Solanum endoadenium Bitter, 1913

Knapp, Sandra, 2013, A revision of the Dulcamaroid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae), PhytoKeys 22, pp. 1-432 : 126-131

16. Solanum endoadenium Bitter , Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 546. 1913 Figure 41

Solanum endoadenium Bitter var. robustius Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 547. 1913. Type: Argentina. Catamarca: Cuesta de Muschaca, F. Schickendantz 285 (holotype: B, destroyed; lectotype, designated here: CORD [CORD00004206]).

Solanum incurvipilum Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 158. 1913. Type: Argentina. Salta: El Paso "Al Alizar" [Alizal?], 2400-2600 m, between Pampa Grande, 1740 m and Cerro Cristal, 2610-1700 m, E. Nelson in F. Kurtz 12512 (holotype: S [S04-2919]; isotype: CORD [CORD00004229]).

Type.

Argentina. La Rioja: Pie de Cuesta, above Vallecito, Sierra Famatina, G.H.E.W. Hieronymus & G. Niederlein 746 (lectotype, designated by Morton 1976, pg. 88: G [G00070235]; isolectotypes: CORD [CORD00004199, CORD00004200], LE, P [P00335096]).

Description.

Shrubs 1-1.5 m tall. Stems erect, sparsely to densely pubescent with patent simple uniseriate trichomes ca. 0.5 mm long, often gland-tipped and the plants viscous; new growth densely pubescent. Bark of older stems yellowish brown, the leaf bases prominent. Sympodial units plurifoliate. Leaves simple, 1.8-6 cm long, 0.5-2 cm wide, lanceolate to more or less linear, slightly fleshy, the upper surfaces uniformly pubescent with sparse to dense simple uniseriate trichomes ca. 0.5 mm long, sometimes gland-tipped, the lower surfaces variable from almost glabrous with the simple trichomes confined to the veins to densely and uniformly pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes ca. 0.5 mm long; primary veins 6-9 pairs, drying yellowish red; base attenuate; margins entire, densely pubescent; apex acute to acuminate, the ultimate tip rounded; petioles 0.5-1 cm long, sparsely to densely pubescent with simple trichomes like those of the stems, usually not twining. Inflorescences terminal or becoming lat eral, 2-4 cm long, simple to several times branched, with 5-30 flowers, glabrous to densely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like the stems; peduncle 1-3 cm long; pedicels 0.6-0.8 cm long, filiform, <0.5 mm in diameter at the base and apex, erect to somewhat spreading, glabrous to pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes, articulated at the base from a small sleeve, leaving a small peg on the inflorescence axis; pedicel scars irregularly spaced 1-4 mm apart. Buds globose to slightly ellipsoid, the corolla exserted from the calyx tube before anthesis. Flowers all perfect, 5-merous. Calyx tube 1-1.5 mm long, conical, the lobes 1-1.5 mm long, triangular, sparsely to densely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes. Corolla 0.7-1 cm in diameter, dark bluish purple to pale violet with green spots at the base of the lobes, stellate, lobed 1/2 to 2/3 of the way to the base, the lobes 3-3.5 mm long, 2-2.5 mm wide, spreading or perhaps cupped, densely pubescent all along the tips and margins with simple trichomes <0.2 mm long. Filament tube minute, the free portion of the filaments ca. 0.5 mm long, glabrous or minutely pubescent with glandular trichomes; anthers 1.5-2 mm long, ca. 1 mm wide, ellipsoid, loosely connivent, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age. Ovary glabrous; style 4-5 mm long, glabrous or occasionally glandular in the lower half; stigma minutely capitate, the surface minutely papillose. Fruit a globose berry, 0.6-0.8 cm in diameter, orange when ripe, the pericarp thin and shiny, glabrous; fruiting pedicels 1.2-2 cm long, ca. 1 mm in diameter at the base, not markedly woody, nodding or spreading. Seeds 12-14 per berry, 3.5-4 mm long, 3-3.5 mm wide, flattened reniform, reddish brown, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal cells very small, rectangular to square. Chromosome number: n=12 ( Moscone 1992).

Distribution

( Figure 42 ). Eastern Andean slopes in central to northern Argentina and adjacent Bolivia, from 1500-3000 m.

Ecology.

Forests and open areas above treeline; sometimes growing in sandy soil in puna vegetation.

Conservation status.

Least Concern (LC); EOO>100,000 km2 (LC) and AOO>10,000 km2 (LC). See Moat (2007) for explanation of measurements.

Discussion.

Unlike many of the members of the Dulcamaroid clade, Solanum endoadenium is a shrubby species and is apparently never a vine or even scandent. The leaves are consistently simple, and apparently never lobed or pinnatifid. Solanum endoadenium is easily recognised by its purple flowers, orange fruits and dense, often glandular-viscid pubescence of simple trichomes. The older stems are warty from the persistent leaf bases; this distinctive character distinguishes Solanum endoadenium from the somewhat similar Solanum salicifolium from the same region. Solanum endoadenium is further easily distinguished from Solanum salicifolium by its larger, usually branched inflorescences and more spreading pubescence (rather than appressed-ascending).

Leaf size in Solanum endoadenium is quite variable, and varies within as well as between individuals. In general leaves near the stem tips are smaller than those lower down. Bitter (1913) stated that the epithet was derived from the glandular pubescence on the inside of the filaments. The berry of Solanum endoadenium stays on the plant a long time, and apparently cracks to release the seeds (see Figure 6D ); whether this is always the case is not clear.

Morton (1976) lectotypified Solanum endoadenium with the only syntype (of seven in Bitter’s original description) from La Rioja province, as Bitter (1913) stated he was basing his description on material from La Rioja. In his lectotypification, Morton cites the collection as Hieronymus & Neiderlein 746, but the only specimen at G [G00070235] has no collection number, nor do the duplicates at LE and P. Morton’s annotation slip on this G sheet states “isosyntypus” and is dated 1961; he may have made a transcription error later, as this is the only specimen at G that bears this locality and collector information. I have therefore assumed he meant this sheet in his lectotypification and have accepted his designation of the G sheet as the lectotype. I have found no duplicates of Schickendantz 285 (the type collection cited in the protologue of var. robustius) in any of the herbaria where other Schickendantz duplicates have been found (GOET, SI); Bitter cited "herb. Hieronymous" in the original description (probably at B and now destroyed).

Specimens examined.

Argentina. Catamarca: Belén, al incio de la Cuesta de Randolfo, 3009 m, 31 Jan 2008, Barboza et al. 1997 (CORD); Belén, próximo a Quebrada de Randolfo rumbo a Nacimientos de San Antonio, 12 Feb 2012, Barboza et al. 3476 (BM, CORD); Pomán, Sierra de Ambato, falda oeste, Mutquin, en Valle Muerto, 4 Feb 1910, Castillón 1613 (CORD); Andalgalá, Quebrada del Río Pisavil, 26 Nov 1948, Filipovich 66 (CORD); Ambato, Cumbres de Narváez, falda oeste, Ruta 62, km inmediaciones de Las Chacritas, entre Narváez y Singuil, 1850 m, 10 Dec 1965, Hunziker et al. 18555 (CORD); Ambato, Sierra de Ambato, falda E, subiendo desde El Rodeo hacia el Cerro Manchado, 2300 m, 23 Feb 1967, Hunziker 19075 (CORD); Pomán, Sierra de Ambato, falda oeste, subiendo desde El Rincón hacia Las Casitas, rumbo al Cerro Manchado, 2300 m, 18 Feb 1970, Hunziker & Ariza 20349 (CORD); Ambato, Cumbres de Narváez, falda oeste, bajando hacia el SE por Ruta 62, entre las Narváez y Las Chacritas, 2000 m, 13 Feb 1986, Hunziker et al. 24909 (CORD); Andalgalá, Nu Mara del Condado, 700 m, Feb 1916, Jörgensen 1310 (A, GH, SI, US); Santa María, Cerrillos, Sierra de Arconquija, 3000 m, 16 Dec 1933, Peirano s.n. (GH); Santa María, Estancia Totoral, 24 Feb 1948, Reales 1035 (B); Santa María, Los Pabellones, 16 Mar 1949, Reales 1931 (BH); El Ingenio, 2700 m, 5 Dec 1960, Roig 3664 (CORD); Belén, Pozo de Piedra, en Puerta de San José, Jan 1955, Sayago 1944 (CORD); Belén, Belén, Yacutula cerca Bélen, Dec 1879, Schickendantz 120 (CORD); Belén, Las Mansas, 2300 m, Mar 1938, Schreiter 10469 (GH); Andalgalá, El Suncho, Río Pisavil, 1900 m, 21 Feb 1951, Sleumer 1623 (G); Córdoba: Quebrada de Choya y Cuesta de Munchaca, Nov 1872, Schickendantz 30 (CORD, SI, US); La Rioja: Famatina, Las Cuevas de Noroña, 2700 m, 20 Feb 2003, Barboza et al. 578 (CORD); Famatina, Los Cajoncitos, unos pocos km antes viniendo desde Cuevas de Pérez, 2954 m, 2 Feb 2011, Barboza et al. 2760 (CORD); Famatina, Cuevas de Noroña, en el corral, 2847 m, 2 Feb 2011, Barboza et al. 2786 (CORD); Felipe Varela, Sierra de Sañogasta, falda oeste, subiendo desde Aicuña hacia el ESE, rumbo al cerro homómino, 2300 m, 17 Dec 1975, Hunziker & Hunziker 22850 (CORD); Famatina, Esquina Gervasio, Sierra de Famatina, 3000 m, 14 Jan 1949, Krapovickas & Hunziker 5268 (CORD); Arroyo Salado, Pampas, Chilitanco-Acharil, 10 Mar 1907, Kurtz 10542 (CORD); Famatina, Río Amarillo, Las Cuevas, 29 Mar 1906, Kurtz 14056 (CORD); entre Pampas Chilitanco y Achavil, 10 Mar 1907, Kurtz 14542 (CORD); Famatina, La Hoyada, 11 Jan 1908, Kurtz 14975 (CORD); Yacuchi, Sierra Velasco, 25 Feb 1908, Kurtz 15381 (CORD); Salta: Chicoana, Cuesta del Obispo, Quebrada de Lapacheta, 2880 m, 19 Mar 1972, Krapovickas et al. 22056 (MO); Chicoana, Ruta 33 Chicoana-Cachi, 25 km W of the bridge at Aguas Negras (= 48 km W of El Carril, = 4 km above San Martin), 2600 m, 26 Nov 2003, Leuenberger & Eggli 4865 (B); below Piedra del Molino, Cachi - Salta, below Piedra del Molino, before Escoipe, 2000 m, 10 Nov 1978, Renvoize 3421 (K); San Juan: Zonda, camino a Estancia Maradona, Maradona a Agua del Pinto, 1400 m, Kiesling 3321 (CORD, MO); Santiago del Estero: Pellegrini, Algarrobal Viejo, 28 Apr 1947, Luna 97 (B); Tucumán: Tafí, a 28 km de Tafi rumbo a Amaicha del Valle, 2857 m, 21 Feb 2011, Barboza et al. 3018 (CORD); Tafí, desde Amaicha del Valle rumbo a Tafí del Valle, entre km 92-91, 13 Feb 2012, Barboza et al. 3490 (BM, CORD); Tafí, El Molle, en el camino de Tafí del Valle a Amaicha, km 91-93, 2800 m, 12 Dec 1986, Hunziker et al. 24875 (CORD); Quebrada de Amaicha, boca de la quebrada, 2200 m, 13 Mar 1927, Schreiter 4826 (GH); Tafí, Quebrada de Amaicha, 2800 m, 22 Nov 1927, Venturi 5498 (A, GH, MA, SI, US); Tafí, Colalao del Valle, 1800 m, Apr 1926, Venturi 6671 (GH, US).

Bolivia. Santa Cruz: Vallegrande, 13 km (air) NE of Pucará, on road from Vallegrande to Pucará, 14.1 km (by road) and 8 km (air) SW of the road junction on the north side of Guadalupe, 2850 m, 14 Nov 2009, Nee & Linneo F. 56757 (USZ).

Figures

Figure 6. Fruits of members of the Dulcamaroid clade. A Solanum pittosporifolium (Knapp et al. 10136, Jiangxi, China) B Solanum salicifolium (Barboza et al. 3467, Catamarca, Argentina) C Solanum storkii (Knapp & Monro 10053, Bocas del Toro, Panama) D Solanum angustifidum (Barboza et al. 3489, Argentina) F Solanum nitidum (Knapp et al. 10136, Cusco, Peru).

Figure 41. Solanum endoadenium Bitter. (A, C-G drawn from Hunziker et al. 25550 B Legname & Vervoorst 154). Illustration by Bobbi Angell.

Figure 42. Distribution of Solanum endoadenium Bitter.