Reddyanus ceylonensis Kovařík, Lowe, Ranawana, Hoferek, Jayarathne, Plíšková et Šťáhlavský, 2016

Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David & Š, V. A., 2016, Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n, Euscorpius 220, pp. 1-133 : 64-66

Reddyanus ceylonensis Kovařík, Lowe, Ranawana, Hoferek, Jayarathne, Plíšková et Šťáhlavský , sp. n.

( Figs. 14 , 201–204 , 213–214 , 229–230 , 247, 256 , 303– 333 , 413–414 , 553, 567, Tables 3 , 5 )

http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: E E798511-D2D8-4D5A-9094-BE5551EC1CCB

TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE REPOSITORY. Sri Lanka, Northern Province, Mannar District, Marichchukkaddi env, border of Wilpattu National Park , 08°33'32.3"N 079° 56'51"E, 7 m a.s.l., Locality 15CI; UPSL.

TYPE MATERIAL. Sri Lanka , Northern Province , Mannar District , Madhu Road , 08°48'26.3"N 080°10'26"E, 90 m a.s.l. ( Locality 15 CH, Fig. 584 ), 24. –25.IV.2015, 1♀ (paratype, Fig. 331 ), FKCP, leg. Kovařík et al.; Northern Province , Mannar District , Marichchukkaddi env, border of Wilpattu National Park , 08°33'32.3"N 079°56'51"E, 7 m a.s.l. (Locality 15CI, Fig. 585 ), 25. –26.IV.2015, 1♂ (holotype, Figs. 201–204 , 213 , 229 , 247, 256 , 303–304 , 307, 309, 311–315 , 320–326 , 413 , 567) 3♂ (paratypes, Figs. 327–330 , 333 , 553 ) 3♀ (paratypes, Figs. 214 , 230 , 305–306 , 308, 310 , 316–319 , 332 , 414 ), 2juvs. (paratypes), FKCP, 1♂ 1♀ (paratypes), UPSL, leg. Kovařík et al.; North Central Province , Puttalam District , Eluwankulam, 08°12'35.1"N 079°51'32"E, 52 m a.s.l. (Locality 15CN, Fig. 591 ), 28.IV.2015, 2♀ 1juv.♂ (paratypes), FKCP, leg. Kovařík et al.; North Central Province, Puttalam District, Eluwankulam, 08°17'15"N 079°50'38.7"E, 38 m a.s.l. (Locality 15CO, Fig. 592 ), 28.IV.2015, 4♀ 4juvs, UPSL, leg. Kovařík et al .

ETYMOLOGY. Named after country of occurrence. Ceylon is the older name for Sri Lanka.

DIAGNOSIS. Total length 27–39 mm. Male has slightly longer metasomal segments and telson than female. Pedipalp segments approximately the same length in both sexes, pedipalp chela wider in male. Ratio of pedipalp chela length/ width 2.97–3.17 in male ( Fig. 213 , Tab. 5 ). Pedipalp movable finger shorter than manus of chela in male. Pedipalps and legs with brown maculation, identical on femur and patella. First metasomal segment with 10 carinae, second through fourth segments with eight carinae, fifth segment with five carinae in female and three to five in male. Terminal tubercle of each dorsal carina on metasomal segments of both sexes scarcely larger than preceding tubercles. Subaculear tooth wide and rounded, dorsally with granules in three rows, four symmetrical granules and one or two granules on tip. Ratio of metasomal segment II length/ width 1.85–1.97 in male. Glabrous zone along posterior margin of fifth sternite absent. Pectinal teeth number 11–15 in both sexes.

DESCRIPTION. Total length 27–39 mm. The habitus is shown in Figs. 313–306 . For measurements and morphometric ratios see Tables 3 and 5 . For position and distribution of trichobothria of pedipalps see Figs. 320–326 . The male has slightly longer metasomal segments and telson ( Figs. 331–318 ) and wider pedipalp chela than the female ( Figs. 319–320 ).

Coloration ( Figs. 303–306 ). Base color yellowish to reddish, with brown to black spots. Chelicera strongly reticulated, mainly anteriorly, with spotted fingers. Ventral surface of mesosoma and pedipalps yellowish brown with a pair of black spots on seventh sternite. Carapace and pedipalps dorsally and laterally yellowish to reddish, with brown to black spots, identical on femur, patella and manus of pedipalps. Pedipalp fingers reddish black. Legs with same color and pattern as pedipalp femur and patella. Metasomal segments yellowish to reddish with the spots. Older specimens have fourth and fifth metasomal segments reddish brown to black, both darker than the first to third segments. Telson reddish brown with spots but in older specimens could be black.

Mesosoma and carapace ( Figs. 307–310 ). Carapace without carinae but with large granules. Mesosoma with one granulated median carina. Tergite VII pentacarinate. Seventh sternite with four incomplete carinae, sparsely granulate. The pectinal tooth count 11–15 in the females, 14–15 in the males. Pectines with three marginal lamellae, six or seven middle lamellae. Lamellae with numerous pale or reddish setae

Metasoma and telson ( Figs. 213–214 , 313–318 , 413– 414 ). First metasomal segment with 10 carinae, second to the fourth segments with eight carinae, fifth segment with five carinae well developed in the female, only indicated or absent in the male. Ventral carina present on telson. Intercarinal surfaces of metasoma granulated, including dorsal surface mainly in the female. In both sexes, posterior terminal tubercle of each dorsal carina on metasomal segments is not enlarged but only very slightly larger on second and third segments. Telson elongate, with subaculear tooth wide and rounded, dorsally with granules in three rows, four symmetrical granules and one or two granules on the tip.

Pedipalps ( Figs. 229–230 , 319–326 ). Femur and patella only very sparsely hirsute, with complete carinae, granulated. Dorsal carinae indicated on the chela manus in female, absent in male. Sixth row of granules on movable finger with one external granule. Seventh row of granules on fixed finger without additional granules.

Legs ( Figs. 201–204 ). Femur and patella with complete carinae, granulated. Legs hirsute, without bristle combs.

Hemispermatophore ( Figs. 327–330 ). Trunk moderately narrow, elongate, more than twice as long as capsule region. Flagellum long, slender, laminiform, with broad hyaline fin along internal margin of cylindrical core, distally coiled. Median lobe narrow, distally truncate, with thin dorsal lamina near internal margin. Basal lobe greatly enlarged, a narrow, angular, pointed hook-like process arising dorsally, separated from base of median lobe.

VARIABILITY. Males of Sri Lankan Reddyanus species could be adults after the third to fifth ecdysis. Small males after the third ecdysis may not exhibit some diagnositic characters such as fully developed shape of chela or telson.

AFFINITIES. The described features distinguish R. ceylonensis sp. n. from all other species of the genus, and are recounted in the key. The morphologically closest species is R. besucheti , from which R. ceylonensis sp. n. differs mainly by the longer and narrower metasoma in males, and other measurements compared in Tab. 5. R . besucheti and R. ceylonensis sp. n. are the only two Sri Lankan Reddyanus species with the movable finger shorter than the manus of the pedipalp chela in the male, and with sexual dimorphism in the width of the chela.

Figures

Figures 12–15: Maps showing the known geographical distribution of the Sri Lankan species.

Figures 201–208: Distal segments of legs, retroventral view of Sri Lankan Reddyanus. Figures 201–204. R. ceylonensis sp. n., male holotype from locality 15CI, legs I–IV. Figures 205–208. Leg IV. R. besucheti, male from locality 15CD (205), R. jayarathnei sp. n., male paratype (206), R. loebli, male from locality 15CG (207), and R. ranawanai sp. n., male holotype (208).

Figures 209–224: Metasomal segments II–III, lateral view of Sri Lankan Reddyanus and Isometrus species. Figures 209–210. Reddyanus basilicus, male (209) and female (210) from locality 15CR. Figures 211–212. R. besucheti, male holotype (211) and female from locality 15CG (212). Figures 213–214. R. ceylonensis sp. n., male holotype (213) and female paratype from locality 15CI (214). Figures 215–216. R. jayarathnei sp. n., male (215) and female (216) paratypes. Figures 217–218. R. loebli, male (217) and female (218) from locality 15CG. Figures 219–220. R. ranawanai sp. n., male holotype (219) and female paratype (220). Figures 221–222. Isometrus maculatus, male from locality 15CP (221) and female from locality 15CI (222). Figures 223– 224. I. thwaitesi, male from locality 15CH (223) and female from locality 15CO (224).

Figures 225–240: Pedipalp, dorsal view of Sri Lankan Reddyanus and Isometrus species. Figures 225–226. Reddyanus basilicus, male (225) and female (226) from locality 15CR. Figures 227–228. R. besucheti, male from locality 15CD (227) and female from locality 15CG (228). Figures 229–230. R. ceylonensis sp. n., male holotype (229) and female paratype from locality 15CI (230). Figures 231–232. R. jayarathnei sp. n., male (231) and female (232) paratypes. Figures 233–234. R. loebli, male (233) and female (234) from locality 15CG. Figures 235–236. R. ranawanai sp. n., male holotype (235) and female paratype (236). Figures 237–238. Isometrus maculatus, male from locality 15CP (237) and female from locality 15CI (238). Figures 239–240. I. thwaitesi, male from locality 15CH (239) and female from locality 15CO (240).

Figures 241–259: Pedipalp chela dorsal (241), movable finger (242–250), and fixed finger (251–259) of Sri Lankan Isometrus, Lychas, and Reddyanus species. Figures 241–242, 252. Isometrus maculatus, female from locality 15CO (241) and male from locality 15CP (242, 252). Figures 243–244, 253. I. thwaitesi, male from locality 15CH (243) and female from locality 15CO (244, 253). Figures 245, 254. Reddyanus basilicus, male from locality 15CS. Figures 246, 255. R. besucheti, male from locality 15CD. Figures 247, 256. R. ceylonensis sp. n., male holotype. Figures 248, 257. R. jayarathnei sp. n., male paratype. Figures 249, 258. R. loebli, male from locality 15CG. Figures 250, 259. R. ranawanai sp. n., male holotype. Figure 251. Lychas srilankensis, male from locality 15CO.

Figures 303–306: Reddyanus ceylonensis sp. n. from locality 15CI. Figures 303–304. Male holotype in dorsal (303) and ventral (304) views. Figures 305–306. Female paratype in dorsal (305) and ventral (306) views.

Figures 307–312: Reddyanus ceylonensis sp. n. from locality 15CI. Figures 307, 309, 311–312. Male holotype, chelicerae, carapace and tergites I–III (307), sternopectinal region and sternites III–IV (309), and chelicera in dorsal (311) and ventral (312) views. Figures 308, 310. Female paratype, chelicerae, carapace and tergites I–III (308), and sternopectinal region and sternites III–IV (310).

Figures 313–318: Reddyanus ceylonensis sp. n. from locality 15CI. Figures 313–315. Male holotype, metasoma and telson, lateral (313), ventral (314), and dorsal (315) views. Figures 316–318. Female paratype, metasoma and telson, lateral (316), ventral (317), and dorsal (318) views.

Figures 319–326: Reddyanus ceylonensis sp. n. from locality 15CI. Figures 319. Female partatype, pedipalp chela, dorsal view. Figures 320–326. Male holotype. Pedipalp chela, dorsal (320), external (321) and ventral (322) views. Pedipalp patella, dorsal (323) and external (324) views. Pedipalp femur and trochanter internal (325) and dorsal (326) views. The trichobothrial pattern is indicated in Figures 320–326.

Figures 327–330: Left hemispermatophore of Reddyanus ceylonensis sp. n. male paratype from locality 15CI. External (327), dorsal (328), internal (329) and ventral (330) views. Extracted after 4th ecdysis. A second hemispermatophore examined from a second male after 5th ecdysis was similar. Scale bar: 250 µm. Abbreviations: bl, basal lobe; f, flagellum; ml, median lobe; mlc, median lobe carina; t, trunk.

Figures 331–333: Reddyanus ceylonensis sp. n., female from locality 15CH (331), female from locality 15CI with newborns before first ecdysis (332), and male from locality 15CI (333).

Figures 403–429: Telson, lateral view of Sri Lankan Buthidae and Chaerilidae species. Figures 403–404. Isometrus maculatus, male from locality 15CP (403) and female from locality 15CI (404). Figures 405–406. I. thwaitesi, male from locality 15CH (405) and female from locality 15CO (406). Figures 407–408. Lychas srilankensis, male (407) and female (408) from locality 15CJ. Figures 409–410. Reddyanus basilicus, male (409) and female (410) from locality 15CR. Figures 411–412. R. besucheti, male holotype (411) and female from locality 15CG (412). Figures 413–414. R. ceylonensis sp. n., male holotype (413) and female paratype (414) from locality 15CI. Figures 415–416. R. jayarathnei sp. n., male (415) and female (416) paratypes. Figures 417–418. R. loebli, male (417) and female (418) from locality 15CG. Figures 419–420. R. ranawanai sp. n., male holotype (419) and female paratype (420). Figures 421–422: Buthoscorpio sarasinorum, male from locality 15CF (421) and female from locality 15CG (422). Figures 423–424. Charmus laneus, male (423) and female (424) from locality 15CO. Figures 425–426. Charmus saradieli sp. n. male paratype (425) (MHNG) and female holotype (426). Figurs 427. Hottentotta tamulus, male from locality 15CK (427). Figures 428–429. Chaerilus ceylonensis, male (428) and female (429) from locality 15CD.

Figures 582–584: Figures 582–583. Locality 15CG, Sri Lanka, Central Province, Matale District, Habarana, Wananiwahana Resort, 07°59'25.8"N 080°43'24.6"E, 280 m a.s.l. During night collecting on 23.–24.IV.2015 in Wananiwahana resort garden (UV detection) we recorded Buthoscorpio sarasinorum (running on the land among leaves), Reddyanus besucheti (on the land among leaves) and Reddyanus loebli (hidden under scales of barks of standing tree trunks, see the blue arrows on the Fig. 583). On the locality we recorded night temperature 28.4 ºC– 24 ºC (minimum temperature) and night humidity varied between 55% and 87%. Figure 584. Locality 15CH, Sri Lanka, Northern Province, Mannar District, Madhu Road, 08°48'26.3"N 080°10'26"E, 90 m a.s.l. During night collecting on 24.–25.IV.2015 (UV detection) we recorded Isometrus maculatus and Isometrus thwaitesii sympatrically (running on branches and trunks of trees, also siting on leaves one to four metres high), Reddyanus ceylonensis sp. n. (on the land among leaves), Reddyanus loebli (hidden under scales of barks of standing tree trunks).

Figures 585–587: Figure 585. Locality 15CI, Sri Lanka, Northern Province, Mannar District, Marichchukkaddi env, border of Wilpattu National Park, 08°33'32.3"N 079°56'51"E, 7 m a.s.l. During night collecting on 25.–26.IV.2015 (UV detection) we recorded Isometrus maculatus and Isometrus thwaitesii sympatrically (running on branches and trunks of trees, also sitting on leaves one to four metres high), Reddyanus ceylonensis sp. n. (on the land among leaves; the type locality), Reddyanus loebli (hidden under scales of bark of standing tree trunks). Near to the locality we recorded temperature between 37.6 ºC (maximum daytime temperature and 26.2 ºC (minimum nighttime temperature) shortly before sunrise. Humidity varied between 67% and 81%. Figures 586–587. Locality 15CJ, Sri Lanka, Northern Province, Jaffna District, 09°42'51.6"N 080°04'44.8"E, 19 m a.s.l. During night collecting on 26.–27.IV.2015 (UV detection) we recorded Lychas srilankensis (on the land usually under branches, leaves or in their vicinity), Heterometrus swammerdami (inside the termite constructions or inside heaps of garden "waste") and Heterometrus gravimanus inside burrows in open terrain (Fig. 587). The females had 30 to 60 cm long oblique burrows once or twice curved. A female shortly after maturity ecdysis was in the burrow together with a male; another female was in the burrow together with three juveniles which had their own narrow burrows separated under surface from the motherś burrow; a juvenile after the third ecdysis had a proper burrow 30 cm long oblique and once curved. There also lives Isometrus maculatus. On the locality we recorded night temperature 31.6 ºC– 27.2 ºC (minimum temperature) and night humidity varied between 60% and 87%.

Figures 547–554: The mitotic metaphases of buthid males from Sri Lanka. Buthoscorpio sarasinorum from locality 15CF (2n=14) (547), Charmus laneus from locality 15CO (2n=9) (548), Isometrus thwaitesi from locality 15CF (2n=8) (549), Lychas srilankensis from locality 15CN (2n=16) (550), Reddyanus basilicus from locality 15CS (2n=16) (551), Reddyanus basilicus from locality 15CR (2n=15) (552), Reddyanus ceylonensis from locality 15CI (2n=16) (553), Reddyanus loebli from locality 15CH (2n=17) (554). Arrowheads indicate extra large odd chromosomes. Scale bar = 5 µm for 547–554.

Figures 590–591: Figure 590. Locality 15CM, Sri Lanka, Central Province, Matale District, Pallegama, 07°32'49.5"N 080°47'50"E, 434 m a.s.l. During a day 28.IV.2015 we recorded Reddyanus loebli (under bark). Figure 591. Locality 15CN, Sri Lanka, North Central Province, Puttalam District, Eluwankulam, 08°12'35.1"N 079°51'32"E, 52 m a.s.l. During night collecting on 28.IV.2015 (UV detection) between 9.00 and 10.00 p.m. we recorded Charmus laneus (running on the ground among leaves), Lychas srilankensis (on the ground under branches or leaves or in their vicinity), Reddyanus ceylonensis sp. n. (on the ground and inside old moulder stump), Reddyanus loebli (hidden under scales of bark of standing tree trunks) and Heterometrus swammerdami (inside burrows). On the locality we recorded between 9.00 and 10.00 p.m. temperature 28.5 ºC– 25.9 ºC and humidity between 61% and 78%.

Figures 592–594: Figure 592. Locality 15CO, Sri Lanka, North Central Province, Puttalam District, Eluwankulam, 08°17'15"N 079°50'38.7"E, 38 m a.s.l. During night collecting from 10.30 p.m. on 28.IV.2015 to 4.00 a.m. on 29.IV.2015 (UV detection) we recorded Charmus laneus (running on the ground among leaves), Isometrus thwaitesii (running on branches of bushes, also sitting on leaves), Lychas srilankensis (on the ground under branches, leaves or in their vicinity), Reddyanus ceylonensis sp. n. (on the ground), Chaerilus ceylonensis (inside oblique usually not curved burrows 15 to 30 cm long) and Heterometrus swammerdami (inside long burrows). On the locality we recorded between 10.00 p.m. and 4.00 a.m. temperature 25.9 ºC and humidity between 58% and 70%. On the locality we recorded 6 scorpion species and genera of all three Sri Lankan families. Figures 593–594. Locality 15CP, Sri Lanka, Southern Province, Matara District, Kekanadura village, 05°58'28.2"N 080°36'20.5"E, 40 m a.s.l. During night collecting on 30.IV.2015 (UV detection) we recorded Isometrus maculatus (inside a house, the species occupy the roof of the house, Fig. 593) and Heterometrus serratus (inside almost straight burrows in a ground wall). On the locality we recorded night temperature 28.4 ºC– 25.2 ºC (minimum temperature) and night humidity varied between 63% and 89%.