 : 34-46

Leptocera erythrocera ( Becker, 1920)

( Figs. 20 , 37 , 62–68 )

Limosina erythrocera Becker, 1920: 183 (holotype ♀, MNHN, examined).

Leptocera (Paracollinella) pararoralis Duda, 1925: 51 (lectotype ♀, present designation by Marshall & Buck, MSNM).—Buck & Marshall in Roháček et al., 2001: 22, 153 (synonymy). New status as subspecies: L. erythrocera pararoralis .

Leptocera (Paracollinella) abdominiseta Duda, 1925: 52 (lectotype ♀, present designation by M. Buck, SMTD).—Buck in Roháček et al., 2001: 22, 153 (synonymy).

Leptocera erythrocera .— Roháček et al., 2001: 153 (World catalog).

Leptocera fontinalis auctt., nec ( Fallén, 1826): Spuler, 1924 (in part); Gapasin & Kim, 1972 (in part).

Taxonomy. Despite the fact that this is the most widespread and in many areas the most common New World Leptocera (and one of the most common of all Sphaeroceridae ) the true identity of L. erythrocera remained in the dark until the publication of the World Catalog of Sphaeroceridae ( Roháček et al., 2001) . Becker’s (1920) species from Ecuador was largely ignored by subsequent workers, and Duda (1925) redescribed it under two different names from North and South America. Nearctic specimens show darker coloration and have on average slightly shorter aristal hairs than those from the Neotropical region; otherwise they are inseparable. In the run-up to this revision we therefore synonymized both the South American L. abdominiseta Duda and the North American L. pararoralis Duda with L. erythrocera Becker (Buck & Marshall in Roháček et al., 2001). We propose here to retain the name pararoralis at the subspecies level ( L. erythrocera spp. pararoralis new status) for the following reasons: Even though coloration is clearly influenced by altitude in the Neotropics (specimens from higher elevations are darker), there appears to be a geographic component that is not affected by environmental factors. Nearctic specimens ( ssp. pararoralis ) are consistently darker than specimens from comparable climatic zones in South America. Furthermore, there seems to be a fairly sharp demarcation line between the two forms at the fringes of the Nearctic region (e.g., in southern parts of Florida, Texas, Arizona and California). Ecological preferences appear to be different as well, with Neotropical populations reaching far lower altitudes than Nearctic ones, despite their closer proximity to the equator. For instance, ssp. pararoralis occurs up to altitudes of 3,900 m in the Rocky Mts. (Colorado) and 2,750 m in the Sierra de San Pedro Mártir (Baja California Norte), whereas ssp. erythrocera only reaches 1,500 m in Mexico and Central America.

Following Spuler (1924) who recognised only one North American species of Leptocera (s.str.), most Nearctic workers misidentified L. erythrocera as L. fontinalis (e.g., the following references likely pertain to L. erythrocera: Bird, 1930 ; Judd, 1957; Frost, 1964, Samšinák, 1989; also older papers: Johnson & Coquillett, 1895; Tucker, 1907; Sanders & Shelford, 1922). Since its original description by Duda (1925), Gapasin & Kim (1972) were first to recognise L. pararoralis as a valid North American species, but their key offers no viable diagnostic characters that would distinguish it from “ L. fontinalis ” (i.e., Nearctic members of the L. fontinalis group). Several of their L. fontinalis localities lie outside the range of the L. fontinalis group, and are obviously based on misidentified material of L. erythrocera .

Description. Body length 1.7–2.5 mm, average length of nominate subspecies slightly less than ssp. pararoralis . Habitus as in Fig. 37 . Medium to dark brown, ssp. pararoralis with the following pale areas: Frons narrowly yellow to reddish anteriorly (frontal vitta usually largely yellow in L. e. erythrocera ). Face narrowly yellowish or at least slightly paler below (mostly yellow in L. e. erythrocera ). Gena brown, sometimes partly yellow to reddish (usually mostly yellow in L. e. erythrocera ). Inner surface of antenna brown, to largely yellowish on pedicel and first flagellomere (usually mostly yellow in L. e. erythrocera ). Palpus brown to yellow (yellow in L. e. erythrocera ). Fore coxa with inner surface at least slightly paler or whole inner half yellow (entire fore coxa yellow in L. e. erythrocera ). Legs otherwise brown (yellow to dirty yellowish brown in L. e. erythrocera ). Arista short- to medium-pubescent (pubescence on average slightly longer in L. e. erythrocera ). Palpus slender. Paramedian rows of acrostichals only slightly enlarged, sometimes hardly larger than surrounding hairs. Mid tibia with bristle above distal dorsal short, shorter or at most as long as corresponding bristle above distal anterodorsal bristle; lowermost bristle of proximal posterodorsal series shorter than lowermost bristle of anterodorsal series; posteroapical bristles short (not reaching base of ventrobasal metatarsal bristle), ventral one longer than dorsal one ( Fig. 20 ), except in specimens from southern Peru and northern Chile in which the dorsal bristle is enlarged and as long as the ventral one. Fore tarsomeres 2–5 shortened and slightly dilated in male, normal in female.

Male terminalia ( Figs. 62–65 ): Tergite 5 with two pairs of very long bristles posterolaterally. Sternite 5 with several long bristles on each side of posteromedial field of microtrichia; the latter triangular with concave hind margin; hind margin with numerous scales of moderate length (median ones shorter than lateral ones). Epandrium with numerous bristles of moderate length ventrally. Anterior section of surstylus with anterior process terminating in anteriorly directed point; ventral lobe with short hairs only besides long posterior bristles; the lateral of which is inserted more or less on the crest of the ventral lobe, far removed from the base of the surstylus. Posterior section of surstylus relatively short and compact, with broadly truncate apex (lateral view), inner margin sclerotized throughout, apex with two strong bristles (outer one much smaller and tapered, inner one blunt or abruptly pointed), posterior surface with just a few short bristles near base. Cercus with microtrichose, triangular anteroventral lobe (not visible on Fig. 63 ) arising below sparsely bristled main portion. Postgonite as in L. sphaerotheca sp.n. ( Fig. 142 ).

Female terminalia ( Figs. 66–68 ): Tergite 7 relatively short and not convex, with paramedian pair of bristles relatively weak, not cruciate; disc tomentose throughout and lacking shining areas. Sternite 7 with simple hind margin. Fused tergite 10 + cerci relatively long, with short hairs. Spermathecae elongate, with transversely ridged basal half and slightly dilated, bumpy distal half.

Type material. Limosina erythrocera Becker. Holotype ♀ ( MNHN): ECUADOR, Prov. Pichincha, Casitagua, 3,500 m, 1903, P. Rivet. Note: this is by far the highest known elevation for this species in South America (other records are from 2,500 m and “ 2,200–2,800 m ” at most, see material from Ecuador), casting some doubt on the accuracy of the label data.

Leptocera pararoralis Duda. Lectotype ♀, designated here by S.A. Marshall and M. Buck ( MSNM): U.S.A., Illinois, Algonquin, “4.18.96-114”, in Bezzi’s collection. Paralectotypes ( MSNM): 2 ♀♀, same locality as lectotype. Note : the type material was examined by S.A.M. previous to the senior author’s work on Leptocera . In the World Catalog of Sphaeroceridae , we erroneously stated that the type locality (“ Algonquin ”) was probably Algonquin Park in Ontario, Canada (Buck & Marshall in Roháček et al., 2001). Labels on the type specimens clearly indicate that they were collected in Algonquin, Illinois.

Leptocera abdominiseta Duda. Lectotype ♀ (designated here by M. Buck) and 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀ paralectotypes ( SMTD): “ CHILE ” (?error), Tacna, 22.x.1902, coll. W. Schnuse 1911–3. Other paralectotypes: 1 ♂, same as lectotype but 30.xi.1902 ( SMTD). CHILE. Reg. Arica y Parinacota: 1 ♀, Arica , 5.xi.1902, coll. W. Schnuse 1911–3 ( SMTD). PERU. Dpto. Arequipa: 1 ♀, Mollendo , 10.xi.1902, coll. W. Schnuse 1911–3 ( SMTD). BOLIVIA. Dpto. La Paz : 1 ♀, Sorata , 2,300 m, 18.xii.1902, coll. W. Schnuse 1911–3 ( SMTD). The following cotypes mentioned by Duda (1925) were not examined: 7 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀ from Paraguay, leg. Babarczy ( HNHM) and 1 ♂ from Brazil, Blumenau, leg. L. Hetschko ( NHMW). Notes: The lectotype and paralectotypes from the dry southern coastal areas of Peru and northern Chile differ from typical L. erythrocera in having unusually long posteroapical midtibial bristles of subequal length. We found no other differences with regard to typical L. erythrocera and therefore consider L. abdominiseta a synonym of the latter. We suspect that the type locality “Tacna” actually refers to Tacna in Peru , not Chile (as stated on labels). There are several, rather obscure localities of the same name in Chile but they are situated outside the currently known range of L. erythrocera . The species does not occur in Chile except for the northern border region with Peru.

Other material examined. Due to the great number of examined specimens (ca. 15,500) only localities and depositories are listed here: CANADA. Nova Scotia : Cape Breton Highland Natl. Pk., North Mt. ( DEBU); Jordan Falls ( CNCI); Lockeport ( CNCI). New Brunswick: Chamcook, Glebe Rd. ( CNCI); Doaktown, Hwy. 8 ( CNCI); Kouchibouguac Natl. Pk. ( CNCI); Maces Bay, Hwy. 790 ( CNCI); St. Andrews ( DEBU). Quebec: Abbotsford ( CNCI); Beech Grove ( CNCI); Breckenridge ( CNCI); Cap Rouge ( CNCI); Cowansville ( DEBU); Gatineau Park ( DEBU); Gatineau Prov. Pk., multiple localities ( CNCI); Hemmingford ( CNCI); Hull ( CNCI); Hull, Shore of Lac Leamy ( DEBU); James Bay Rte (3 localities): km 133.7, 50°29’52”N 77°25’11”W, km 204.5, 50°58’59”N 77°38’2”W, km 217.1, 51°4’29”N 77°32’56”W ( DEBU); King Mt. ( DEBU); La Verendrye Prov. Pk., mi. 139 Rte. 58 and mi. 87 Rte. 58 (both CNCI); Lac Bernard ( CNCI); Lacolle ( CNCI); Laniel ( CNCI); Luskville, Pilon Rd. ( DEBU); Mont Apica ( CNCI); Montebello ( DEBU); Mt. Albert, summit ( DEBU); Mt. Ste. Marie Low ( CNCI); Norway Bay ( CNCI); Old Chelsea ( CNCI); Old Chelsea, King Mountain ( CNCI); Parke Reserve ( CNCI); Perkins Mills ( CNCI); Poltimore ( DEBU); Rigaud ( CNCI); Rupert House ( CNCI); Wakefield ( CNCI). Ontario: St. Joseph Is., Hilton Beach ( DEBU); Algonquin ( DEBU); Algonquin Prov. Pk. (7 localities): 0.5 km S Billy Lk. bog, Scott Lake Stn, Beena Lake bog, Lake Sasajewun, Scott Lake, Swan Lake, Hwy 60 (all DEBU); Alma ( DEBU); Ancaster ( CNCI); Arkell ( DEBU); Arthur, 8 km E, Wylde Lk. Bog ( DEBU); Atwood Twp. ( DEBU); Belfountain ( DEBU); Belleville ( CNCI); Bell's Corners ( CNCI); Belwood ( DEBU); Bergland ( CNCI); Big Rideau Lake, Rideau Ferry ( DEBU); Black Rapids, Ottawa ( DEBU, CNCI); Blackburn ( CNCI); Blue Twp. ( DEBU); Bobcaygeon, Nogies Creek ( DEBU); Bothwell ( CNCI); Bradford ( DEBU); Braeside ( CNCI); Brighton ( CNCI); Brittania ( CNCI); Brockville ( CNCI); Cabot Head ( DEBU); Bruce Co., Cameron Lake Dunes ( DEBU); Bruce Co., Cameron Lake Fen ( DEBU); Bruce Co., Cameron Lake Rd. ( DEBU); Bruce Co., Cameron Lake Rd., S ( DEBU); Bruce Co., Crane River ( DEBU); Bruce Co., Dunk's Bay ( DEBU); Bruce Co., Miller Lake ( DEBU); Bruce Co., nr. Dorcas Bay, Willow Creek ( DEBU); Port Elgin ( DEBU); Bruce Co., Singing Sands ( DEBU); Tobermory: multiple localities ( DEBU); Bruce Co., Whiskey Harbour Rd. & Little Pt. Rd. ( DEBU); Bruce Pen. Natl. Pk. (6 localities): Cyprus Lake Campgrd, N Horse Lake Trail; Cyprus Lake, Spruce and Cedar Trail; Indian Head Cove; Johnson’s Harbour; Mary Lake; W Henry Marsh (all DEBU); Brussels ( DEBU); Burlington, Bronte Creek Prov. Pk. ( DEBU); Burlington, Royal Botanical Gardens ( DEBU); Caledon East ( DEBU); Cambridge ( DEBU); Camlachie ( DEBU); Carleton Place ( CNCI); Carleton Place, Middleville, White Lake Rd ( DEBU); 14 km NW Carp ( DEBU); Chapple Twp. ( DEBU); Chatham ( CNCI); Chatterton ( CNCI); Timmins ( DEBU); Coldwater ( DEBU); Constance Bay ( CNCI); Crowebridge ( DEBU); Cumberland ( DEBU); Cyrville Rd., 2 mi E Ottawa ( CNCI); Damascus, Wylde Lake Bog ( DEBU); Dornoch Fen ( DEBU); Dornoch, Anderson Lake and Fen ( DEBU); Dorset ( DEBU); Dundas ( CNCI); Embro ( DEBU); Windsor, Ojibway Prairie ( DEBU); Fathom Five Natl. Pk., multiple localities on Bear's Rump I., Cove I., Doctor I., Echo I., Flowerpot I., Middle I., Otter I., S Russel I. and W Land Base (all DEBU); Fergus ( DEBU); Fergus, Wolf Lake ( DEBU); Finland ( CNCI); Flesherton ( DEBU); Footes Bay ( CNCI); Forks of the Credit ( DEBU); Fort Frances ( CNCI); 3 km S Galt, Oliver Bog ( DEBU); Georgian Bay Natl. Pk., Isle Beausoleil ( DEBU); Gesto ( DEBU); Go Home Bay, 8 mi W Bala ( CNCI); Gooderham, Burnt River ( DEBU); Grand Bend ( CNCI); 7 mi E Griffith ( CNCI); Grimsby ( DEBU); Guelph: multiple localities ( DEBU); Haldimand Co., Wilson Tract Woods ( DEBU); 6 km NNW St. Williams, Manestar Tract ( DEBU); Haliburton ( DEBU); Halton For. ( DEBU); Hamilton ( DEBU); Hamilton, Donna Lake ( DEBU); Harris Hill ( CNCI); Harrow ( DEBU); Hepworth ( DEBU); Hills ( DEBU); Hilton Beach ( DEBU); Hilton Township ( DEBU); Hilton Twp, Tenby Bay ( DEBU); Holland Marsh ( DEBU); Huntsville, S Waseosa Rd. ( DEBU); Ingersoll ( DEBU); Inverhaugh ( DEBU); Ipperwash ( DEBU); Iroquois Falls ( DEBU); Jordan ( DEBU); Kakabeka Falls Prov. Pk. ( DEBU); Kearny ( DEBU); 20 km SE Kemptville, Heckston ( DEBU); Kenora ( CNCI); Kenora Distr., UTM183789 ( DEBU); Kenora, Acid Bog Project ( DEBU); Killarney Park ( DEBU); Kinghurst, Harrison Lk. Fen ( DEBU); Kingsville ( DEBU); Kortright ( DEBU); Lake Joseph, Foote's Bay ( DEBU); Lake Simcoe, De Grassi Pt. ( DEBU); Port Franks ( DEBU); Port Franks, Karner Blue Sanctuary ( DEBU); Port Franks, nr. L-Lake, Watson Property ( DEBU); Lanark ( DEBU); Middleville to White Lake Rd ( DEBU); Lanark Co., Patterson Lake ( DEBU); Limehouse ( DEBU); London, Byron Bog ( DEBU); Long Point ( CNCI); Long Point Prov. Pk. ( DEBU); Lulther Lake, Windmill Island ( DEBU); Luther Lake ( DEBU); Luther Marsh ( DEBU); Manitoulin I. ( DEBU); Manitoulin I., Honord ( DEBU); Marmora ( CNCI); Maynooth ( CNCI); Meaford ( DEBU); Medonte Twp. ( DEBU); Mer Bleue, 5 mi E Ottawa ( CNCI); Merivale ( CNCI); Metcalfe ( DEBU, CNCI); Midland ( CNCI); Milton ( DEBU); Miners Bay ( CNCI); Moose Factory ( CNCI); Mountsberg Cons. Area ( DEBU); Niagara Glen ( CNCI); Nipigon ( DEBU); Normandale ( CNCI); North Branch ( CNCI); North York, Driftwood Park ( DEBU); Norval ( DEBU); Norway Lake ( DEBU); Oakville ( DEBU); One Sided Lake ( CNCI); Orangeville ( DEBU); Orwell ( DEBU); 3 km S Orwell, Springwater Woods ( DEBU); Ottawa: multiple localities ( CNCI, DEBU); 20 mi NW Ottawa ( CNCI); Oullette Twp., Shakwa Lk. ( DEBU); Prince Edward Co., Outlet Beach ( CNCI); Owen Sound ( DEBU); Paisley, nr. Saugeen Bluffs Cons. Area ( DEBU); Parry Sound ( DEBU); Pelee I., Lighthouse Pt. ( DEBU); Pelee I., N Shore ( DEBU); Penetanguishene ( DEBU); Perth Road ( CNCI); 6 km E Perth ( DEBU); Petawawa ( CNCI); Petawawa, Forestry Stn. ( CNCI); mouth of Pic River, N side ( DEBU); Picton ( CNCI); Pinery Prov. Pk.: multiple localities ( DEBU); Point Pelee ( CNCI); Point Pelee Natl. Pk.: multiple localities ( DEBU); Pointe aux Baril ( DEBU); Port Elgin, nr. Brucedale Cons. Area ( DEBU); Port Ryerse ( CNCI); Powassan ( DEBU); Prescott ( DEBU); Presqu'ile Prov. Pk. ( DEBU); Preston ( DEBU); Priceville ( DEBU); Pukaskwa Natl. Pk.: Heron Bay and Coastal Trail from Hattie Cove to Playter Harbour (both DEBU); Puslinch ( DEBU); 3 km W Puslinch, Crieff Bog ( DEBU); Queens Univ. Bio. Stn., Chaffeys Locks ( DEBU); Rainy River ( CNCI); 8 km S Richmond ( CNCI); 18 km S Richmond ( DEBU); Ridgetown ( DEBU); River Canard ( DEBU); Rockport ( CNCI); Rockwood ( DEBU); Rondeau Prov. Pk.: multiple localities ( DEBU); Rushbrook Lake ( DEBU); Cumberland ( DEBU); Sandbanks ( CNCI); Sandbanks Prov. Pk. nr. Picton ( CNCI); Sarnia ( DEBU); 50 km N Sault Ste. Marie, Icewater Creek Watershed ( DEBU); Sault Ste. Marie, Birchwood Park ( DEBU); 12.4 to 18 km NNE Searchmont, Whitman Dam Rd.: 4 localities ( DEBU); Shirley's Bay, 15 km W Ottawa ( DEBU); Simcoe ( CNCI); Big Chute ( DEBU); Smith's Bay nr. Picton ( CNCI); Smith's Falls ( CNCI); South March ( CNCI); Southampton ( DEBU); Spencer Gorge Wilderness Area ( DEBU); St. Catharines ( DEBU); St. Ignace, Sturgeon Bay ( CNCI); St. Lawrence Is. Nat. Pk.: multiple localities ( CNCI); St. Thomas ( DEBU); St. Williams ( DEBU); Stoney Creek ( DEBU); Stouffville ( DEBU); Thedford ( DEBU); Thornhill ( CNCI); Thorold ( DEBU); Tomasine Lk. ( DEBU); Trenton ( CNCI); Turkey Point ( CNCI); Victoria Harbour ( CNCI); Vineland ( DEBU); Walpole Is. ( DEBU); 8 km S Welland, Wainfleet Bog ( DEBU); Ponsonby ( DEBU); Westree ( CNCI); Wolf Island ( DEBU); Woodsley ( DEBU). Manitoba: Aweme ( CNCI); Beaudry Prov. Pk., 5 km W Winnipeg ( DEBU); Brandon ( CNCI); 6 mi NW Brandon ( CNCI); Delta Marsh ( CNCI); Devil's Lake, 100 km S Grand Rapids ( DEBU); 2 mi E Douglas [Station?] ( CNCI); Erickson ( DEBU); 2 mi N Forrest ( CNCI); 9 mi N Forrest ( CNCI); Mulvihill Brook ( DEBU); Ninette ( CNCI); Riding Mt. Natl. Pk., 5 mi W Norgate ( CNCI); Riding Mt. Natl. Pk., Audy Lake ( CNCI); Riding Mtn. Natl. Park ( DEBU); 3 mi S Shilo ( CNCI); 5 mi SW Shilo ( CNCI); Spruce Woods For. Res., 15 mi N Glenboro ( CNCI); 2 mi W Stockton ( CNCI); Turtle Mt. For. Res., Int. Peace Gardens ( CNCI); Whitewater Lake, 4 mi N Whitewater ( CNCI); Winnipeg ( DEBU); Winnipeg, Univ. of Manitoba Campus ( DEBU). Saskatchewan: Assiniboia ( CNCI); Attons Lake ( CNCI); Estevan ( CNCI); Grasslands Natl. Pk. ( DEBU); Indian Head ( CNCI); Maple Creek ( CNCI); 50 mi E Regina ( DEBU); Saskatoon ( CNCI); Scout Lake ( CNCI); Swift Current ( CNCI). Alberta: Banff ( CNCI); Banff Natl. Pk., Mt. Norquay ( CNCI); Brooks ( CNCI); Cadomin, base of Prospect Mt. ( DEBU); Cypress Hills ( DEBU); Edmonton, Univ. of Alberta Ecol. Res. ( DEBU); Elkwater ( CNCI); 1 mi S Empress ( DEBU); 7 mi S Empress ( DEBU); Hinton ( DEBU); Jasper ( DEBU); Jasper Natl. Pk., Bald Hills ( CNCI); Jenner ( DEBU); Jumping Pound Creek, 20 mi W Calgary ( CNCI); Kananaskis, For. Exp. Sta. Seebe ( CNCI); Lethbridge ( CNCI); Medicine Hat ( CNCI); 7 mi W Morinville ( DEBU); Hailstone Butte, 60 km W Nanton ( DEBU); 25 mi N Nordegg ( DEBU); 50 mi N Nordegg, Trunk Rd. ( DEBU); Onefour ( CNCI); Scandia ( CNCI); Sibbald Flat Rec. Area ( DEBU); Sibbald Flat Rec. Area, Jumpingpound Cr. ( DEBU); Tolman Bridge Rec. Area, 17 km E Trochu ( DEBU); Wagner Bog ( DEBU); Walsh ( CNCI); Watson Creek Rec. Area, 39 km W Robb ( DEBU); Writing-on-Stone Prov. Park ( DEBU). British Columbia: Bowser ( CNCI); Chilcotin ( CNCI); Clinton ( CNCI); Cultus Lake ( CNCI); Deep Bay, Vancouver I. ( CNCI); 28 km E Enderby ( CNCI); Fairmont ( CNCI); Hope ( DEBU); Kelowna ( CNCI); Ketchum Lake ( CNCI); King Salmon Lake ( CNCI); 14 mi E Terrace, Kleanza Creek ( CNCI); Lac Le Jeune ( CNCI); Lumby ( CNCI); Nancy Greene Park ( DEBU); Nicola ( DEBU, CNCI); Oliver ( CNCI); Osoyoos ( CNCI); Pink Mt. ( DEBU); Robson ( CNCI); Salmon Arm ( CNCI); Sawmill Lake, Telegraph Creek ( CNCI); Seton Lake, Lillooet ( CNCI); Shames, 18 mi SW Terrace ( CNCI); Shuswap Lake, N shore ( DEBU); Sproat Lake ( CNCI); St. Marys [Prairie?] ( CNCI); Swan Lk., 4 mi N Vernon Rt. 97 ( WSUC); Terrace ( CNCI); 32 mi SW Terrace ( CNCI); Terrace, Airport area ( CNCI); Trinity Valley ( CNCI); Vernon ( CNCI); Victoria, Waterleaf ( CNCI); William's Lake ( CNCI); 2 mi N William’s Lake Rt. 97 ( WSUC). Yukon Territory: Alaska Hwy km 1251, Morley River 50 mi E Teslin ( DEBU). U.S.A. Alabama: 0.4 mi W Alpine ( MEMU); Bon Secour Natl. Wildlife Ref. ( MEMU); De Soto St. Pk. ( MEMU); NW Huntsville ( MEMU); Covington Co., Rt. 55, 1.7 mi E of Rt. 84 ( DEBU); Talladega Natl. For., 10 km NW Harrisburg on Co. Rd. 44 ( ANSP). Arizona: Alpine, Luna Lake ( DEBU); Baboquivari ( USNM); Baboquivari Mts. ( USNM); Barefoot Camp W Portal ( USNM); nr. Portal, between Herb Martyr & S.W.R.S. ( DEBU); Coconino Natl. For., Bonito Park ( DEBU); Tuba City ( DEBU); Dragoon Mts., Cochise Stronghold Campgr., 14.5 km W Pearce ( ANSP); East Verde River nr. Camp Verde (CSUC) ; Flagstaff ( DEBU); Flagstaff, Oak Creek ( DEBU); 10 mi NW Flagstaff, San Francisco Mtn. ( DEBU); 15 mi SE Holbrook ( DEBU); Wupatki Nat. Mon., Rt. 89 ( DEBU); Graham Co., Hwy 336 [= 366], 2.4 mi W from Hwy 191 ( DEBU); Madera Canyon ( DEBU, CSUC, EMEC); Mesa ( USNM); Molino Basin 22 mi NE Tucson ( MSUC); Nogales ( USNM); Organ Pipe Cactus Natl. Mon. ( DEBU); Patagonia Lk. Recr. Area ( DEBU); Portal ( USNM); 5 mi SW Portal, S.W. Res. Stn. ( USNM); 29–32 km WNW Portal ( USNM); Rustler Park ( MSUC); Sabino Canyon ( USNM); Santa Rita Mts., Box Canyon ( ANSP); 10 mi W Scottsdale ( CNCI); Sedona ( MSUC); Sunnyside Canyon ( USNM). Arkansas: Bismarck ( CNCI); Blue Mountain Lake, S side, Magazine ( CNCI); 8 mi N Clarksville ( MEMU); Haw Creek Falls ( DEBU); Mansfield ( USNM); Ozark Natl. For. ( MEMU); Ozark National Forest, Magazine Mtn. ( DEBU, CNCI); Magazine Mtn. ( MEMU); Mammoth Springs ( SEMC); Hwy 270, 5.4 mi E Ida ( DEBU); Limestone ( DEBU); Paragould ( MSUC); 13 mi NW Mena Rich Mt. ( DEBU); St. Francis Natl. For., Mariana ( CNCI); Ozark National Forest, Blanchard Springs ( DEBU); 3 mi S Devil's Den St. Park ( DEBU); Mt. Nebo St. Pk. ( DEBU). California: Adobe Creek ( EMEC); Afton Canyon 15 mi SW Baker ( EMEC); Ana River, Up. Sta. ( USNM); Arroyo Mocho ( EMEC); Argus Mountains ( USNM); Arroyo Mocho 20 mi S Livermore ( EMEC); Ash Creek Ranger Stn. 9 mi E McCloud ( EMEC); 1 mi NW Bartle ( EMEC); Berkeley ( CNCI); Big Sur St. Pk. ( USNM); Blodgett Forest 13 mi E Georgetown ( EMEC); Boyd Desert Res. Center 4 mi S Palm Desert ( EMEC); Brown's Lake SW Mt. Shasta City ( EMEC); Buck Creek Ranger Stn. ( EMEC); Calexico ( CASC); Campbell ( EMEC); Casa Diablo Hot Springs ( EMEC); 5 mi N Cassel ( EMEC); Castle Lk. ( CNCI); Cedar Pass Campgr. ( CASC); Chino ( USNM);Chipmunk Flat ( EMEC); Citrus Heights ( USNM); Colfax ( USNM); Cottonwood Creek ( EMEC); Cuyamaca Lake ( CNCI); Dardanelles Campgr. ( CASC); Death Valley Natl. Mon., Furnace Creek Ranch ( EMEC); Deep Canyon 7 mi S Palm Desert ( EMEC); Del Puerto Canyon ( EMEC); Donner Summit ( CASC); Dry Creek 4 mi NW Smartville ( EMEC); Exeter ( EMEC); Fawnskin ( MSUC); Fresno ( EMEC); 3 mi NW Graton ( EMEC); Hayfork Ranger Stn. ( EMEC); Hope Valley ( EMEC); 7 mi N Hopland ( USNM); Howard Lake ( EMEC); Idylwld [= Idyllwild] ( USNM); Independence ( USNM); Indio ( CNCI, USNM); Jacumba ( SEMC); Julian ( DEBU); Mt. Pinos ( DEBU); La Quinta ( CNCI); Laguna ( EMEC); Laguna Lake ( USNM); Lake Henshaw ( EMEC); Lake Tahoe, Tahoe Keys ( SEMC); Lassen Volcanic Natl. Pk., Summit Lake ( EMEC); Laufman Stn. 3 mi SE Milford ( EMEC); Lily Pond nr. Alpine Lake ( CNCI, EMEC); Lone Pine ( EMEC); Point Reyes ( DEBU); Marysville ( USNM); McBride Springs ( EMEC); Mono Pass ( EMEC); 5.5 km E Sonora Pass ( DEBU); 8 mi E Mt. Hamilton ( EMEC); Mt. Shasta City ( EMEC); North Fork ( AMNH); Palisade ( USNM); Palm Desert ( CNCI); Palm Springs ( CNCI, CASC); Palm Springs, Andreas Canyon ( CNCI); Palm Springs, Palm Canyon ( CNCI); Pasadena ( USNM); Pinecrest ( USNM); Folsom Jct., 6 air miles NNE, Bolder and Twin Rocks Rds ( DEBU); 3 mi E Pozo ( EMEC); Riverside ( DEBU, USNM); Sacramento ( USNM); 1 mi S Folsom ( DEBU); Sagehen Creek ( EMEC); Sagehen Creek nr. Hobart Mills ( CNCI); San Diego ( USNM); San Juan ( USNM); Seigler Springs ( USNM); Shasta Co., Fall River Mills ( DEBU); Sonora Pass ( EMEC); Spauldings ( EMEC); South Fork Sta. Ana River ( USNM); Squirrel Creek 8 mi E Quincy ( EMEC); Stanford ( USNM); Tuolumne Co., Strawberry ( EMEC); 9 mi NE Strawberry ( EMEC); Sutter Buttes ( EMEC); Thermal ( CNCI); Thousand Palms ( CNCI); 0.5 mi S Tomales ( USNM); 1 mi W Tom's Place ( EMEC); Tracy ( EMEC); Trinity Alps, Stuart Fork ( EMEC); Truckee ( CNCI, USNM); 32 km E Pinecrest ( DEBU); Turlock Lake Rec. Area Campgr. ( SEMC); Viola ( EMEC); Walnut Creek, Foot Shell Ridge ( EMEC); 4 mi S Weed ( EMEC); 6 mi NW Whiskeytown ( EMEC); White Mts., Crooked Creek Lab. 3 mi N Inyo Co. line ( EMEC); Wood Lake ( EMEC); Woodfords ( EMEC); Yolo By-Pass 10 mi SE Dixon ( EMEC); Yosemite Pk. ( USNM); Yosemite Natl. Pk., Mirror Lk. ( ANSP); Yuba City ( USNM). Colorado: State Bridge nr. Bond ( CNCI); Boulder ( CNCI); 3 mi W Boulder ( TAMU); 5 mi S Boulder ( CNCI); Brown's Park ( CSUC); Cameron Pass ( CSUC, USNM); Cameron Pass C Summit ( CNCI); Canon City ( USNM); Phantom Canyon, 6 mi NE Canon City ( USNM); Chicago Creek ( CNCI); 4 mi W Coaldale ( TAMU); Cumbres Pass ( SEMC); East Portal ( CNCI); Eldora ( CNCI); 2 mi NW Eldora ( CNCI); Estes Park ( CNCI); Evergreen ( USNM); Fort Collins ( CSUC); Glacier View Mead. ( CSUC); Granby ( CNCI); Grizzly Creek ( CSUC); Grizzly Creek Campgr. ( CSUC); Hamilton ( CSUC); Hoosier Pass ( CNCI); 3 mi SW Idaho Springs ( CNCI); 5 mi SW Idaho Springs ( CNCI); Independence Pass ( CNCI); Longmont ( CSUC); Maroon Lakes ( USNM); Mt. Evans (4 localities): Doolittle Ranch, Echo Lake, Summit Lake, Summit Lake Flats (all CNCI); Nederland ( CNCI); 3 mi N Nederland ( CNCI); 5 mi E Nederland ( CNCI); Niwot Ridge nr. Ward ( CNCI); Rabbit Ears Pass ( USNM); Red Feather Lakes ( CSUC); S. Fk. Poudre Rd. Jct. 63E Rd. betw. Fish and Litlle Beaver Creeks ( CSUC); Salida ( CSUC); Steamboat Springs ( MSUC); N of Tennessee Pass ( CNCI); 10 mi SW Wetmore ( USNM); Zenobia Basin ( CSUC). Connecticut: Colebrook ( USNM); Goose I. ( USNM); Putnam Park ( USNM); Redding ( USNM); Riverton ( DEBU). District of Columbia: Rock Creek ( USNM); Washington ( USNM, CSUC). Delaware: Lewes ( USNM); Newark, 10 km S Lum's Pond ( DEBU). Florida: Archbold Biol. Stn. ( DEBU, USNM); Broward Co., Hwy 84 (75) ( DEBU); Cary St. Forest ( DEBU); Dade Co., Everglades ( DEBU); 50 km S Miami, Chekika St. Rec. Area ( DEBU); Elfers ( CNCI); Everglades Natl. Pk., 1.5 km N Royal Palm ( DEBU); Everglades Natl. Pk., Flamingo to Mahogany Hammock ( CNCI); 11 km SW Florida City ( USNM); Fort Lauderdale ( USNM); Gainesville ( DEBU, CNCI, MSUC); Gainesville, Newman's Lake ( CNCI); Green Cove Springs ( CNCI); 7 mi NE Cornwell ( DEBU); Highlands Co., Rt. 70, 5 mi W Jct. Bld. Rt. 8 ( DEBU); Homestead ( CNCI, MEMU, USNM); Homestead, Subtropical Exp. Sta. ( CNCI); Key Largo ( CNCI); Sugarloaf Key, Kitching's NW 1/4, SE 1/4, S25, R27E ( DEBU); Istokpoga Canal 8 km SE Lorida ( USNM); Miami ( USNM); Myakka R. St. Pk. ( DEBU); Ocala Natl. For., Hopkins Prairie ( DEBU); Ocala Natl. For., Zay Prairie ( DEBU); Oneco ( CNCI); Orange Park ( CNCI); Paradise Key ( USNM); Rock Springs ( USNM); Royal Palm St. Pk. [= Royal Palm, Everglades Natl. Pk.] ( USNM); Sanibel I. ( DEBU); Sarasota ( USNM); St. Joseph Pen. St. Pk. ( MEMU); 11 mi NW Steinhatchee ( DEBU); Switzerland ( USNM); Torreya St. Pk. ( CNCI); Welake Exp. Stn. ( DEBU); Withlacoochee St. For., Croom Res. ( DEBU). Georgia: Athens ( CNCI); Athens, Bot. Garden ( UGCA); 5 mi W Athens ( UGCA); 6 mi E Athens ( UGCA); Atlanta ( UGCA); Clarke Co., 33°54'N 83°16'W ( UGCA); Clarke Co., Whitehall Forest ( UGCA); Eulonia ( DEBU); 14 mi N Folkston ( DEBU); 5 mi N Folkston ( DEBU); Folkston, Hwy 121 N ( DEBU); Forsyth ( CNCI); Fort Valley ( USNM); Hiawassee ( CNCI); 3 mi SE Kingsland ( DEBU); 15 mi NW Dahlonega ( UGCA); Nicholson ( UGCA); Okefenokee [Swamp] ( CNCI); Perry ( UGCA); Pine Mountain ( CNCI); Rabun Bald ( CNCI); Statenville, Alapha River ( USNM); 2 mi W Streetsboro [= Statesboro?] ( UGCA); Warwoman Creek ( CNCI); Waycross ( CNCI). Idaho: Chatcolet ( USNM); 4th July Canyon ( USNM); Glengary, Lake Pend d'Oreilles ( USNM); Moscow Mt. ( USNM); Potlatch ( USNM); Potlatch River, 3 mi S Helmer nr. L. Boulder Campgr. ( CSUC); Priest Lake ( CSUC); Priest Lake, Four Mile Camp ( USNM); Priest Lake, Lookout Mt. ( USNM); Priest Lake, Soldier Creek ( CSUC); Priest Lake, Tule Bay ( CSUC, USNM); Sandpoint ( USNM); Troy ( USNM); Waha ( USNM). Illinois: Alexander Co., Horseshoe Lake ( DEBU); Champaign ( CNCI); Mahomet, Hartwoods ( DEBU); Chicago ( USNM); Danville ( MSUC); Dewitt, Dewitt Cemetery ( DEBU); nr. Forest City ( CNCI); Goreville ( MSUC); Marion Co., Stephen A. Forbes St. Pk. ( DEBU); Pine Hill Field Stn. ( CNCI). Indiana: Brown Co. St. Pk. ( DEBU); Burns Harbor ( DEBU); Dead Run nr. Franklin Twp. ( ANSP); Gary ( DEBU); Hoosier Natl. For. ( DEBU); Hoosier Natl. For., Hemlock Cliffs ( DEBU); Hoosier Natl. For., Donaldson Trail ( DEBU); 1 mi S Schneider ( DEBU); [Indiana] Dunes St. Pk. ( USNM); Michigan City ( USNM); Spring Hills St. Pk., Donaldson Trail ( DEBU); Orange Co., Pioneer Mothers Mem. For ( DEBU); Lynn ( DEBU). Iowa: Ames ( TAMU); Boone ( USNM); Jackson Co., Hunters Cave ( DEBU); Mt. Pleasant ( TAMU). Kansas: Breidenthal Res., 2 mi N Baldwin ( SEMC); 6.4 km N Cheney ( SEMC); Lawrence, Nat. Hist. Res. ( CNCI, SEMC); Riley Co. ( MEMU). Kentucky: Cumberland Falls St. Pk., 20 mi W Corbin ( CNCI); Mammoth Cave Natl. Pk. ( DEBU, CNCI); Fort Boonesborough St. Pk. ( MEMU); Prestonburg ( MSUC); Rowan Co., 24 km SW Morehead Cave ( DEBU). Louisiana: 11 mi SW Alexandria ( CNCI); 18 km N Alexandria, Stuart Lake ( DEBU); Cameron Prairie Natl. Wildlife Res. ( MEMU); Eunice ( CNCI); Hackberry Prairie ( MEMU); Kisatchie Natl. For., Corney Lake ( CNCI); Kisatchie Natl. For., Summerfield ( CNCI); Lafayette ( MEMU); Mamou ( CNCI); Logansport ( USNM); 3 mi S Oak Grove ( CNCI); Sam Houston Jones St. Pk. ( MEMU); St. Tammany Par., Pearl River Wildlife Area ( DEBU). Maine: Caratunk ( MSUC); Weld ( USNM); Winslow ( MSUC). Maryland: Bethesda ( USNM); Frederick ( CNCI, MEMU); Laurel ( CNCI); Plummers Island ( USNM); Prince George's Co., 39°3'N 76°47'W ( UGCA); Travilah ( USNM). Massachusetts: N. Bedford ( USNM); Belmont, Rock Meadow ( DEBU); Beverly ( USNM); Cape Cod ( DEBU); Cape Cod, Dennisport ( CNCI); Cape Cod, Truro ( CNCI); Framingham ( UGCA); Melrs. Hghds. [?] ( CNCI); Niles [Pond?] ( DEBU); Myles Standish St. For., Barrett[s] Pond ( DEBU); Woods Hole ( USNM). Michigan: Allegan Co. ( MSUC); Arenac Co. ( MSUC); Bath ( MSUC); Bay Co. ( MSUC); Benzie Co. ( MSUC); Berrien Co. ( MSUC); Warren Dunes St. Pk. ( DEBU); 1 km W Bertrand ( DEBU); Brevort ( MSUC); Cass Co. ( MSUC); Cheboygan Co. ( MSUC); Clinton Co. ( MSUC); Crawford Co. ( MSUC); Delta Co. ( MSUC); Dunbar Forest Exp. Stn., Mich. St. Univ. ( MSUC); East Lansing ( MSUC, USNM); Eaton Rapids ( USNM); Gladwin Co. ( MSUC); Grand Junction ( MSUC); Gull Lake Biol. Station ( MSUC); Hillsdale Co. ( MSUC); Hopkins ( MSUC); Huron Co. ( MSUC); Ionia ( MSUC); Ionia Co. ( MSUC); Isabella Co. ( MSUC); Isle Royale ( MSUC); Kalamazoo Co. ( MSUC); Kalkaska Co. ( MSUC); Manistee Co. ( MSUC); Midland Co. ( MSUC); Missaukee Co. ( MSUC); Montcalm Co. ( MSUC); Munith ( MSUC); Newaygo Co. ( MSUC); North Branch ( USNM); Norway ( CNCI); Onota ( MSUC); Osceola Co. ( MSUC); Portland ( MSUC); Roscommon Co. ( MSUC); Saginaw Co. ( MSUC); Sodus ( MSUC); South Haven ( MSUC); Tuscola Co. ( MSUC); Union ( MSUC); Van Buren Co. ( MSUC); Wise Lake [= Gordon Lake] ( MSUC). Minnesota: Bena ( CNCI); Crookston ( DEBU, CNCI); Eagles Nest ( USNM); Big Sand Creek, 12 mi E Hinckley ( USNM); Lake Minnetonka ( UGCA); Lake Minnetonka, Tonka Bay ( UGCA); Hubbard Co. ( MEMU); Itasca St. Pk. ( EMEC); Lake Orwell 4 mi SW Fergus Falls ( EMEC); Lake Pepin E Frontenac ( EMEC); McLeod Co. ( EMEC); St. Paul ( PSUC); Two Rivers St. Pk. ( EMEC). Mississippi: 11 mi SW, 11 mi WSW, and 7 mi NW Batesville (all MEMU); 4 mi ENE and 6 mi SW Como ( MEMU); Craig Springs ( MEMU); Dahomey Natl. Wildlife Res. ( MEMU); Dorman Lake ( MEMU); 1 mi SE Ecru ( MEMU); Great River Road St. Pk. ( MEMU); Hwy 61 & 82 Jct. ( MEMU); Leroy Percy St. Pk. ( MEMU); Longview ( MEMU); Mississippi State ( MEMU); Noxubee Natl. Wildlife Ref. ( MEMU); Oktibbeha Co. ( MEMU); Ragland Hills ( MEMU); 3 mi WSW Sardis ( MEMU); Scott Co. ( DEBU); 4.2 mi WSW Scott ( MEMU); W of St. Louis Bay ( MEMU); Starkville ( MEMU); 10 mi N and 6 mi SW Starkville ( MEMU); Sweetbay Bogs [~ 9 mi W Wiggins] ( MEMU); Tishomingo St. Pk. ( DEBU); Trim Cane Creek ( MEMU). Missouri: Joplin ( MSUC); Willow Springs ( MSUC); Oregon Co. ( USNM); 2 mi W Saint Louis ( USNM). Montana: Baird ( USNM); Bearmouth ( USNM); Bozeman, B. Pass ( CNCI); 13 mi S Butte, Pipestone Pass ( CNCI); Drummond ( USNM); Flathead Lake ( USNM); Gardiner Valley ( USNM); Missouri River, Wolf Creek Bridge ( CASC); Thompson ( USNM); Troy ( USNM); Upper St. Regia R. ( USNM); Yellowstone Natl. Pk., NW Entrance ( USNM). Nebraska: Merriman, Dry Creek, Rd. 61 ( CSUC). Nevada: Cathedral Gorge St. Pk. ( EMEC); Lake Tahoe ( EMEC); Reno ( USNM); Toiyabe Natl. For., Indian Valley, 6.4 km ESE Grantsville ( ANSP); 6 mi E Verdi ( EMEC). New Hampshire: Conway ( MSUC); Coos Co., 1 mi NE East Inlet Dam ( DEBU); Coos Co., 8 km S Gorham, White Mtn Natl. For. ( DEBU); Coos Co., 3 mi NE Norton Pool, East Inlet Dam ( DEBU); Gorham ( CNCI, MSUC); Mt. Washington ( CNCI, USNM); Mt. Washington (7 localities): Alpine Garden, Dolly Copp, summit ( USNM), Bigelow Lawn, Lakes of the Clouds, Oakes Gulf, road, summit, Summit Flats (all CNCI); Odiorne Point ( DEBU); 1 mi W Odiorne Point ( DEBU); 1 mi SW Durham ( DEBU); Strafford Co., Spruce Hole ( DEBU); White Mts., Dolly Copp ( USNM); White Mts., Stinson Lake ( USNM). New Jersey: 2.6 km E Belleplain St. For., 1.3 km N Belleplain ( ANSP); Cedar Harbor ( ANSP); Cherry Hill, nr. 73 & 644 ( ANSP); Delaware Bay, Bayside area W of Bridgeton ( ANSP); Mt. Misery area, 6.4 km E of Hwy Jct 70 & 72 ( ANSP); Oswego River nr. Martha ( ANSP); Webb's Mill Bog, 10.5 km N Hwy jct. 72 & 539 ( ANSP). New Mexico: Bernalillo ( DEBU); Chama ( USNM); Cimarron Canyon ( MSUC); Gila River, Cliff ( USNM); Cloudcroft ( CNCI); Datil Range, Datil Canyon ( ANSP); Eddy Co., 32°20.3'N 103°50'W, and 32°19.8'N 103°47.3W ( TAMU); Gila Natl. For., Pueblo Pk. & Campgr., 27 km S Luna ( ANSP); 5 mi W and 8 mi SE Luna ( DEBU); Jemez Springs ( SEMC); 2 mi W Los Lunas ( DEBU); Lincoln Co., Sierra Blanca ( DEBU); Sante Fe Natl. For., Holy Ghost Creek ( DEBU); 14 mi NE Santa Fe ( DEBU); Santa Fe Nat. For., Winsor Campgr. ( DEBU); Silver City ( USNM); 20 mi W Socorro, S. Baldy Pk. ( DEBU); 3 mi N Socorro ( DEBU); 20 mi W Socorro, Water Canyon ( DEBU); Taos Co., Rio Grande ( USNM). New York: Adirondacks, Avalanche Trail ( USNM); Adirondacks, Fish Creek ( USNM); Allegany St. Pk. ( USNM); Amherst ( DEBU); Bear Mt. ( USNM); Cairo ( DEBU); Fish Creek Pond ( USNM); Herkimer ( DEBU); Ithaca, McLean Bog ( DEBU); McLean Bogs ( ANSP); Jones Beach St. Pk. ( MSUC); Keene Valley ( CNCI); Lake Placid ( CNCI, SEMC); Long Island, Cold Spring Harbor ( USNM); Lynbrook ( MSUC); Paul Smiths ( CNCI); 4 mi E Red Ck. ( DEBU); Riverhead, L.I. Veg. Res. Farm ( CNCI); Selkirk Shores St. Pk. ( USNM); Shoharic ( DEBU); Snyder Heights ( CUIC); Speculator ( DEBU); Whiteface Mt. ( CNCI); Wilson ( DEBU). North Carolina: 6–8 mi N Aquone ( UGCA); Bubbling Spring Creek ( CNCI); Cherokee ( CNCI); Coweeta Hydrobiol. Stn., Shope Fork ( DEBU); Great Smoky Mts. Natl. Pk. (4 localities): Clingmans Dome, Collins Gap, Greenbrier Cove (all CNCI), Newfound Gap Rd. ( USNM); Highlands ( CNCI); Highlands, Whiteside Cove ( CNCI); Highlands, Whiteside Mt. ( CNCI); Jackson Co., Blue Ridge Pkwy ( DEBU); Cullowhee, Cane Ck. ( DEBU); Lake Waccamaw ( USNM); Lumberton ( DEBU); Mt. Meadows ( UGCA); Mt. Mitchell ( CNCI); locality unkown ( USNM); Roan Mt. ( CNCI); Southern Pines ( USNM); Swain Co. ( DEBU); 2 mi NW, 3 mi W, 8 mi W, and 8 mi WSW Tarboro (all MEMU); Wayah Bald ( CNCI); base of Wayah Bald ( CNCI); Wayah Gap ( CNCI). North Dakota: Fargo ( USNM); Medora, Roosevelt Natl. Pk. ( DEBU); Grand Forks, University ( USNM); McHenry Co., W side Buffalo Lodge Lake ( DEBU); Tower City ( USNM). Ohio: Champaign Co., Cedar Bog Nat. Pres. ( DEBU); 6 mi NW Urbana ( DEBU); Wayne St. For. ( DEBU); Marietta ( MSUC); Morgan Co., Wayne Natl. For., Wildcat Hollow ( DEBU). Oklahoma: Chickasaw Natl. Rec. Area ( DEBU); Comanche Co., Wichita Mts. Refuge ( DEBU); 5 mi W Red Oak ( DEBU); Pond Creek ( MSUC). Oregon: Camp Abbot ( USNM); Eagle Creek ( USNM); Hood River ( USNM); Portland ( USNM); 8 mi NW Sisters, 8 mi NW Indian Ford ( USNM); The Dalles ( USNM); Willamette Natl. Forest, Delta Camp ( EMEC). Pennsylvania: Ambridge ( EMEC); Buffalo Flat, 5 mi NW Hartleton ( ANSP); Flourtown ( TAMU); Grantville ( CNCI); 8 km NW Laporte, Wyoming [= Loyalsock] St. For. ( CNCI); Milford ( MSUC); Phoenixville ( CNCI); Ralston ( CNCI); Secane ( ANSP); Summit Sta. ( CNCI); Tinicum ( ANSP). South Carolina: Aiken St. Pk. ( DEBU); Anderson ( CNCI); Barnwell St. Pk. ( DEBU); Clemson ( CNCI); Florence ( CNCI); Seneca ( CNCI); Saluda Co. ( USNM). South Dakota: Erwin ( USNM); Plankinton ( MSUC); Yankton ( USNM). Tennessee: 10 mi S Chattanooga ( MEMU); East Ridge ( CNCI); East Ridge, Chapin Sanctuary ( CNCI); Foothills Pkwy. ( DEBU); Great Smoky Mts. Natl. Pk. (6 localities): Cades Cove ( MEMU), Chimneys ( MEMU), Elkmont ( DEBU, MEMU), Gatlinburg to Newfound Gap ( CNCI), Sugarlands Visitor Center ( DEBU), Greenbrier Cove, Ramsey Cascades Trail ( DEBU); Millington ( MSUC). Texas: Angelina St. For. [= Natl. For.] ( DEBU); Angelina Co., Bouton Lk. Campgd. ( DEBU); Angelina Co., Hill nr. Broaddus ( DEBU); Angelina Co., Piney Woods ( DEBU); Angelina Natl. For., Graham Creek, Upland Island Wilderness ( ANSP); Austin ( DEBU); Austin, Barton Creek Pk. ( TAMU); Beaumont ( USNM); Bentsen-Rio Grande St. Pk. ( DEBU); Big Bend Natl. Pk. (3 localities): Bouguillas Crossing ( DEBU), Cottonwood Campgr. ( TAMU), and Rosillos Mts., East Spring ( TAMU); College Station ( DEBU, TAMU); College Station, Lick Creek Pk. ( DEBU, TAMU); 5 mi W Brownsville ( TAMU); 6 mi N Brownsville ( USNM); Bryan ( TAMU); Brownsville, Audubon, Sabal Palm Grove ( DEBU); Carthage ( CNCI); 8 mi S Conroe, Jones St. For. ( TAMU); 8 mi S Conroe ( TAMU); Cypress Creek vic. ( TAMU); Dallas ( USNM); Denton ( USNM); Dickinson ( TAMU); 2 mi E Fort Stockton ( TAMU); Gainesville ( USNM); Guadalupe Mts. Natl. Pk. (2 localities): Choza Springs at Hwy 180 & 62 and Smith Spring (both ANSP); Kerrville ( TAMU); Kingsville ( MEMU); La Grange ( CNCI); Laredo ( CNCI); Liberty ( USNM); Long Hollow Creek vic. ( TAMU); Longview ( USNM); Navasota R. Hwy 30 ( TAMU); Palmetto St. Pk. ( TAMU); Palo Duro Canyon St. Pk. ( CNCI); 3 mi NE Porvenir ( DEBU); Sabal Palm Grove Sanctuary, nr. Southmost [Rd.] ( TAMU); San Antonio ( USNM); 30 mi E Sanderson ( DEBU); nr. Sinton, Welder Wildlife Ref. ( CNCI); Stubblefield Lake Rec. Area ( TAMU); Terrell Co. ( DEBU); Uvaldelo, 10 mi W Uvalde, Nueces River ( DEBU); Victoria ( USNM); Bee Co. ( TAMU); Brazos Co. ( TAMU). Utah: Fish Lake ( SEMC); Fort Duchesne ( USNM); Guardsman Pass, E side nr. Brighton ( CNCI); Leeds ( MSUC); Logan Canyon ( USNM); Spanish Fork ( USNM); Strawberry Valley ( CNCI); Wasatch Natl. For., Bear River Campgr. ( DEBU); Uinta Mts., Vernal Canyon ( USNM); Uinta Co., Whiterocks Canyon ( DEBU); Vernal ( USNM); 22 mi N Vernal, Big Brush Creek ( CNCI); 25 mi N Vernal, Little Brush Creek ( CNCI); Mendon (in Utah?) ( USNM). Virginia: New River nr. Atherton ( DEBU); 10 km NW Blacksburg ( DEBU); 10 km NW Blacksburg, Bald Knob ( DEBU); 10 km NW Blacksburg, Mtn. Lake Biol. Stn. ( DEBU); Bland Co., Big Brush Campgr. ( CNCI); Blacksburg, Brush Mt. ( CNCI); 9.6 km N Clifton Forge ( DEBU); Dead Run ( USNM); Eagle Rock ( MSUC); Fairy Stone St. Pk. ( CNCI); Giles Co. ( DEBU); Giles Co., Cascades Recreation Area ( DEBU); Giles Co., Wind Rock ( DEBU); Harpers Ferry ( CNCI); Hungry Mother St. Pk. ( SEMC); Longshop ( CNCI); Pandapas Pond Rec. Area ( DEBU); vic. Pandapas Pond ( DEBU); Jefferson Natl. For., Poverty Creek ( DEBU); Mountain Lake ( CNCI); Mt. Jackson ( CNCI); Mt. Rogers ( CNCI); Reddish Knob ( USNM); Rosslyn ( USNM); 16 km S Strasburg ( DEBU); Shenandoah Natl. Pk., Hawksbill ( CNCI); Stony Creek ( CNCI); Vesta ( CNCI). Vermont: Plainfield ( CNCI); Smugglers Notch ( DEBU). Washington: Almota ( DEBU, CSUC, USNM); Asotin ( USNM); Blue Mts., Rose Spring ( USNM); Cashmere ( USNM); 4 mi N Central Ferry ( DEBU); Clarkston ( USNM); Snake River opp. Clarkston ( USNM); Entiat ( USNM); Ephrata ( USNM); Fields Springs St. Pk., 4 mi S Anatone ( EMEC); Five Mile Lake ( USNM); Goldendale ( USNM); Husum ( USNM); Hoover ( USNM); Kennewick ( USNM); Klickitat River, Glenwood Rd. ( USNM); Lake, Paha ( USNM); Lucerne, Lake Chelan ( CSUC); Mt. Adams ( USNM); Mt. Rainier (3 localities): Hells Crossing, Paradise, White River (all USNM); Olga ( USNM); Omak ( USNM); O'Sullivan Dam ( USNM); Pateros ( USNM); Pullman ( USNM, CSUC); Ritzville ( USNM); Rock Creek, Melvin Hazen Trib. ( DEBU); Sullivan Lake ( USNM); Union Flat ( CSUC); WallaWalla, Mill Creek ( USNM); Wawawai ( USNM); Wnqulmie Pass [?] ( USNM). West Virginia: Monongahela Natl. For., Summit Lake Campgr. ( DEBU); Lewisburg ( MSUC); Dais, Blackwater Falls St. Pk. ( DEBU). Wisconsin: Dousman ( EMEC); Sauk City ( UGCA); Wisconsin Dells ( USNM). Wyoming: 10 mi E Lovell ( DEBU); Black Hills Nat. For., Cook Lk. Cons. Area Rd., 4.2 km E of campgr. ( DEBU); Dunraven Pass ( USNM); Big Horn Mts 34 mi E Lovell ( DEBU); nr. Shell, Hwy 14, Red Gulch Rd. ( DEBU); 20.3 km E Burgess Jct., Antelope Butte Rec. Area ( DEBU); Sierra Madre Range, Battle Lake Rd. ( CNCI); Togwotee Pass ( CNCI); Evanston ( MSUC); 8 mi SE Evanston ( DEBU); 6 mi E Mt. View ( DEBU); Union Pass Rd. ( CNCI); Yellowstone Natl. Pk. ( TAMU); Yellowstone Natl. Pk. (8 localities): Canyon Jct. ( MSUC), Indian Creek, Lewis Lake, Old Faithful, Spring Creek, 6 mi S Thumb., Thumb Station, Upper Geyser Basin (all USNM). State unknown: White Mountains [New Hampshire?] ( USNM). BERMUDA: Cloverdale ( USNM); Devonshire Marsh ( USNM); Outerlea Farm ( USNM); Paget Marsh ( USNM); Spittal Pond ( USNM); St. Georges ( USNM). BAHAMAS: Andros I., San Andros ( TAMU); South Andros Is., Las Palmas ( MEMU). CUBA: Santiago ( DEBU); Cienfuegos, Soledad ( USNM); Isle of Pines ( FMNH). CAYMAN IS.: Grand Cayman, Georgetown ( CNCI). JAMAICA: Blue Mtn., Whitfield Hall ( DEBU); Clydesdale ( USNM); Duncans ( CNCI); Dragon Bay ( DEBU); Hardwar Gap ( CNCI, USNM); Irish Town ( CNCI); Kingston ( USNM); Mt. Diablo, St. Ann ( USNM); Port Henderson ( USNM); Spanish Town ( DEBU); Windsor ( DEBU). HAITI: Massif de la Hotte, Ville Formon, 31 km NW Les Cayes, S slope Morne Formon ( CMNH); Baie de Chouchou ( USNM). DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Independencia, 32 km NW La Descubierta, Sabana Real ( DEBU); San Rafael, 18 km W Barahona ( DEBU); Valle del Río ( USNM); Prov. La Vega ( CNCI); Cabo Rojo, Alcoa Rd. km 26 ( DEBU); La Abeja, 38 km NNW Cabo Rojo ( CMNH); Las Abejas, 60 km NW and 30 km N Cabo Rojo ( DEBU); Pedernales, 26 km N Cabo Rojo ( DEBU); Manabao ( DEBU); Puerto Plata ( DEBU); La Ciénaga ( DEBU); Arroyo La Morita, 33 km N San José de Ocoa ( USNM); Prov. San Cristóbal ( CNCI); Colonia Ranfis ( USNM); Prov. Valverde ( CNCI); Santo Domingo ( DEBU, CNCI); 100 km N Santo Domingo ( DEBU). PUERTO RICO: Arroyo ( USNM); Bayamon ( USNM); Bosque Estatal de Carite, 4.2 km SE Campamento Guavate ( CMNH); Bosque Estatal de Guajataca, Montañas Aymamon ( CMNH); Bosque Estatal de Maricao, 3.3 km SW Maricao ( CMNH); Bosque Estatal de Susua, 3.8 km N Susua ( CMNH); El Yunque ( DEBU, USNM); Ensenada Honda ( USNM); Guajataca For., Isabela ( USNM); Hacienda La Juanita, 2.8 km ENE Las Vegas ( CMNH); Luquillo Natl. For., El Verde (USNM) ; Mayagüez ( USNM); Naguabo ( CNCI); Sierra de Luquillo, El Verde Stn. , 3.1 km WNW El Yunque ( CMNH); Utuado ( USNM); Yauco — Lares Rd. km 22 ( USNM). SAINT CROIX: locality unknown ( USNM). SAINT CHRISTOPHER-NEVIS. Saint Kitts: Bayford Dairy ( DEBU); Dasents Estate ( DEBU); Mt. Misery ( DEBU); Wingfield Mtn. ( DEBU). MONTSERRAT: Gage's Soufriere ( USNM). DOMINICA: Antrim ( USNM); Cabrit Swamp ( USNM); Clarke Hall Est. ( USNM); Freshwater Lake ( USNM); Layou River, mouth ( USNM); Macoucheri ( USNM); 1.5 mi W, 2.5 mi W and 2 mi NW Pont Casse (all USNM); Portsmouth ( USNM); 0.5 mi W Pt. Lolo ( USNM); St. George, L'Etang ( USNM). SAINT LUCIA: Black Bay ( DEBU); Piton Flore ( DEBU); locality unknown ( DEBU). SAINT VINCENT: St. Vincent, windward side (misidentified ♀ paralectotype of Limosina dolorosa Williston ; BMNH). TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO. Trinidad: N of Arima, Simla House, Windblow Ridge ( DEBU); 3 km W Caroni ( USNM); Tunapuna, Tunapuna Rd. ( CNCI). MEXICO. Baja California Norte: Sierra de Juárez, Cantillas Canyon, Tajo Branch ( EMEC); Sierra de San Pedro Mártir (3 localities): 5 mi NE Encantada ( EMEC); La Grulla ( EMEC), and Rancho Viejo ( CASC). Chiapas: Atodia, 2 mi SW Guadelupe ( EMEC); 7.2 mi SE Chiapa de Corzo ( TAMU); Montebello Natl. Pk. ( CNCI); 2 mi SE Ocosingo ( EMEC); Reserva El Ocote nr. Campo El Ocote ( TAMU); 5 mi S San Carlos ( EMEC); 4 mi SE Soyalo ( EMEC); Teopisca, 9 mi SW Hwy 24 ( CNCI); Tuxtla Gutiérrez ( CNCI, USNM). Durango: 10 km S Ceballos ( EMEC). Jalisco: 17 mi N Guadalajara ( TAMU); 18 mi NW Guadalajara ( CNCI); 5 mi SE Plan de Barrancas ( EMEC). Morelos: 12 mi E and 14 mi S Cuernavaca ( CNCI); Oacalco, nr. Yautepec ( USNM). Nayarit: 32 mi S Acaponeta ( CASC). Oaxaca: 3 mi NE Putla,( TAMU). Puebla: 1.1. mi W Acatlán ( TAMU). San Luis Potosí: 3 mi E Terrazas ( TAMU). Sinaloa: Culiacán ( MEMU, USNM). Sonora: Alamos ( CASC); Hermosillo ( EMEC); Navojoa, 53 km S on Hwy 15 ( ANSP). Tabasco: Frontera ( USNM). Tamaulipas: Cañón de la Libertad, 6 mi N Ciudad Victoria ( TAMU); Ciudad Victoria ( USNM); Mun. Gómez Farías, Altas Cimas, 1,000 m ( USNM); Tampico ( USNM). Veracruz: 32 km N Catemaco, UNAM Preserve ( SEMC); Jalapa ( USNM); Lago Catemaco ( CNCI); 10 mi N Nautla ( TAMU); Xico ( USNM). BELIZE: Corozal Town ( USNM); Trail to Xunantunich ( DEBU). GUATEMALA. Dpto. Zacapa: San Lorenzo, 1,800 m ( DEBU); Santa Clara, interior valley of Sierra de las Minas, N of Cabañas, 5,500 ft ( FMNH). HONDURAS. Dpto. Francisco Morazán: El Zamorano ( DEBU). NICARAGUA. Sta. María de Ostuma ( USNM). COSTA RICA. Prov. Alajuela: Volcán Tenorio, Bijagua Biol. Stn., 700 m ( DEBU); Volcán Tenorio, N slope, trail to laguna, ~ 1000 m ( DEBU). Prov. Cartago: Cachí, Río Reventazón ( ANSP); Pejibaye ( USNM). Prov. Guanacaste: road to Cacao Biol. Stn., 750 m ( DEBU); Cacao Field Stn. ( DEBU); Estero Naranjo, 10 m ( INBC); Guanacaste Natl. Pk., Pitilla Biol. Stn., 700 m ( DEBU, INBC); Rafael Lucas Rodríguez Natl. Wildlife Ref., Palo Verde, 10 m ( INBC); San Luis, 5 mi E Tilarán ( DEBU); Santa Rosa Biol. Stn., 300 m ( INBC). Prov. Heredia: Braulio Carrillo Natl. Pk., 500 m and 1,400 –1,500 m ( DEBU); Braulio Carrillo Natl. Pk., El Ceibo Biol. Stn., 400–600 m, and Magsasay Biol. Stn., 200 m ( INBC); La Selva Biol. Stn., 50–150 m ( DEBU, INBC, USNM); 16 km SSE La Virgen, 1,050 –1,150 m ( DEBU, INBC); Puerto Viejo, Finca La Selva ( INBC); Rara Avis, 580 m ( DEBU); Santo Domingo, INBio Pk. ( DEBU). Prov. Puntarenas: Manuel Antonio Natl. Pk., Quepos, 80 m ( INBC); Monteverde ( USNM). Prov. San José: Guaitil, nr. bridge over Río Candelaria, 1,500 m ( DEBU); San Carlos, Riosparaiso Res., Pecarí Stn., 16 km NNE Quepos, 400 m ( DEBU); San José ( USNM). PANAMA. Prov. Coclé: El Valle ( MEMU). Prov. Colón: Fort Gulick ( DEBU); 5 mi SSW Gatún Dam ( MEMU); 3 km S Sabanitas, 120 ft ( TAMU). Prov. Los Santos: Pedasi ( TAMU). Prov. Panamá: Cerro Campana ( MEMU); Pearl Is., San José ( USNM). COLOMBIA. Dpto. Cundinamarca: Choachí ( USNM). Dpto. unknown: La Combre [= La Cumbre?] ( USNM). VENEZUELA. Aragua: El Limón, Pozo del Diablo ( DEBU, IZAV); Henri Pittier Natl. Pk. (3 localities): Rancho Grande Biol. Stn., Portochuelo Pass, La Trilla (all DEBU); Maracay, 20 km N Rancho Grande ( DEBU); Tiara env. ( DEBU). Lara: Yacambú Natl. Pk., 14.4 km SE Sanare ( DEBU). Mérida: La Punta, Río Chana ( DEBU, IZAV); Mérida ( DEBU); Mérida, Los Chorros ( DEBU). Trujillo: 10 km E Boconó, Laguna de Lucerdo ( DEBU); Guaramacal Natl. Pk., 14 km NE Boconó ( DEBU). State unknown: “Grand Sabana” ( DEBU). ECUADOR. Prov. Azuay: Cuenca ( CNCI); Tarqui, Rd. to Santa Isabel ( CNCI). Prov. Galápagos: Floreana, 3 km E Black Beach ( DEBU); Isabela, Sierra Negra ( DEBU, QCAZ); San Cristóbal (3 localities): Cerro Mundo, 1 km E Progreso, Sierra San Joaquín ( DEBU); Santa Cruz (5 localities): Bellavista, Los Gemelos, Media Luna, 1 km N Puntuda, Puntudo-Media Luna Trail (all DEBU); Santa Fé I. ( DEBU); Santiago, 3 km NE Aguacate Camp ( DEBU). Prov. Imbabura: Río Taguando, NW Ibarra ( CNCI). Prov. Loja: W of Loja ( CNCI); San Pedro ( CNCI); Vilcabamba ( USNM). Prov. Napo: 15 km E Tandapi ( DEBU). Prov. Pichincha: Guaillabamba ( CNCI); Maquipucuna Biol. Res. ( DEBU); Pomasqui ( CNCI); Tandapi, 40 km SW Quito ( CNCI). Prov. Zamora: Zamora ( CNCI). PERU. Dpto. Cusco: Quincemil ( CNCI). Dpto. Lima: Lima ( USNM); Matucana ( USNM). Departamento unknown: Pirua ( USNM). BOLIVIA. Dpto. Santa Cruz: Aguaclarita nr. Aguaclara ( DEBU); Campo Guairuy, 24 km S Camiri ( DEBU, CBFC); La Laguna nr. Pampa Grande ( DEBU); Pampa Grande ( DEBU); Portrerillo, Terevinto ( DEBU); Quebrada El Fuerte nr. Samaipata ( DEBU); Quebrada Isiri, 20 km S Camiri ( DEBU); Río Piray nr. Aguaclara ( DEBU); Saavedra Exp. Stn. ( DEBU); Siringalito nr. Pampa Grande ( DEBU). Dpto. La Paz: ca. 10 km NW Caranavi ( DEBU); Chulumani, Apa Apa Reserve ( DEBU); Coroico ( DEBU); 0.5 km SE Coroico ( DEBU). Dpto. Tarija: Ingeniero Bermejo ( IMLA). BRAZIL. Bahia: 15 km NE Pôrto Seguro, Ecol. Res. Pau- Brasil ( DEBU). Mato Grosso: Cuiabá, Bela Vista ( MZSP); Cuiabá, São Gerônimo ( MZSP); Várzea Grande, Mapim ( MZSP). Minas Gerais: Congonhas ( DEBU, MZSP); Prado ( DEBU); Ribeirão Riacho nr. Prados ( DEBU); Tiradentes ( DEBU). Paraná: Curitiba ( DEBU, MZSP, USNM); Londrina ( DEBU); Morretes, 5 km S Sapidontuva ( DEBU). Rio de Janeiro: Lumiar, Poço Feio ( DEBU); Macaé ( DEBU); Nova Friburgo ( DEBU, MZSP); Rio de Janeiro, Tijuca Forest, Represa dos Ciganos, Jacarepaguá ( DEBU). Santa Catarina: Blumenau ( NHMW); Nova Teutônia (CNCI, FMNH) . São Paulo: Fazenda Campininas, Mogi-Guaçu ( CNCI); Fazenda Pau d'Alho, 80 km NW São Paulo ( CNCI); Indaiatuba ( MZSP); Jaraguá ( DEBU); Mongaguá ( USNM); São Jose do Barreiro, Serra da Bocaina ( DEBU). PARAGUAY. Dpto. Central: Asunción ( USNM); Luque ( USNM); San Lorenzo ( USNM). Dpto. Guairá: Villarrica ( USNM). ARGENTINA. Prov. Buenos Aires: Campana ( CNCI); N of Chascomús ( USNM); Olivos ( CNCI); Punta Lara ( IMLA); San Isidro, Delta ( CNCI). Prov. Catamarca: Arroyo El Pintado S of La Viña ( CNCI). Prov. Corrientes: Santo Tomé ( IMLA). Prov. Entre Ríos: Río Paraná Ibicuy, Puerto Ibicuy ( USNM). Prov. Formosa: Clorinda ( IMLA). Prov. Jujuy: Agua Caliente NE Güemes ( CNCI); Calilegua Natl. Pk., Estación El Cero and Mirador ( DEBU); Gran Brete ( IMLA); Ingenio Ledesma nr. General San Martín ( CNCI); Sierra Zapalla ( IMLA). Prov. Misiones: Iguazú ( USNM); Oberá ( IMLA); Posadas ( USNM). Prov. Salta: 22 km N La Caldera, El Ucumar ( DEBU); Camino La Cornisa, 40 km N Salta ( DEBU); Campo Quijano, 30 km E Salta ( DEBU); Cañada La Gotera, 15 km W Chicoana ( DEBU); El Rey Natl. Pk. (3 localities): Aguas Negras Trail, Pozo Verde Trail and Río La Sala (all DEBU); Río Juramento 60 km S Güemes ( CNCI); Rosario de Lerma ( DEBU); Sumalao ( DEBU); Urundel ( IMLA). Prov. Santa Fé: La Gallareta ( IMLA); 26 km S Reconquista Rt. 11, 2 km NE Berna ( DEBU). Prov. Tucumán: Aconquija ( IMLA); Arroyo El Caleo W Alpachiri ( CNCI); Lacavera ( IMLA); Quebrada Cainzo ( IMLA); Río Colorado ( IMLA); Tucumán ( IMLA); Yerba Buena ( IMLA); locality unknown ( IMLA). Province unknown: Corrientes ( USNM). CHILE. Reg. Arica y Parinacota: Río Lluta, mouth ( CASC); Valle de Azapa ( CASC).

Extralimital material examined. BURKINA FASO: 1 ♂, Kompienga , 7.vi.1988, river bank, malaise, Sanborne et al. ( ROME) ; 1 ♀, Gourma Kompienga , 20 km S Pama, 1–16.vi.1988, FIT, Sanborne et al. ( ROME) . We have also examined numerous specimens from the Hawaiian Is. (Hawaii, Maui, Molokai, Oahu, Kauai; DEBU, BPBM, CNCI, USNM) .

Distribution. In North America as far north as the southern end of James Bay and the southern Yukon Territory (Map 2). Most of Neotropical region (including Bermuda, Caribbean Islands and Galápagos) except high elevations in Central and South America, most of Chile (except extreme north) and central and southern Argentina. Also known (probably introduced) from Hawaii. Frey (1954) reported the species (as L. abdominiseta ) from Tristan da Cunha. This record requires confirmation because it might be due to confusion with L. caenosa (a species here newly recorded from the island; see Material examined under that species). If the specimens from Burkina Faso (see above) are correctly labelled they represent the first record of L. erythrocera from the Afrotropical region.

The ssp. pararoralis occurs in Canada and the United States as well as high elevations in Mexico (Baja California Norte: Sierras de Juárez and San Pedro Mártir, 1,700–2,750 m; Oaxaca and probably other states). One population from 1,800 m in Guatemala ( San Lorenzo, Dpto. Zacapa) possibly also belongs to this subspecies. The nominate subspecies occupies the remainder of the range (including Hawaii and Burkina Faso) plus lower elevations in Mexico and Guatemala. In the United States it occurs in southern California , southern Arizona (Pima and Santa Cruz Cos), parts of the lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and the southern half of Florida.

Discussion. Leptocera erythrocera and its closely related Central American sibling species L. sphaerotheca sp.n. differ in various ways from other species of the L. caenosa group. The bristle above the distal dorsal bristle of the mid tibia is unusually short (at most as long as the corresponding bristle above the distal anterodorsal bristle; character shared with some specimens of L. erratica sp.n.), male sternite 5 is emarginate posteromedially, the male cercus and posterior surface of the posterior section of the surstylus are very sparsely bristled, the male cercus bears a membranous, triangular (not finger-like) anteroventral lobe, female tergite 7 is simple (i.e., relatively short, neither convex nor with shining median stripe, lacking strong, cruciate paramedian bristles). The differences between L. erythrocera and L. sphaerotheca sp.n. are discussed under the latter. Other sympatric species of the L. caenosa group are easily separated based on the mentioned unique characters.

Figures

FIGURES 16–29. Leptocera mid tibiae and basitarsi. Mid tibia, dorsal: (16) L. neocurvinervis (Chile); (17) L. duplicata (Juan Fernández Is.). Apical half of mid tibia and basitarsus, posterior: (18) L. parallelipennis sp.n. (Juan Fernández Is.); (19) L. ellipsipennis (Juan Fernández Is.); (20) L. erythrocera (Honduras); (21) L. sphaerotheca sp.n. (Mexico); (22) L. plax sp.n. (Ecuador); (23) L. tapanti sp.n. (Costa Rica); (24) L. cymatonota sp.n. (Mexico); (25) L. parafinalis (Canada); (26) L. neofinalis sp.n. (Canada); (27) L. kanata sp.n. (Canada); (28) L. fontinalis (France); (29) L. nigra (South Africa). d ad—distal anterodorsal bristle, d d—distal dorsal bristle, d pa—dorsal posteroapical bristle, l ad—lowermost bristle of proximal anterodorsal series, l pd—lowermost bristle of proximal posterodorsal series, mv—midventral bristle, pa v—preapical ventral bristle, vb—ventrobasal bristle of basitarsus, v pa—ventral posteroapical bristle.

FIGURES 36–37. Leptocera caenosa group adults: (36) L. argentinica sp.n., male from type locality (Argentina); (37) L. erythrocera pararoralis, male (Ontario, Canada).

FIGURES 62–68. Leptocera erythrocera (62–65: Canada, 66–68: U.S.A.). Male terminalia (phallus and postgonites omitted): (62) lateral; (63) posterior; (64) ventral; (65) sternite 5. Female terminalia: (66) dorsal; (67) spermathecae; (68) ventral.

FIGURES 138–146. Postgonites and aedeagal complex of Leptocera caenosa group. Postgonites of (138) L. aequilimbata (Argentina), (139) L. argentinica sp.n. (Argentina), (140) L. neocurvinervis (Chile), (141) L. erratica sp.n. (South Africa), (142) L. sphaerotheca sp.n. (U.S.A.), (143) L. ellipsipennis (Juan Fernández Is.), (144) L. parallelipennis sp.n. (Juan Fernández Is.), (145) L. cultellipennis (Juan Fernández Is.). Aedeagal complex of (146) L. duplicata (Juan Fernández Is.). bp—basiphallus, dp—distiphallus, ea—ejaculatory apodeme, pa—phallapodeme, pg—postgonites.