Mesosaccella rogovi, Hryniewicz & Little & Nakrem, 2014

Hryniewicz, Krzysztof, Little, Crispin T. S. & Nakrem, Hans Arne, 2014, Bivalves from the latest Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous hydrocarbon seep carbonates from central Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Zootaxa 3859 (1), pp. 1-66 : 16-19

Mesosaccella rogovi sp. nov.

( Figures 5 R–T , 7 A–F )

2011 Malletiid sp. 1—Hammer et al., fig. 7n–o, tab. 2.

Etymology. After Mikhail A. Rogov, Russian palaeontologist specializing in Jurassic stratigraphy of the Arctic.

Type locality. Seep 9, Knorringfjellet, Spitsbergen, 78°18’49.9”N 16°10’58.9”E.

Type material. Holotype: PMO 224.971 ; a well preserved left valve showing the shape and characteristic ornament of posterodorsal margin . Paratypes: PMO 217.229 ; a partially preserved articulated internal mould showing anterior adductor muscle scar, posterior adductor muscle scar and weak pallial line . PMO 217.371 ; a well preserved articulated internal mould with fragments of shell, which shows weak ridges formed by growth line deflections, a carina and lancet-shaped escutcheon; the mould shows the pallial line and weak imprints of the external ridges . PMO 217.539 ; a partial right valve with cardinal area showing continuous tooth row .

Material examined. 89 specimens, mostly articulated valves or internal moulds with portions of the shell remaining. See Appendix 1 for the list of specimens.

Diagnosis. Elongated, lancet-shaped species with posterior part more than four times the length of the anterior part. Up to three weak posterior ridges formed by growth line deflections on the posterior part of the shell. A carina subparallel to the posterodorsal margin runs from the umbo to the posterior shell extremity.

Dimensions. 3.5–23 mm in length, 1.2–9.1 mm in height, 1–8.2 mm in width. See Figure 8 A–D and Appendix 2D for details.

Description. Medium to large, up to 23 mm long, 9.1 mm high and 8.2 mm wide, elongated (H/L≈0.42), lancet-shaped, weakly inflated (W/L≈0.32, W/H≈0.77); greatest height and width around medial plane. Elongated shape especially well expressed in posterior part, which occupies around 80% of total length (Pl/L≈0.79). Shell shape parameters remain relatively constant throughout ontogeny. External ornament of narrowly-spaced, commarginal growth lines, strongest in median part of shell and weaker towards both anterior and posterior. Towards posterior, disappearance of concentric ridges marked by up to three closely spaced ridges composed of series of growth line deflections. A single carina runs subparallel to posterodorsal margin. Escutcheon shallow, pointed anteriorly, presumably lancet-shaped. Anterodorsal margin straight to weakly convex, without well demarcated lunule. Anterior margin rounded to blunt. Anteroventral margin rounded, passing into weakly rounded ventral margin. Ventral margin passes into weakly convex posteroventral margin. Posterior end pointed, dorsally sloping and passing into long, posterodorsal margin; parallel to dorsal carina. Beaks prosogyrate. Dentition taxodont, teeth orthomorphodont. Anterior and posterior teeth rows meet below umbo. Posterior teeth much smaller than anterior teeth. Specimen 20 mm long has up to 38 teeth in posterior row and ca. 11 teeth in anterior row. Anterior adductor muscle scar small, rounded. Posterior adductor muscle scar elongated, more impressed anteriorly, progressively fading towards posterior. In some specimens weak elongated muscle scars of uncertain origin visible along dorsal margin. Pallial line weakly impressed, parallel to commissure; pallial sinus very shallow to absent, and weakly impressed.

Remarks. Mesosaccella rogovi differs from M. morrisi ( Deshayes, 1853) in being more elongated, having stronger commarginal ornament and, in addition, showing a weak dorsal carina and growth line deflections in the posterior shell areas (cf. Duff 1978). Mesosaccella elliptica ( Goldfuss, 1837) has a shape closer to M. rogovi , but it lacks the distinctive commarginal ornament deflections in the posterior part of the shell and the dorsal carina ( Hodges 2000). Mesosaccella choroschovensis ( Borissjak, 1904) is much shorter and more oval than M. rogovi , with a gently rounded posterior end and lacks the ridges of M. rogovi . Leda striatula Forbes, 1845 , has a similar growth line deflection to M. rogovi in the posterior area. However, it is both less elongated and has a stronger carina than M. rogovi . Mesosaccella rogovi is as elongated as both M. grovei ( Lartet, 1872) and M. larteti Chavan, 1947 , but it is more inequilateral than the former and has much weaker commarginal ornament than the latter.

Occurrence. Seeps 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 12, 13 and 15 (Upper Volgian–uppermost Ryazanian), Slottsmøya Member, Svalbard ( Tab. 1 ).

Palaeoecology. Mesosaccella rogovi was probably a shallow burrower, like other protobranch bivalves ( Stanley 1970; Sanders & Allen 1985; Zardus 2002). The elongated and streamlined shell indicates it was an efficient burrower, and the very shallow pallial sinus implies the presence of a short siphon, developed either for respiration or for feeding from the sediment-water interface (e.g. Hodges 2000, text-fig. 32). Some protobranchs inhabiting modern vent and seep environments are believed to benefit from the concentration of chemosynthetically produced organic matter in the sediments, and possibly even feed on bacterial mats (e.g. Allen 1993; Sahling et al. 2002). We assume M. rogovi might have done the same.

Figures

FIGURE 5. (A–N) Nucinella svalbardensis sp. nov. (A–D) Lateral views of holotype showing shape of the articulated internal mould, anterior adductor muscle scar and possible anterior pedal retractor scar, rounded posterior margin and fine radial striations on internal mould surface. (E) Dorsal view showing weakly opisthogyrate umbo and deep ligament pit on the posterodorsal margin. (F) Anterior view showing anterior adductor muscle scar projecting weakly beyond pallial line. (G) Lateral view showing commarginal ornament on external shell surface. (H–I) Dorsal view of partially articulated specimen showing length of the cardinal teeth and relation of the possible ligament to the cardinal dentition. (J–K) Lateral view of the cardinal part of the hinge plate showing arrangement and shape of the cardinal teeth. (L) Ventral view of silicone rubber cast of the dorsal margin of articulated internal mould showing sabre-shaped lateral teeth and interlocked cardinal teeth. (M–N) Silicone rubber casts of right valve internal moulds showing two lateral teeth. (O–Q) Dacromya chetaensis Sanin, 1976. (O–P) Lateral and dorsal views showing shape of internal mould, taxodont dentition, anterior and posterior adductor muscle scars. (Q) Posterodorsal shell margin showing weak growth lines. (R–T) Mesosaccella rogovi sp. nov. (R) Lateral view of holotype left valve shell surface showing characteristic growth-line deflections around the posterior margin and carina subparallel to the dorsal margin. (S–T) Lateral view of left valve internal mould showing anterior adductor muscle scar, weak posterior adductor muscle scar and pallial line. (A–F) PMO 217.171, (G) PMO 224.978, (H–I) PMO 225.042, (J–K) PMO 224.981, (L–M) PMO 217.217, (N) PMO 225.020, (O–P) PMO 217.581, (Q) PMO 226.600, (R) PMO 224.971, (S–T) PMO 217.229. Scale bars 5 mm.

FIGURE 7. (A–F) Mesosaccella rogovi sp. nov. (A–B) Lateral view of a internal mould showing pallial line. Fragment of the shell shows concentric growth lines. (C) Dorsal view of specimen with partially preserved shell showing weak carina, escutcheon, unidentified muscle scars and ridges formed by growth line deflections. (D–E) Lateral view of right valve internal mould showing weak posterior adductor muscle scar and weak pallial line with very shallow pallial sinus. (F) Internal view of the right valve showing anterior and posterior dental rows and cardinal dentition. (G–P) Mesosaccella toddi sp. nov. (G–K) Left valve lateral views of articulated specimens. (J) Details of external ornament showing characteristic commarginal ridges and rosette-shaped ornament in interridge spaces (arrowed). (K) Holotype showing strong posterior carinae. (L–M) Anterior and posterior views of holotype. Note three carinae and escutcheon visible in the posterior view. (N) Dorsal view of holotype showing three carinae and their relation to wide and shallow escutcheon. (O) Internal view of the dorsal margin of articulated specimen showing cardinal-most teeth and unidentified muscle scars. (P) Lateral view of right valve internal mould showing relatively strong, circular anterior adductor muscle scar and elongated posterior adductor muscle scar, as well as strong pallial line with shallow pallial sinus. (A–E) PMO 217.371, (F) PMO 217.539, (G) PMO 217.609, (H) PMO 217.610, (I–J) PMO 217.616, (K–N) PMO 224.861, (O) PMO 225.031, (P) PMO 224.862. Scale bars 5 mm (A–F, K–P), 2 mm (G–I).

FIGURE 8. Measurements of Mesosaccella rogovi sp. nov. (in mm). (A) Height to length. (B) Width to length. (C) Width to height. (D) Posterior length to length.