Eupsophus calcaratus

Correa, Claudio & Duran, Felipe, 2019, Taxonomy, systematics and geographic distribution of ground frogs (Alsodidae, Eupsophus): a comprehensive synthesis of the last six decades of research, ZooKeys 863, pp. 107-152 : 128

Eupsophus calcaratus Fig. 3 A–C

Type locality.

Chiloé Island (locality not specified; Günther 1881, Formas and Vera 1982); localities 122-126, 131-135, 140-142 and 147 of Fig. 3C .

Geographic distribution.

This is the species with the widest distribution of the genus, slightly surpassing the 49°20'S toward the south ( Fig. 3C ). However, its northern limit cannot be clearly defined from the literature since there are three records north of the Calle-Calle River basin, the limit defined by Nuñez et al. (1999) (around 39°50'S): P.N. Nahuelbuta (locality 23 of Fig. 3A ), Villarrica (39) and Mississipi (59). Its presence in P.N. Nahuelbuta ( Ortiz and Ibarra-Vidal 1992; Fig. 3A ) was questioned by Nuñez (2003) and the inclusion of the populations around Villarrica in this taxon was challenged by Nuñez et al. (2011), Correa et al. (2017) and Suárez-Villota et al. (2018b). Thus, the record of the species in Mississipi would remain, but this population would be entirely surrounded by populations of E. migueli and E. roseus according to all the available information. The populations near Reumén (39°57'S), recently reported by Suárez-Villota et al. (2018b), would also be surrounded by populations of E. roseus , but in this case these findings are supported by molecular evidence. Together with Naguilán (locality 81, where E. roseus also is present, Correa et al. 2017) these localities constitute the northern limit confirmed by molecular phylogenetic analyses. All these findings do not coincide with the limits that appear on the maps of IUCN (2019), where E. calcaratus is replaced to the north by E. roseus around 40°S in Chile. In Argentina, the presence of this species was first reported by Christie and Úbeda (1996), but later, all the populations of the roseus group in that country were considered as E. calcaratus (39°34' to 43°S; Úbeda 2000; see comment in Vaira et al. 2012). However, the phylogenetic analyses of Blotto et al. (2013) (ratified by Correa et al. 2017) imply that two localities in Argentina correspond to E. roseus ( Fig. 3A ), which would be flanked to the north and south by populations of E. calcaratus . The maps of Rabanal and Nuñez (2008) and IUCN (2019) show that E. calcaratus reaches further north on the Argentine side, assuming that all the populations included in Úbeda (2000) and others that extend their distribution about 30 km further north belong to this species.

Figures

Figure 3. Compilation of localities of Eupsophus species gathered from the literature (see the complete list of localities in Appendix 1). Multicolored circles and the star indicate localities where two or three species of the same group have been reported in the same or different sources. White circles indicate the localities where two undescribed species have been identified (Villarrica and Tolhuaca), two undetermined populations included in this study (Fig. 4) and several ones considered by Correa et al. (2017) as E. roseus, whose taxonomic status is uncertain according to the current taxonomy (Suarez-Villota et al. 2018 b). Thin gray lines within Chile represent boundaries of Administrative Regions.