Cyrtandra, J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.

Atkins, H. J. & Kartonegoro, A., 2021, A TAXONOMIC REVISION OF CYRTANDRA (GESNERIACEAE) IN SULAWESI, INDONESIA, Edinburgh Journal of Botany 78 (364), pp. 1-122 : 12-17

Key to the Cyrtandra species of Sulawesi

This key uses both vegetative and floral and fruit characters, although emphasis has been given to vegetative characters wherever possible. A number of species with characters that are variable or difficult to interpret key out in more than one position.

1a. Some or all of the inflorescences trailing from the base of the plant and running along the ground ________________________________________________________________________ 2

1b. Inflorescences not trailing from the base of the plant but in the axils of current leaves, at the base of the stem below the leaves, cauliflorous or pendulous from the branches 6

2a. Leaves narrow ovate to narrow oblong and with 9–25 pairs of lateral veins; corolla glabrous externally ____________________________________________________ 5. C. celebica

2b. Leaves narrow oblong, oblanceolate or narrow obovate and with 4–8 pairs of lateral veins; corolla sparsely hairy to hairy externally _____________________________________ 3

3a. Corolla pale yellow; leaves opposite, one of each pair markedly reduced or both well developed but somewhat unequal in size ____________________________ 22. C. luteiflora

3b. Corolla white or red; leaves opposite (or occasionally in threes), those of a pair or group well developed although they may be somewhat unequal in size ______________ 4

4a. Trailing inflorescence axis thick (up to 3 mm in diameter), often branching and appearing ‘notched’ at the site of old inflorescence bracts; corolla 8–15 mm long; fruits tessellate when dry __________________________________________________ 16. C. hypogaea

4b. Trailing inflorescence axis slender (1 mm or less in diameter), usually unbranched, appearing to be smooth; corolla more than 15 mm long; fruits smooth when dry ____ 5

5a. Corolla red, 15–20 mm long; inflorescence bracts up to 25 mm long 30. C. rantemarioensis

5b. Corolla white with yellow and purple markings in throat, over 25 mm long; inflorescence bracts 1–2 mm long ___________________________________ 11. C. geocarpa

6a. Inflorescences pendulous from the branches or cauliflorous ________________________ 7

6b. Inflorescences in the axils of current leaves or at the base of the stem ______________ 9

7a. Leaves anisophyllous or appearing alternate; corolla yellow _________ 35. C. spectabilis

7b. Leaves of a pair or group of three well developed if somewhat unequal in size; corolla pale pink or red ___________________________________________________________________ 8

8a. Leaves oblanceolate to narrow obovate, bases decurrent and with 7–10 pairs of lateral veins _________________________________________________________________ 36. C. spicata

8b. Leaves narrow ovate to narrow oblong, bases not decurrent and with 9–25 pairs of lateral veins ___________________________________________________________ 5. C. celebica

9a. Most or all of the inflorescences at the base of the stem significantly below the current leaves ___________________________________________________________________________ 10

9b. Inflorescences usually opposite or in the axils of current leaves (fruits may be at the base of the stem below the leaves) _______________________________________________ 15

10a. Climber or epiphytic shrub; leaf margins entire; fruits subglobose; corolla purple to brown _______________________________________________________________ 28. C. purpurea

10b. Non-epiphytic or climbing herb, shrub or small tree; leaf margins not entire; fruits ovoid or oblong; corolla white, yellow, green-yellow, pink or red ___________________________ 11

11a. Leaves with 9 or more lateral vein pairs ___________________________________________ 12

11b. Leaves with 7 or fewer lateral vein pairs ___________________________________________ 13

12a. Leaves narrow ovate or narrow oblong, bases not decurrent; corolla red, more or less glabrous externally ____________________________________________________ 5. C. celebica

12b. Leaves narrow obovate, bases decurrent; corolla green-yellow, densely hairy externally 33. C. sandei

13a. Corolla white, tube somewhat flushed pinkish externally, with yellow and purple markings in throat; inflorescence bracts 11–22 mm long; calyx ridged 3. C. boliohutensis

13b. Corolla pale red or yellow; inflorescence bracts 2–4 mm long; calyx not strongly ridged 14

14a. Corolla pale red, paler internally; calyx light green; pedicels 5–7 mm long; stigma bilobed _____________________________________________________________ 31. C. roseiflora

14b. Corolla yellow; calyx maroon; pedicels 30–40 mm long; stigma peltate 35. C. spectabilis

15a. Climber or epiphytic shrub ___________________________________________ 28. C. purpurea

15b. Herb, shrub or small tree _________________________________________________________ 16

16a. Creeping shrub with most leaves less than 3 cm long _______________ 34. C. serratifolia

16b. Herb, shrub or small tree, not creeping, with leaves more than 3 cm long ___________ 17

17a. Corolla bright red ______________________________________________________ 5. C. celebica

17b. Corolla not bright red; could be white, creamy white, yellow, green-yellow, pink, pale red or purple with or without markings ________________________________________________ 18

18a. Peduncles long (15 mm or more long) ____________________________________________ 19

18b. Peduncles short (less than 15 mm long) or inflorescences sessile (not including pedicels on a 1-flowered specimen; treat as a short peduncle) _____________________ 22

19a. Inflorescences with large bracts (up to 25 mm long) _______________________________ 20

19b. Inflorescences with small bracts (less than 5 mm long) ___________________________ 21

20a. Branching shrub to 4 m; leaves with 17–19 pairs of lateral veins and subentire to minutely and distantly crenulate leaf margin; fruits oblong or narrowly cylindrical, sometimes curved, up to 25 mm long ______________________________ 24. C. multinervis

20b. Herb or shrub to 1 m; leaves with 7–15 pairs of lateral veins and serrate leaf margin; fruits narrow ovoid to oblong up to 10 mm long _____________________ 27. C. polyneura

21a. Peduncles 35–80 mm long; fruits narrowly cylindrical (25–35 × 1.5–2 mm) 38. C. tenuicarpa

21b. Peduncles 15–40 mm long; fruits ovoid (5 × 3 mm) _________________ 20. C. longirostris

22a. Upper surface of mature leaves with a significant covering of hairs ________________ 23

22b. Upper surface of mature leaves glabrous, subglabrous or sparsely hairy ___________ 26

23a. Leaves wide elliptic to ovate; inflorescence bracts over 20 mm long __ 15. C. hispidula

23b. Leaves elliptic, narrow elliptic, ovate or narrow oblong; inflorescence bracts 15 mm or less long _________________________________________________________________________ 24

24a. Leaves narrow oblong; inflorescence 8- to 10-flowered; corolla 10–12 mm long, white 1. C. albiflora

24b. Leaves narrow elliptic, elliptic or ovate; inflorescence 1- or 2-flowered; corolla 25–40 mm long, not white; can be yellow or reddish _______________________________ 25

25a. Leaves densely hairy above; leaves not drying dark brown or black _______ 23. C. mollis

25b. Leaves sparsely hairy above; leaves drying dark brown or black _________ 9. C. floccosa

26a. Leaf lamina decurrent (may be only narrowly winged towards base of petiole) or auriculate ________________________________________________________________________ 27

26b. Leaf lamina not decurrent or auriculate at base ___________________________________ 37

27a. Leaf base auriculate _____________________________________________________ 25. C. nitida

27b. Leaf base decurrent (may be only narrowly winged towards base of petiole) _______ 28

28a. Inflorescence bracts linear or narrow ovate (1–3 mm wide) ________________________ 29

28b. Inflorescence bracts ovate, narrow obovate or oblong-lanceolate, some species with bracts united forming an involucre (5–40 mm wide) _______________________________ 31

29a. Corolla less than 20 mm long; leaves with 17–20 pairs of lateral veins ___ 33. C. sandei

29b. Corolla more than 30 mm long; leaves with 12 or fewer pairs of lateral veins _______ 30

30a. Corolla white; leaves with 3–5 pairs of lateral veins; stems striate, not scaly 17. C. jellesmanii

30b. Corolla yellow with red stripes on the lobes; leaves with 9–12 pairs of lateral veins; stems tessellate, scaly ________________________________________________ 7. C. fasciata

31a. Mature leaves less than 5 cm wide at widest point ________________________________ 32

31b. Mature leaves 5 cm or wider at widest point ______________________________________ 33

32a. Shrub or small tree; leaves over 14 cm long; inflorescence bracts dull red, c. 30 mm long; corolla c. 42–45 mm long _________________________________ 32. C. rubribracteata

32b. Herb; leaves less than 8 cm long; inflorescence bracts green, less than 10 mm long; corolla c. 15 mm long ________________________________________________ 13. C. hekensis

33a. Corolla with lower lip strongly elongated and recurved; calyx white or pinkish; fruits broad-ovoid, almost subglobose _________________________________ 21. C. longistamina

33b. Corolla with lower lip not strongly elongated and recurved; calyx usually green, greenish brown or reddish, sometimes white; fruits narrow ovoid to oblong ________ 34

34a. Inflorescence bracts less than 10 mm wide _______________________________________ 35

34b. Inflorescence bracts 20–25 mm wide _____________________________________________ 36

35a. Stems striate; corolla pink, 15–18 mm long _________________________ 14. C. hendrianii

35b. Stems slightly tessellate; corolla white with yellow markings, over 40 mm long 8. C. flavomaculata

36a. Herb or shrub to 1 m; calyx less than 10 mm long, corolla less than 15 mm long ______ 27. C. polyneura

36b. Shrub or small tree to 7 m; calyx more than 15 mm long, corolla more than 30 mm long 18. C. kinhoi

37a. Leaf margins distinctly serrate ____________________________________________________ 38

37b. Leaf margins not distinctly serrate (can be subentire, crenate or serrulate) _________ 48

38a. Mature leaves up to 3 cm long with 3 or 4 pairs of lateral veins ______ 34. C. serratifolia

38b. Mature leaves 4–30 cm long with 4–14 pairs of lateral veins ______________________ 39

39a. Inflorescence bracts over 20 mm long ____________________________________________ 40

39b. Inflorescence bracts less than 7 mm long _________________________________________ 41

40a. Mature leaves oblong to narrow oblong, 3–5 cm wide; calyx distinctively ridged 3. C. boliohutensis

40b. Mature leaves wide elliptic to ovate, 9–10 cm wide; calyx not distinctively ridged 15. C. hispidula

41a. Corolla pale red or deep pink _____________________________________________________ 42

41b. Corolla white or yellow ___________________________________________________________ 43

42a. Corolla narrowly funnel-shaped, lobes not recurved ___________________ 31. C. roseiflora

42b. Corolla with narrow tube in basal half becoming wider and pouched in apical half, narrowing again at mouth; lobes strongly recurved _____________ 29. C. purpureofucata

43a. Leaves opposite, with one of a pair highly reduced or occasionally appearing alternate 44

43b. Leaves opposite, with both members of a pair well developed but can be slightly unequal in size ___________________________________________________________________ 46

44a. Pedicels 30–40 mm long; calyx 20–25 mm long ___________________ 35. C. spectabilis

44b. Pedicels up to 10 mm long; calyx 6–12 mm long __________________________________ 45

45a. Leaves with more than 7 serrations along each leaf margin _____________ 2. C. balgooyi

45b. Leaves with only 4–7 deep serrations along each leaf margin _________ 19. C. kjellbergii

46a. Leaves with 4 or 5 pairs of lateral veins and only 4–7 deep serrations along each leaf margin; some leaf pairs strongly anisophyllous _______________________ 19. C. kjellbergii

46b. Leaves with 7–14 pairs of lateral veins and with more than 7 serrations along each leaf margin; all leaf pairs subequal ____________________________________________________ 47

47a. Leaves elliptic to ovate, drying dark brown or black; corolla yellow, more than 25 mm long __________________________________________________________________ 9. C. floccosa

47b. Leaves narrow oblong to oblanceolate, not drying dark brown or black; corolla white, less than 20 mm long _________________________________________________ 37. C. sulcata

48a. Leaves with 17–19 pairs of lateral veins ___________________________ 24. C. multinervis

48b. Leaves with 4–14 pairs of lateral veins ____________________________________________ 49

49a. Both leaves of a pair well developed if somewhat unequal in size __________________ 50

49b. Leaves usually appearing alternate or with one leaf of a pair highly reduced (very occasionally both leaves of a pair on a predominantly anisophyllous plant may be well developed) _______________________________________________________________________ 52

50a. Corolla over 25 mm long; leaves drying dark brown or black ____________ 9. C. floccosa

50b. Corolla less than 20 mm long; leaves not drying dark brown or black _______________ 51

51a. Inflorescences not subsessile; peduncles 15–40 mm long __________ 20. C. longirostris

51b. Inflorescence subsessile; peduncles 3–4 mm long _____________________ 37. C. sulcata

52a. Most leaves over 4 cm wide at the widest point (up to 6.5 cm wide); peduncle 5–15 mm long _______________________________________________________ 4. C. bruteliana

52b. Most leaves 4 cm wide or less at the widest point (1–4 cm wide); inflorescence sessile or with peduncle less than 5 mm long (not including pedicels on a 1-flowered specimen; treat as a short peduncle) ______________________________________________ 53

53a. Leaves with more than 6 pairs of lateral veins _____________________________________ 54

53b. Leaves with 6 or fewer pairs of lateral veins _______________________________________ 55

54a. Tertiary venation obscure (on herbarium specimen); corolla white with purple markings, 19–20 mm long _________________________________________________ 10. C. gambutensis

54b. Tertiary venation easily visible (on herbarium specimen); corolla white, less than 15 mm long __________________________________________________________ 39. C. widjajae

55a. Calyx short relative to corolla (1/4 to 1/3 corolla length), less than 5 mm long 26. C. parvicalyx

55b. Calyx at least 1/2 corolla length, 7–13 mm long ___________________________________ 56

56a. Pedicels up to 5 mm long; calyx evenly 5-lobed, 10–13 mm long; corolla white with purple markings _________________________________________________________ 6. C. engleri

56b. Pedicels (5–) 15–30 mm long; calyx with three upper lobes united into a shallowly notched limb, and two lower lobes similarly united, 7–10 mm long; corolla creamy white to pale yellow without markings __________________________ 12. C. gorontaloensis