Pseudoanthidium scapulare (Latreille, 1809) Le Divelec

Litman, Jessica R., Fateryga, Alexander V., Griswold, Terry L., Aubert, Matthieu, Proshchalykin, Maxim Yu., Divelec, Romain Le, Burrows, Skyler & Praz, Christophe J., 2022, Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 (4), pp. 1-51 : 43-45

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab062
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:CF1BB523-4E43-486B-9A4F-E510F1854B9B
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5823111
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AE06D043-FFD2-FFB0-FE65-97B1FAD6FD75
treatment provided by	Plazi
scientific name	Pseudoanthidium scapulare
status

Treatment

KEYS TO THE PSEUDOANTHIDIUM SCAPULARE View in CoL COMPLEX

Males

1. Apex of coxa 3 with pronounced, flattened, round-tipped tooth, about as long as third tarsal segment is wide at apex ( Fig. 24A, B View Figure 24 ) .............................................................................................................. P. cribratum View in CoL

— Apex of coxa 3 without tooth, or at most with sharp angle much shorter than width of third tarsal segment at apex ( P. canariense View in CoL , P. tropicum View in CoL , P. tenellum View in CoL , P. rozeni View in CoL , P. scapulare View in CoL , P. palestinicum View in CoL , P. kaspareki View in CoL , P. nanum View in CoL , P. stigmaticorne View in CoL ) .............................................................................................................................. 2

2. Apex of gonostylus without notch ( Fig. 23C, D View Figure 23 ) ( P. canariense View in CoL , P. tropicum View in CoL ).................................................. 3

— Gonostylus notched apically ( Figs. 10A–C View Figure 10 , 18A–F View Figure 18 , 23A, E, F View Figure 23 ) ( P. nanum View in CoL , P. stigmaticorne View in CoL , P. tenellum View in CoL , P. rozeni View in CoL , P. scapulare View in CoL , P. palestinicum View in CoL , P. kaspareki View in CoL ) ..................................................................................... 4

3. Posterior margin of T7 with deep, nearly semi-circular emargination medially ( Fig. 25E View Figure 25 ); metasoma black with dark orange-yellow maculations ( Fig. 25C View Figure 25 ); comparatively large (~ 9 mm)..................... P. canariense View in CoL

— Posterior margin of T7 straight, without emargination ( Fig. 25F View Figure 25 ); metasoma brown with pale yellow maculations ( Fig. 25D View Figure 25 ); comparatively small (~ 5 mm) ................................................................. P. tropicum View in CoL

4. Lateral comb on S5 small, with longest teeth shorter than maximal width of hind basitarsus ( Fig. 11A, C View Figure 11 ) ( P. nanum View in CoL , P. stigmaticorne View in CoL ) ............................................................................................................................. 5

— Lateral comb on S5 large, with longest teeth approximately equal to or greater in length than maximum width of hind basitarsus ( Fig. 11B, D, E, G, H View Figure 11 ) ( P. tenellum View in CoL , P. rozeni View in CoL , P. scapulare View in CoL , P. palestinicum View in CoL , P. kaspareki View in CoL ) ......................................................................................................................................................6

5. Darkened, raised area on S2 chevron-shaped ( Fig. 13A View Figure 13 ); depressed area along apical margin of S2 triangular, shiny and glabrous ( Fig. 13A View Figure 13 ); preapical patch of hooked hairs on S3 preceded by shiny, glabrous strip, hooked hair patch broad medially, attenuated laterally ( Fig. 12A View Figure 12 ); gonostylus nearly parallel sided from base to apex, only slightly wider apically than at base, apical notch deep and nearly centred at apex of gonostylus ( Fig. 10A View Figure 10 ); apical comb of S5 broader than its preceding arm ( Fig. 11A View Figure 11 )...................... P. nanum View in CoL

— Darkened raised area on S2 not chevron-shaped ( Fig. 13C View Figure 13 ); depressed area along apical margin of S2 not triangular, with short, proclinate, golden hairs and less shiny ( Fig. 13C View Figure 13 ); preapical patch of hooked hairs on S3 not preceded by shiny, glabrous strip, pubescent throughout, hooked hair patch equally wide across width of segment ( Fig. 12C View Figure 12 ); gonostylus approximately 1.5 times wider at widest point than at base, with apical notch usually less deep than opening of notch is wide (notch especially shallow in specimens from northern Africa and some specimens from southern Italy, and considerably deeper in specimens from most European and Central Asian populations, up to approximately as deep as wide at opening), notch strongly offset laterally ( Fig. 18A–F View Figure 18 ); apical comb of S5 no broader than its preceding arm ( Fig. 11C View Figure 11 ) ................................................................................................................................................... P. stigmaticorne View in CoL

6. Hairs on premarginal zone of S3 mostly straight or somewhat bent apically but not forming a distinctly rounded hook and arranged in a brushy arc, exposing nearly entire length of underlying comb of wavy hairs ( Fig. 12D, H View Figure 12 ); S2 with strong, long fringe greatly overhanging margin throughout ( Fig. 13B, E, G View Figure 13 ) ( P. tenellum View in CoL , P. rozeni View in CoL )....................................................................................................................................... 7

— Hairs on premarginal zone of S3 nearly all forming distinctly rounded hooks and arranged more or less directly on top of underlying comb of wavy hairs so at most only apical half of wavy hairs visible ( Fig. 12B, E, G View Figure 12 ), S2 without strong fringe, hairs not reaching beyond the apical margin ( Fig. 13D, H View Figure 13 ) ( P. scapulare View in CoL , P. palestinicum View in CoL , P. kaspareki View in CoL ) ........................................................................................................................... 8

7. Lateral comb on S5 mitten shaped ( Fig. 11D View Figure 11 ); apical notch of gonostylus weakly V-shaped, wider than deep ( Fig. 10C View Figure 10 ) ........................................................................................................................................... P. tenellum View in CoL

— Lateral comb on S5 mostly straight, although they may have a small nub where the ‘thumb’ would be ( Fig. 11H View Figure 11 ); apical notch of gonostylus strongly U-shaped, deeper than wide ( Fig. 23F View Figure 23 ) ........................... P. rozeni View in CoL

8. Punctures on terga relatively small, smaller than or equal to width of punctures on scutellum; S4 with a strong V-shaped emargination medially on posterior margin ...................................................... P. scapulare View in CoL

— Punctures on terga relatively large, larger than those on scutellum; posterior margin of S4 not emarginate posteriorly ( P. palestinicum View in CoL , P. kaspareki View in CoL )....................................................................................................... 9

9. Lateral comb on S5 broad and strongly chevron-shaped ( Fig. 11E View Figure 11 ); penis valve flattened and evenly tapering to a pointed tip; curve of both inner and outer margins of gonostylus is strongest about two-thirds of way between base and apex ( Fig. 23A View Figure 23 ) ................................................................................. P. palestinicum View in CoL

— Lateral comb on S5 smaller and more evenly rounded ( Fig. 11G View Figure 11 ); penis valve nearly parallel-sided and with a rounded tip ( Fig. 23E View Figure 23 ); curve of the inner margin of gonostylus is strongest apically, while curve of outer margin is strongest about two-thirds of way between base and apex ( Fig. 23E View Figure 23 )………… P. kaspareki View in CoL

Females

1. Body length less than 5 mm; dark maculations of head and metasoma predominantly reddish-brown ( Fig. 25B View Figure 25 )................................................................................................................................................... P. tropicum View in CoL

— Body length 5 mm or more; dark parts of head and metasoma predominantly black.................................. 2

2. Punctation on T1–T3 comparatively fine, punctures smaller than those on mesonotum; in addition, punctation of vertex conspicuously finer than that of scutellum ( P. scapulare View in CoL , P. nanum View in CoL ) ( Fig. 9A–F View Figure 9 )....... 3

— Punctation on T1–T3 comparatively coarse, punctures as large or larger than those on mesonotum (condition not clear in P. tenellum View in CoL ) ( Figs 17C–F View Figure 17 , 21C–F View Figure 21 , 25A View Figure 25 , 27C–F View Figure 27 ); punctation of vertex variable ( Figs 17A, B View Figure 17 , 21A, B View Figure 21 , 25A View Figure 25 , 27A, B View Figure 27 ) ( P. canariense View in CoL , P. tenellum View in CoL , P. cribratum View in CoL , P. stigmaticorne View in CoL , P. palestinicum View in CoL , P. kaspareki View in CoL , P. rozeni View in CoL ) ......................................................................................................................................4

3. Terga on average densely punctured; interspaces between punctures narrow, less than half a puncture diameter, and glittery but not shiny ( Fig. 9B, D, F View Figure 9 ); impunctate posterior margin on T4 weakly shagreened, glittery but not shiny ( Fig. 9F View Figure 9 ); base of F1 often with strongly pronounced tooth; clypeus entirely yellow ......................................................................................................................................................... P. scapulare View in CoL

— Terga on average less densely punctured ( Fig. 9E View Figure 9 ); interspaces between punctures sometimes up to half a puncture diameter or more ( Fig. 9E View Figure 9 ); overall impression of terga shiny ( Fig. 9E View Figure 9 ); impunctate posterior margin of T4 very weakly shagreened, thus appearing shiny ( Fig. 9E View Figure 9 ); F1 usually at most with small tooth or angle; clypeus most often black but may also be yellow with black markings, or entirely yellow ............................................................................................................................................................. P. nanum View in CoL

4. Maculations on head, mesosoma and metasoma dark orange; head in frontal view entirely dark, without orange maculations (Canary Islands) ( Fig. 25A View Figure 25 )......................................................................... P. canariense View in CoL

— Maculations on head, mesosoma and metasoma yellow; at least paraocular area with yellow maculations .......................................................................................................................................................................... 5

5. Punctures on vertex between compound eye and lateral ocellus distinct, only slightly finer and denser than punctures on T1 and T2 ( Figs 17B, F View Figure 17 , 21A, E View Figure 21 , 27B, F View Figure 27 ). Vertex and mesonotum shiny with distinct smooth, shiny interspaces between punctures ( Figs 17B, D View Figure 17 , 21A, C View Figure 21 , 27B, D View Figure 27 ). Punctures of scutellum as dense and at least as large as largest punctures of T2 ( Figs 17D, F View Figure 17 , 21C, E View Figure 21 , 27D, F View Figure 27 ) ( P. tenellum View in CoL , P. cribratum View in CoL , P. rozeni View in CoL ) ...........................................................................................................................................................................6

— Diameter of punctures on vertex between lateral ocellus, eye and postoccipital margin distinctly smaller than that of punctures on T1 or T2 (although in some P. stigmaticorne View in CoL , punctation on vertex is only slightly finer than that on terga) ( Figs. 17A, E View Figure 17 , 21B, F View Figure 21 , 27A, E View Figure 27 ). Vertex and mesonotum comparatively matte with narrow carina-shaped interspaces ( Figs. 17A, C View Figure 17 , 21B, D View Figure 21 , 27A, C View Figure 27 ). Punctures of scutellum denser and clearly finer than largest punctures of T2 (except in P. stigmaticorne View in CoL , where punctation on scutellum is either as dense or slightly denser and as large or slightly larger than that of T2) ( Figs. 17C, E View Figure 17 , 21D, F View Figure 21 , 27C, E View Figure 27 ) ( P. palestinicum View in CoL , P. stigmaticorne View in CoL , P. kaspareki View in CoL )......................................................................................... 8

6. Punctation on T1 medially comparatively finer, punctures visibly smaller than those on black part of scutellum ( Fig. 21C, E View Figure 21 ); maculations on European specimens creamy white to pale yellow (but lemonyellow in Central Asian specimens) ( Fig. 21A, C, E View Figure 21 ) ....................................................................... P. tenellum View in CoL

— Punctation on T1 medially coarse, punctures not visibly different from those on black part of scutellum; maculations always dark yellow ( Figs 17D, F View Figure 17 , 27D, F View Figure 27 ) ( P. cribratum View in CoL , P. rozeni View in CoL )............................................ 7

7. Punctation of T2 coarser, larger than on black part of scutellum ( Fig. 17D, F View Figure 17 ); mesonotum with surface between punctures shagreened ( Fig. 17D View Figure 17 ).................................................................................... P. cribratum View in CoL

— Punctation of T2 finer, punctures not visibly different from those on black part of scutellum ( Fig. 27D, F View Figure 27 ); mesonotum with surface between punctures polished ( Fig. 27D View Figure 27 )...................................................... P. rozeni View in CoL

8. Punctation on vertex between lateral ocellus, eye and postoccipital margin appears rough and sometimes indistinct, narrow spaces between punctures matte ( Fig. 21B View Figure 21 ); scutellum and axillae entirely predominantly yellow, with only a reduced dark area medially ( Fig. 21D View Figure 21 ); clypeus yellow; large, mostly> 0.9 mm ..................................................................................................................................... P. palestinicum View in CoL

— Punctation on vertex between lateral ocellus, eye and postoccipital margin small but distinct, with shiny narrow spaces between most punctures ( Figs 17A View Figure 17 , 27A View Figure 27 ); scutellum often with two separated yellow spots extending to part of axilla, medially mostly with an extended, triangular dark area ( Figs 17C View Figure 17 , 27C View Figure 27 ); clypeus either yellow, yellow with black markings or black; small, mostly ≤ 0.8 mm ( P. stigmaticorne View in CoL , P. kaspareki View in CoL ) ...........................................................................................................................................................................9

9. Terga with finer, more regular punctation ( Fig. 17E View Figure 17 ); punctation on disc of T2 nearly as large as punctation of mesonotum ( Fig. 17C, E View Figure 17 ); punctation of T1–T4 dense and mostly separated by narrow ridge-like interspaces so integument appears relatively matte ( Fig. 17E View Figure 17 ). Punctation of scutellum as dense, or slightly less so, than punctation on disc of T2 ( Fig. 17C, E View Figure 17 ). .................................................. P. stigmaticorne View in CoL

— Terga with a coarse, irregular punctation ( Fig. 27E View Figure 27 ); punctation of T2 much larger than punctation of mesonotum ( Fig. 27C, E View Figure 27 ); punctation of T1 is distinctly sparser in its basal half where punctures are separated by flat smooth interspaces (distances reaching one-third to half the diameter of a puncture), while apically punctures are separated by narrow ridge-like interspaces ( Fig. 27E View Figure 27 ); punctation of T2–T4 coarse and sparse on disc where punctures are separated by flat, smooth interspaces (distances reaching one-third to half the diameter of a puncture), so that the integument appears shiny ( Fig. 27E View Figure 27 ); punctures of apical depressions are coalescent. Punctation is much denser on scutellum than on disc of T2, punctures separated only by minute carina-shaped interspaces ( Fig. 27C, E View Figure 27 ) ............................................. P. kaspareki View in CoL