Ticanto crista (L.) R. Clark & Gagnon, 2022

Clark, Ruth P., Jiang, Kai-Wen & Gagnon, Edeline, 2022, Reinstatement of Ticanto (Leguminosae - Caesalpinioideae) - the final piece in the Caesalpinia group puzzle, PhytoKeys 205, pp. 59-98 : 59

2. Ticanto crista (L.) R. Clark & Gagnon comb. nov.

= Guilandina nuga L., Sp. Pl., 2. 1: 545. 1762. Type: [Indonesia]. East Indies, Ambon, Nugae silvarum Rumph. Herb. Am. 5. p.95, t. 50. 1750.

= Guilandina axillaris Lam., Encycl. 1(2): 435. 1785. Type: [India]. Rheede. Hort. Mal. 6: t. 20. 1686.

= Ticanto nuga (L.) Medik., Theodora 52. 1786. Type: based on Guilandina nuga L.

= Guilandina paniculata Lam., Encycl. 1(2): 435. 1785. Type: [India]. Malabar, Kaka Mullu vel Kaka Moullou (in caption Kaka Mullu) Rheede, Hort. Mal. 6: t. 19. 1686.

= Genista scandens Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 2: 428. 1790. Type: Cochinchina (n.v.).

= Guilandina parvifolia Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. 2: 466. 1812. Type: [Indonesia]. East Indies, Ambon, Nugae silvarum Rumph. Herb. Am. 5. p.95, t.50. 1750.

= Caesalpinia nuga (L.) W.T. Aiton, Hort. Kew, ed 2, 3: 32. 1811. Type: based on Guilandina nuga L.

= Caesalpinia paniculata (Lam.) Roxb., Hort. Beng. 32. 1814. Type: based on Guilandina paniculata Lam.

= Caesalpinia scandens Heyne ex Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp. 209. 1821. Neotype: (designated by Turner 2021): India, Samalcott, Mar 1811, B. Heyne s.n. [K: K000789355!].

= Caesalpinia axillaris (Lam.) DC., Prodr. 2: 481. 1825. Type: based on Guilandina axillaris Lam.

= Caesalpinia laevigata Perr., Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 3: 104. 1825. Type: Philippines. Perrottet s.n. (n.v.).

= Caesalpinia crista var. parvistipula Urb., Symb. Antill. 2(2): 271. 1900. Type: Trinidad. Cult. Hort. Trinidad, Broadway 5589 (n.v.).

Basionym.

Caesalpinia crista L. Sp. Pl. 1: 380. 1753, emend Dandy & Exell in J. Bot. 76: 179. 1938. ≡ Guilandina crista (L.) Small, Fl. S.E. U.S. 591, 1331 (1903).

Type.

[ Sri Lanka] Ceylon ( “Ceylan”), Herb. Hermann vol. 1, fol. 68, no. 157 (lectotype (designated by Skeels in Science , n.s., 37: 922. 1913): BM [BM000621459!]) (note: the sheet bearing this specimen was previously identified by a single barcode, BM000594500, which was subsequently replaced with four barcodes representing the four separate specimens on the sheet) .

Description.

Habit a liana or scrambling shrub to 15 m. Stems with few, scattered recurved prickles to 5 mm, sometimes with spine-tipped corky tubercles on older stems, or unarmed, glabrous or occasionally sparsely tomentose. Stipules persistent, triangular, ca. 1 × 1 mm. Leaves with 3-6(-8) pairs pinnae, these opposite to occasionally slightly subopposite; petiole 1.8-5 cm; rachis 4-31 cm, usually armed with recurved prickles, these sometimes also on pinnae rachises, petiole and rachis usually glabrous, occasionally sparsely to moderately ferruginous tomentose; leaflets 2-4(-7) pairs per pinna, coriaceous, opposite, elliptic, base cuneate to obtuse, apex rounded to obtuse, less commonly acute, obtuse, or acuminate, terminal leaflets 2.1-7.2 × 1-3.3 cm, lateral leaflets 2.1-5.8 × 1-3.1 cm, upper surface glabrous, often glossy, lower surface glabrous or occasionally sparsely ferruginous tomentose, venation reticulate, anastomosing, visible on both surfaces. Inflorescence a raceme or panicle, axillary or terminal, 8-40 cm, axes glabrous or sparsely tomentose; pedicels 5-15 mm; bracts persistent, triangular or lunate, 1-1.5 × 1 mm; bracteoles caducous, broadly elliptic, apex acute, margins sometimes with small teeth, 1-2.5 × 0.5-1 mm. Flowers with a hypanthium 1-2 × 3-6 mm, glabrous or sparsely ferruginous tomentose; lower calyx lobe 6-8(-10) × 3-4 mm, other lobes 5-6(- 8) × 2-3 mm, all lobes glabrous, or margins ciliate, or sparsely ferruginous tomentose; median petal 6-9 × 3-7 mm, with dense circular patch of hairs on inner surface at base of blade; upper laterals 6-10 × 3-5 mm, including claw ca. 1 mm, glabrous or inner surface of claw sparsely hairy; lower laterals 7-11 × 3-6 mm, including claw ca. 1 mm, glabrous or inner surface of claw sparsely hairy; stamen filaments 4-12 mm, the vexillary shorter than the lower ones, orange tomentose on lower ½-¾ on inner surface; anthers 1-1.5 mm; ovary 2-4 mm long, glabrous or sparsely or partially tomentose; style 4-11 mm; stigma cupular or funnel-shaped, the rim papillate, sometimes only slightly so, 0.5-1 mm wide. Fruit indehiscent, coriaceous, elliptic to lunate, subsymmetrical to somewhat asymmetrical, slightly inflated, base cuneate, stipe 2-5 mm, apex acute to beaked, beak 1-10 mm, venation reticulate, prominent, glabrous or very sparsely tomentose, (2-)2.7-7 × 2.2-3.7 × 0.3-0.8 cm, lacking a wing. Seeds 1, rarely 2, circular to reniform in outline, flat, ca. 2-2.5 × 1.5-2 × 0.5-1 cm. (Fig. 3A ).

Ecology.

Riverbanks, sandy beaches, in and behind sandy parts of mangroves, on chalk rocks and limestone, at low altitude, elevation rarely up to 350 m.

Phenology.

The flowering and fruiting time of this species varies throughout its distribution and may be correlated with latitude or biome as indicated below; however, the periodicity listed below derives in some cases from few records and thus may be incomplete.

China, Japan: Flowering February-April, fruiting April-October;

Bangladesh, India, Myanmar: Flowering August-December, fruiting December-October;

Thailand, Vietnam: Flowering January-June, fruiting January-June;

Malaysia, Indonesia, Palau Islands: Flowering February-December, fruiting February-January;

Philippines: Flowering December-March, fruiting May-December;

New Guinea: Flowering January-November, fruiting February-November;

New Hebrides, Solomon Islands: Flowering February-December, fruiting February-December;

New Caledonia: Flowering May, fruiting unknown;

Mauritius: Flowering unknown, fruiting February.

Distribution.

Andaman Islands, Australia, Cambodia, China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan), India, Indonesia, Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Malaysia, Mauritius, Micronesia, Myanmar, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vanuatu, Vietnam (Map 2 ).

Notes.

The current authors have not seen any specimens or specimen records from Cambodia (other than a single record in GBIF which is not from a preserved specimen), but Vidal and Hul Thol (1976) list Cambodia within the range for this species, citing two specimens from Kampot Province (Geoffray 62, 62 bis) and that information is retained here. As these specimens could not be traced by the current authors, they are not included on the map. See also Nomenclatural notes on Caesalpinia (Ticanto) crista , below.

Selected specimens examined.

Australia. Queensland: Daintree area, Noah Creek, Mangroves, J.J. Wieringa 4199 (WAG). Bangladesh. Chittagong, Flagstaff 255 (K). China. Chongqing: Jiulongpo, Jinfeng, Baihe Village, Jiulongpo Exped. 500107150402-289LY (IMC). Mt. Jinyunshan, Z.Y. Liu 182996 (IMC). Fujian: Hua’an, Wenhua, W.D. Han 20667 (NF). Pinghe, Daxi, Jiangzhai Village, H.B. Chen s.n. (FJSI). Xiamen, Yunding Cliff, G.D. Ye 1208 (IBSC). Yunxiao, Huotian, Baihuayang Reservoir, G.D. Ye 2482 (FJSI). Zhangzhou, Zhaoan, Wushan, X.F. Zeng ZXF19839 (CZH). Zhangzhou, Zhaoan, Wushan, Jinshui Village, X.F. Zeng ZXF41029 (CZH). Zhao’an, Jinshui Village, s. coll., s.n. (AU). Guangdong. Boluo, Mt. Luofushan, near Damiao, Yue78 5714 (IBSC). Dianbai, Luokeng, Mt. Shuangjiling, H.G. Ye 6379 (IBSC). Huidong, Pingshan Forest Farm, Mt. Chenshuishan, Zhulian?, P.Y. Chen, B.H. Chen & G.C. Zhang 46 (IBSC). Jiangmen, Mt. Guifengshan, J.Y. Chen 20165220 (SN). Qingyuan, Yangshan, near Qincaitang Reservoir, K.W. Jiang KwT033 (NPH). Ruyuan, Daqiao Health Center, back mountain, Yue73 1182 (CSFI). Shenzhen, Longgang, Nan’ao, Yangmeikeng, S.Z. Zhang, L.Q. Li et al. 185 (SZG). Xin’an, Ng-tung Shan, T.M. Tsui 231 (NAS). Zhaoqing, Mt. Dinghushan, S.J. Li 30 (IBSC). ibid., Z.Q. Song 2021057 (IBSC). Guangxi: Liuzhou, Longtan Park, Mt. Jiaodingshan, Longtan & Dule Exped. 242 (IBK). Yang-shoh, H. Fung 21112 (SYS). Guizhou: Tungtze, Y. Tsiang 4894 (IBSC). Hainan: Kan-en, Chim Fung Ling, near Sam Mo Watt Village, S.K. Lau 3582 (IBSC). Lin’gao, Maniao, Wende Village, Z.X. Li et al. 911 (IBSC). Qionghai, Lehui, near Shuangbang Village, Y. Zhong 4472 (IBSC). Wanning, Mt. Dongshan, the second mountain range, S.P. Kao 52115 (IBSC). Wenchang, Longlou, nera Mt. Beijianshan, G.W. Tang, Z.M. Li & J. Li TangGW2525 (IBSC). Hubei: Shennongjia, Xingshan to Yangri, D.G. Zhang ZB130226624 (JIU). Xingshan, Xiakou, Jianyangping, Lifangyan to Huangliang, D.G. Zhang zdg4185 (JIU). Hunan: Jianghua, C.J. Qi 3822 (CSFI, IBSC). Xiangxi, Yongshun, Zejia, Donglu Village, K.D. Lei ZZ40516121 (JIU). Jiangxi: Ji’an, Suichuan, Daijiapu, Xianmo, Z.C. Liu, W.J. Xiong, F. Ye, L. Deng, M. Tu, X.J. Zhang, L. Feng, Q.Y. Yin & N.N. Liu LXP-13-23687 (SYS). Taiwan: Hsinchu, Hsienchiaoshih, Z.-H. Chen 277 (TAIF). Yunnan: Hekou, Erqu, W.X. Liu 277 (HITBC). Micronesia. Caroline Islands, Yap Group, Gorror Island, Central Plateau, E.Y. Hosaka 3319 (K). India. Kaswar, R.J. Bell 7750 (K). Kuppam River, Taliparamba, C.A. Barber 8788 (K). North Kanara, W.A. Talbot 1256 (K). S. Andaman, Dr King’s Collector s.n. (K). Myanmar. Myebon, H.S. McKee 6069 (K). Rangoon, D.R. Khant 1079 (K). Mauritius. The Pouce, J. Gueko s.n. (K). New Caledonia. Yate, Touaourou, s. coll. s.n. (K). Thailand. Narithiwat: Kulok river mouth next to bridge on road from Tak Bai to Sungai Ko-lok, P.S. Herendeen & R. Pooma 1-V-1999 -3 (US). Vanuatu. Aniwa Island, Isavai village, P. Curry 1447 (K). Banks Islands, Port Patterson, A. Morrison s.n. (K). New Hebrides, Erromanga, between Nouanko Camp and Ipota, about 10 km E of Ipota, P.S. Green RSNH1318 (K). New Hebrides, Port Vila, A. Morrison s.n. (K).

Figures

Map 2. Distribution of T. crista.

Figure 3. A T. sinensis (i) habit (ii) leaves (iii) flowers (photos by Xin-Xin Zhu, Guizhou, China, unvouchered) (iv) habit (v) fruit (R. P. Clark 429, Guangxi, China, (IBK, K )) (vi) leaves (R. P. Clark 415, Guangxi, China (IBK, K) B T. aff. szechuenensis (i) habit (ii) inflorescence and leaves (R. P. Clark 422, Guangxi, China (IBK, K )).