Capsicum villosum Sendtn., Fl. Bras. (Martius) 10(6): 144. 1846.

Barboza, Gloria E., Garcia, Carolina Carrizo, Bianchetti, Luciano de Bem, Romero, Maria V. & Scaldaferro, Marisel, 2022, Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae), PhytoKeys 200, pp. 1-423 : 1

43. Capsicum villosum Sendtn., Fl. Bras. (Martius) 10(6): 144. 1846.

Figs 120 , 121

Capsicum villosum Sendtn. var. latifolium Sendtn., Fl. Bras. (Martius) 10(6): 144. 1846. Type. Brazil, Rio de Janeiro: "Habitat in udis umbrosis sylvarum primaevarum, Provinciae Sebastianopolitanae, Dec." [no year], C.F.P. von Martius s.n. (lectotype, designated here: M [M-0171535]; isotype: CORD [CORD00006950, fragment from M]).

Type.

Brazil, Minas Gerais: "Villa Riccam" [Ouro Preto], [no date], J.B.E. Pohl [3674] (lectotype, designated here: W [acc. # 0074662]; isolectotypes: CORD [CORD00006949], F [acc. # 874864], W [acc. # 0074663, acc. # 0074664) .

Description.

Erect shrubs or subshrubs, (0.80-) 1-3 (-5) m tall, with the main stem thick, ca. 1.5 cm in diameter at base and sprouts from adventitious roots, much branched above, the branches dichotomously spread in a typical “zig-zag” appearance. Young stems 3-angled, somewhat rigid, green, densely pubescent, with spreading, rigid or flexuous, white or slightly ferruginous (dried specimens), simple, uniseriate, 5-8-celled, eglandular trichomes 0.5-1.8 mm long; nodes solid, green; bark of older stems striate, brown or dark brown, glabrescent or sparsely pubescent; lenticels absent. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves geminate; leaf pair unequal in size, similar or dissimilar in shape. Leaves membranous, discolorous, dark green above, light green beneath, moderately pubescent with appressed-antrorse trichomes similar to those of the stems on adaxial surface, densely pubescent, with long spreading 5-9-celled, eglandular trichomes 0.3-2 mm long on abaxial surface and margins; blades of major leaves 6-17 (-24.5) cm long, (2-) 2.4-7.5 cm wide, ovate, elliptic or narrowly elliptic, the major veins 5-7 on each side of mid-vein, the base attenuate, the margins entire, the apex long-acuminate; petioles 0.4-2.3 (-3.8) cm long, densely pubescent; blades of minor leaves 2.2-2.8 (-5) cm long, 1-1.4 cm wide, ovate or elliptic, the major veins 3-4 on each side of mid-vein, the base attenuate, the margins entire, the apex acute; petioles 0.2-0.3 cm long, densely pubescent. Inflorescences axillary, 3-4 flowers per axil, rarely flowers solitary; flowering pedicels 12-17 (-20) mm long, angled, erect, geniculate at anthesis, green, sparsely to moderately pubescent, the eglandular trichomes long, spreading; pedicels scars inconspicuous. Buds ovoid or globose, inflated, yellowish-green with purple spots or almost entirely purple. Flowers 5-merous. Calyx 1.75-2 mm long, 2-2.5 mm wide, cup-shaped, thick, green, densely pubescent, the calyx appendages 5, (0.5-) 1-2 (-2.5) mm long, 0.2-0.3 mm wide, subequal, thin, erect, cylindrical or subulate, inserted very close to the margin. Corolla 7-9 mm long, 14-14.5 mm in diameter, white with yellowish-green spots and pale purple pigmentation outside, white with intense purple spots, greenish-yellow star and a white centre within, stellate without interpetalar membrane, lobed halfway or less of the way to the base, pubescent adaxially with a continuous ring of glandular trichomes (stalk long, 2-3-celled; head globose, peltate, unicellular) in the throat and base of the lobes, glabrous abaxially, the tube 3.5-4.5 mm long, the lobes (3.5-) 4.2-4.5 mm long, (3.7-) 4-4.75 mm wide, triangular or ovate, spreading, the margins finely ciliate, the tips acute or cucullate, papillate. Stamens five, equal; filaments 2.4-3.6 mm long, white or cream, inserted on the corolla ca. 1.75 mm from the base, with auricles fused to the corolla at the point of insertion; anthers 1.5-2 mm long, ellipsoid, yellow or cream, not connivent at anthesis. Gynoecium with ovary 1.3-1.5 mm in diameter, light green, subglobose; ovules more than two per locule; nectary ca. 0.3 mm tall; styles homomorphic, 3-4.5 mm long, at the same level or barely exserted beyond the anthers, clavate, cream; stigma 0.3 mm long, 0.75-0.9 mm wide, discoid, pale green. Berry 7-9 mm in diameter, globose or globose-depressed, green when immature, greenish-golden yellow at maturity, deciduous, pungent, the pericarp thin, translucent, with giant cells (endocarp alveolate); stone cells absent; fruiting pedicels (13-) 15-24 mm long, pendent, angled, widened distally, green; fruiting calyx 4-5 mm in diameter, persistent, not accrescent, discoid, green, the appendages 0.7-3 mm long, spreading, green. Seeds 8-15 per fruit, (2-) 2.4-2.8 mm long, 2.2-2.5 mm wide, C-shaped or ellipsoid, brownish-black to black, the seed coat reticulate in seed body and tuberculate at margins (SM), reticulate with pillar-like outgrowths at margins (SEM); the cells polygonal in shape, the lateral walls wavy, straight at margins; embryo imbricate.

Distribution.

Capsicum villosum is endemic to south-eastern Brazil, most commonly in Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and São Paulo States and only one collection from the State of Espírito Santo (Fig. 119 ).

Ecology.

Capsicum villosum inhabits montane rain forests of the coastal and interior Atlantic Forest (Mata Atlântica), highly adapted to different formations (Floresta Ombrófila Densa, Floresta Ombrófila Mista Aluvial, Campo Rupestre). It forms small colonies along paths near rivers, streams or waterfalls and in open clearings exposed to sun or under the shade, between 500 and 1,900 m elevation.

Phenology.

Flowering from October to April. Fruiting from late December to July.

Chromosome number.

n = 13 ( Pozzobon and Schifino-Wittmann 2006, as C. villosum var. villosum ); 2 n = 2x = 26 ( Pozzobon et al. 2006, as C. villosum var. villosum Scaldaferro et al. 2016).

Common names.

Brazil. Pimentinha ( São Paulo, Kirizawa 3288).

Uses.

None recorded.

Preliminary conservation assessment.

EOO (216,703.381 km2); AOO (172 km2). Capsicum villosum is relatively widespread in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and occurs in several reserves or in restored and recuperating forests of this system. Although C. villosum has a large EOO and occurs in a number of locations, we assign the Near Threatened (NT) category, since the pressure on this ecosystem continues due to the illegal extraction of the forests and its replacement by other land uses which may adversely affect some subpopulations.

Discussion.

Capsicum villosum is a hairy species of the Atlantic Forest clade ( Carrizo García et al. 2016). This species has dense pubescence, easily visible to the naked eye on all organs of the plant, geniculate pedicels, calyx with five appendages, corolla with various degrees of purple pigmentation within, filaments much longer than anthers, greenish-golden yellow pungent fruits and brownish-black to black seeds (Fig. 121 ).

The density and type of pubescence on C. villosum is highlighted in the specific epithet. Capsicum cornutum , C. muticum and C. rabenii are also variable in pubescence density. Capsicum villosum can be distinguished for these other pubescent species mainly by corolla colour or size and calyx appendages. Capsicum villosum and C. rabenii have five subequal calyx appendages and similar corolla size, but the corolla of C. villosum has intense purple spots inside, while in C. rabenii , the corolla is only purple or lilac on the margins (Fig. 106F, G ). Capsicum cornutum has a larger corolla than C. villosum and up to 10 unequal calyx appendages (Fig. 53C, D ), while C. muticum lacks calyx appendages and has no intense purple colouration within the corolla (Fig. 93E, F ).

Capsicum villosum is related to C. mirabile ( Carrizo García et al. 2016); they can be differentiated by the dense pubescence and smaller corolla (7-9 mm long) in C. villosum vs. plants glabrescent to glabrous and larger corollas (6-12 mm long) in C. mirabile .

Smith and Downs (1966) identified plants of Athenaea wettsteiniana (Witasek) I.M.C.Rodrigues & Stehmann and Athenaea fasciculata (Vell.) I.M.C.Rodrigues & Stehmann as C. villosum in their flora of Santa Catarina State, Brazil; C. villosum does not grow in Santa Catarina. Hunziker (1969b) cited Mexia 4328 as a paratype of C. buforum (= C. mirabile ), stating that young stems, leaves, pedicels and calyx are pubescent, a character (amongst others) that places it within the circumscription of C. villosum .

In describing C. villosum , Sendtner (1846) cited several collections for the species (Pohl s.n.) and the varieties (Martius s.n. for var. Capsicum villosum latifolium ; Schott s.n. and Selllow s.n. for var. Capsicum latifolium muticum [see above under C. muticum ]). Original material collected by Pohl from "Villa Riccam", the cited locality and bearing the number “3674”, was found in three Herbaria (CORD, F, W). The three sheets housed at W are the best-preserved, two of these specimens (acc. #0074663, acc. #0074664) are only labelled with the number ‘3674’ on the sheet, while the other (acc. # 0074662) has an original complete label with the locality data of the protologue and, for this reason, is here designated as lectotype. Collections of Martius with the protologue locality for C. villosum var. latifolium were found in Munich and a fragment at CORD; the one at M (M-0171535) is the best-preserved and is selected as the lectotype.

Doubtful names

Capsicum annuum L. var. fingerhuthi Alef., Landw. Fl.: 133. 1866.

Type. No locality cited (no specimens cited, no original material located). This variety was compared with C. annuum L. var. cordiforme (Mill.) Alef. but with scarlet fruit = C. annuum L. var. annuum or C. chinense Jacq.

Capsicum annuum L. var. leptoceras Alef., Landw. Fl.: 132. 1866.

Type. "So erhielt ich Exempl. aus Mexico" (no specimens cited, no original material located). The short German description for this variety refers to the size, shape and colour of the fruit and the calyx appendages shape which can apply to both Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum or C. baccatum var. pendulum (Willd.) Eshbaugh

Capsicum annuum L. var. varians Voss in Vilm., Vilm. Blumengärtn., ed. 3. 1: 723. 1894.

Type. No locality cited (no specimens cited, no original material located). Voss (1894) described this variety alluding to the shape and the colour change of the fruit (mostly yellow or scarlet to red) = C. annuum L. var. annuum or C. chinense Jacq. or C. baccatum var. pendulum (Willd.) Eshbaugh

Capsicum annuum L. var. weinmanni Alef., Landw. Fl.: 133. 1866.

Type. No locality cited (no specimens cited, no original material located). Alefeld (1866) indicated this variety was similar to C. annuum L. var. longum (DC.) Alef., but different in its vermilion fruit colour = Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum or C. baccatum var. pendulum (Willd.) Eshbaugh

Capsicum bauhini Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 428. 1852.

Type. No locality cited. Dunal (1852) repeats exactly the Bauhin (1623: 103) polynomial "Piper Indicum, caule piloso, flore majore; Piper Indicum, caule pilis albis praedito, Cam." (no type specimens cited, no original material located). = probably C. annuum L. var. annuum .

Capsicum cerasiflorum Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 1: 190. 1821.

Type. “Habitat....”. (no specimens cited; original material in B, destroyed). As Link’s description is very brief and the characters mentioned are common to many species ("Petiolis junioribus ciliatis baccis erectis globosis"), its identity is uncertain and could apply to any of these domesticated species: Capsicum annuum L., C. chinense Jacq., or C. baccatum L.

Capsicum cerasiforme Willd. var. cerasiflorum (Link) Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13 (1): 422. 1852.

Type: Based on Capsicum cerasiflorum Link (a doubtful name, see above).

Capsicum cerasiforme Willd. var. minus Fingerh., Monogr. Capsic.: 20. 1832.

Type. "Patria America australis et India? orientalis" (no specimens cited; no original material located). Fingerhuth (1832) gave a very short description "fructu minori luteo vel rubro" for this variety, which can be attributed to C. annuum var. glabriusculum (Dunal) Heiser & Pickersgill or to C. chinense Jacq.

Capsicum chamaecerasus Nees, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 17: 65. 1834. nom. illeg. superfl.

Type. Based on Capsicum cerasiforme Poir., Enc. Meth. 5 [in error Suppl. v.] p. 325. (nec Willd.), 1804 and Capsicum purpureum Roxb. (ad partem) (both are cited in synonymy). As there is no accurate evidence of Nees concept for C. cerasiforme (in this treatment C. cerasiforme Lam. and C. cerasiforme Willd. are synonyms of C. chinense ) and because C. purpureum Roxb. is considered here synonymy of C. annuum var. annuum , we cannot properly assign identity of C. chamaecerasus .

Capsicum conicum Hornem., Hort. Bot. Hafn. Suppl.: 27. 1819, nom. illeg., not C. conicum G. Mey. (1794).

Type. "Hab. - - C. [Planta Caldarii] intr. 1813. Missum a celb. Sohradero sub hoc nomime" (no original material located). Hornemann (1819) described C. conicum , based on cultivated material at Horto Hafniensis (Copenhagen), with no provenance data. His short diagnosis does not allow us to determine if this name represents C. annuum L. var annuum or C. chinense Jacq., but we prefer not to assign it to either until original material can be found (probably in C).

Capsicum cordiforme Mill. var. cerasicarpon Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 428. 1852.

Type. "v.v. in hort. Monsp. s. in h. meo." (no original material located). Dunal (1852) described this variety with living material from the Botanical Gardens in Montpellier and from a specimen housed at MPU. We have been unable to find any material corresponding to this name. The description "fructu globoso Capsicum pendulo rubro cersai colore et magnitudine" can be applied to C. annuum L. var. annuum or C. chinense Jacq.

Capsicum hornemanii Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 429. 1852.

Type. Replacement name for C. conicum Hornem. (see above).

Capsicum indicum Dierb., Arch. Apotheker-Vereins Nordl. Teutschl. 30: 22. 1829.

Type. " Capsicum indicum Lobelii"; Dierbach (1829) preferred the use of the L’Obel’s pre-Linnaean designation " Capsicum indicum " ( L’Obel, 1576: 116) instead of using one of the Linnaean species names to refer to all chili peppers known by him. Dierbach’s brief description ("foliis oppositis, fructibus polymorphis, seminibus compressis") could apply to at least four of the cultivated species ( C. annuum L., C. frutescens L., C. chinense Jacq. or C. baccatum L.) and, in the absence of a type specimen, we consider C. indicum a doubtful name. Dierbach (1829) proposed very confusing infraspecific classification for the single species ( C. indicum ) of peppers he recognised. He designated unranked taxa by numbers (1 to 5), based on broad variation in fruit shape. None of these names (see below) has an indication to a reference or a specimen and the description of the fruits could again apply to any domesticated Capsicum species.

Capsicum indicum Dierb. [unranked category] 1) macrocarpon, Dierb., Arch. Apotheker-Vereins Nordl. Teutschl. 30: 22. 1829.

Capsicum indicum Dierb. [unranked category] 2) pachycarpon, Dierb., Arch. Apotheker-Vereins Nordl. Teutschl. 30: 25. 1829.

Capsicum indicum Dierb. [unranked category] 3) cerasocarpon, Dierb., Arch. Apotheker-Vereins Nordl. Teutschl. 30: 26. 1829.

Capsicum indicum Dierb. [unranked category] 4) elaeocarpon, Dierb., Arch. Apotheker-Vereins Nordl. Teutschl. 30: 28. 1829.

Capsicum indicum Dierb. [unranked category] 5) microcarpon, Dierb., Arch. Apotheker-Vereins Nordl. Teutschl. 30: 29. 1829.

Capsicum micranthum Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 1: 190. 1821.

Type. "Hab. in Brasilia" (no specimens cited; no original material located); Link (1821) gave a short diagnosis for C. micranthum ; the calyx and fruit features, as well as its origin (Brazil), make us suppose that it could be C. frutescens L., but as Link did not mention type specimens, we cannot unequivocally assure its identity.

Capsicum pyramidale Mill. var. torulosum (Hort.Matr. ex Hornem.) Fingerh., Monogr. Capsic.: 15. 1832.

Type. Based on Capsicum torulosum Hort.Matr. ex Hornem. (a doubtful name itself).

Capsicum torulosum Hort.Matr. ex Hornem., Hort. Bot. Hafn. Suppl.: 27. 1819.

Type. "Hab.- - C. [Planta Caldarii] intr. 1815". Hornemann (1819) described C. torulosum , based on cultivated material at Horto Hafniensis (Copenhagen), from Horto Matritensis. In the diagnosis, he also added "An diversum a C. pendulo ?". As we did not find original material, we cannot exactly place this name, but judging by the diagnosis, it could be C. annuum L. var. annuum or C. baccatum var. pendulum (Willd.) Eshbaugh.

Names (designations) not validly published

Designations are listed in alphabetic order; ICN Articles refer to the Shenzhen Code ( Turland et al. 2018).

Capsicum section Eucapsicum Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 448. 1891, not validly published, the name of the subdivision formed from the name of the genus by adding the prefix Eu- (Art. 21.3).

Capsicum section Eucapsicum Wettst., Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4(3b): 20. 1891, not validly published, the name of the subdivision formed from the name of the genus by adding the prefix Eu- (Art. 21.3).

Capsicum annuum L. forma chlorocarpum Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 449. 1891, nomen subnudum; Kuntze (1891) only says "fructus virides"; this scarce information associated with this name does not distinguish it from any other species.

Capsicum annuum L. forma leucocarpum Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 449. 1891, certainly not intended as a new name, citation of "albidi (Mill. em.)" = C. annuum L. var. annuum

Capsicum annuum L. forma luteum Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 449. 1891, certainly not intended as a new name, citation of "fructus aurantiaci vel rubri vel flavi (W. em.)" = C. annuum L. var. annuum

Capsicum annuum L. forma violaceum Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 449. 1891, certainly not intended as a new name, citation of "fructus violacei, atropurpurei (Brouss. em.)" = C. annuum L. var. annuum

Capsicum annuum L. var. leucocarpon Voss in Vilm., Vilm. Blumengärtn., ed. 3. 1: 723.1894, nom. subnudum; the very brief German description does not provide a character to distinguish this variety from any other and it is not validly published.

Capsicum baccatum Buch.-Ham. ex Wall., Numer. List [Wallich] n. 2644. 1831, nomen nudum; a manuscript name for a specimen from Jolpighurri (India) held at K [K001116731] = C. frutescens L.

Capsicum baccatum hort.Genev. ex Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 420. 1852, pro syn. Capsicum angustifolium Dunal = C. annuum L. var. annuum

Capsicum caerulescens Besser, Cat. Hort. Crem.: 29. 1816, not validly published; name in a list with no diagnosis or description (Art. 38.1) and referred to other nomen nudum Capsicum luteum H.V. [(Schott) H. Vindebonensis] cited in Besser (1811. p. 25 [in error: 17], n. 6) = probably C. annuum L. var. annuum .

Capsicum cerasiforme hort. ex Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 420. 1852, pro syn. C. baccatum L.; based on a manuscript name " Capsicum baccatum hort.", at G-DC [G0000131879] = Capsicum baccatum L.

Capsicum cydoniforme hort. ex Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 4: 561. 1819; pro syn. C. tetragonum Mill. = C. annuum L. var. annuum .

Capsicum longum Bouton ex Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 414. 1852, pro syn. Capsicum conoide Mill.; based on a manuscript name " Capsicum longum , Isle Mauricie, 1839, L. Boutoun " at G-DC [G0000131840] = Capsicum frutescens L.

Capsicum minimum Blanco, Fl. Filip. [F.M. Blanco]: 133. 1837, not intended as a new name, citation of Capsicum minimum Roxb. in text ( Merrill 1918) = C. frutescens L.

Capsicum narunca Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 414. 1852, pro syn. Capsicum bicolor Jacq.; based on a manuscript name " Capsicum naruna" at G-DC [G00131853], = Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum .

Capsicum odoratum Steud., Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2. 1: 279. 1840, not validly published; no diagnosis or description (Art. 38.1), name in a list with only " Arrab. [Anton da Arrabida], Brasil " as reference = identity uncertain.

Capsicum pubescens Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 415. 1852, pro syn. C. chlorocladum Dunal; based on a manuscript name " Capsicum pubescens Dun. 2 Feb 1844", at G-DC [G00131884] = C. annuum L. var. glabriusculum (Dunal) Heiser & Pickersgill.

Capsicum tournefortii Besser, Cat. Hort. Crem.: 30. 1816, not validly published; no diagnosis or description (Art. 38.1), name in a list referred to other nomen nudum Capsicum "(Tourneforti) pomiferum L." ( Besser 1815: 6) = probably C. annuum L. var. annuum .

Capsicum violaceum Desf., Tabl. École Bot. 70. 1804; Desv. in Ham. Prod. 25. 1804, not validly published; no diagnosis or description (Art. 38.1) = probably C. annuum L. var. annuum

Capsicum violaceum H.R.M.Brouss., Elench. Monsp.: 12. 1805, not validly published; no diagnosis or description (Art. 38.1), name in a list as "C. Capsicum violaceum H.R.M. [Horto Regis Matritensis] = C. annuum L. var. annuum

Solanum brachypodum Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 411. 1852, pro syn. Bassovia brachypoda Dunal; based on a manuscript name at G; the Pavon specimen at G is annotated " Solanum brachypodum Dun." = Capsicum hookerianum (Miers) Kuntze

Solanum divergens Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 411. 1852, pro syn. Bassovia leptopoda Dunal; based on a manuscript name at H. Banks (BM000798808) where it is ink-annotated "S. Solanum divergens Dun. ined." and with a pencil annotation on the same label "n. 131" = Capsicum muticum Barboza

Solanum leptopodum Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 411. 1852, pro syn. Bassovia leptopoda Dunal; based on handwritten names at MPU (MPU023056) and G-DC (G00131651) = Capsicum muticum Barboza

Excluded names

Capsicum anomalum Franch. & Sav., Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 452. 1878 = Tubocapsicum anomalum (Franch. & Sav.) Makino ( Hunziker 2001).

Capsicum asterotrichum Standl., Publ. Field Mus . Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 4: 259. 1929 = Witheringia asterotricha (Standl.) Hunz. ( Bohs 2015).

Capsicum boninense Koidz., Fl. Symb. Orient.-Asiat.: 31. 1930 = Tubocapsicum anoma-lum (Franch. & Sav.) Makino ( D’Arcy et al. 2001).

Capsicum costaricense Standl. & C.V.Morton, Publ. Field Mus . Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 18: 1040. 1938 = Witheringia asterotricha (Standl.) Hunz. ( Bohs 2015).

Capsicum dunalii Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 450. 1891, nom. nov. for Fregirardia angustifolia Dunal = Lycianthes lycioides (L.) Hassl. ( Barboza and Hunziker 1992).

Capsicum glandulosum Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 417.1852 = Vassobia breviflora (Sendtn.) Hunz. ( Hunziker 1984).

Capsicum grandiflorum Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3[3]: 218. 1898 = Vassobia fasciculata (Miers) Hunz. ( Hunziker 1984).

Capsicum inaequale Vell., Fl. Flumin.: 61. 1829 ( “1825”) = Solanum didymum Dunal ( Knapp et al. 2015).

Capsicum isothrix Standl., Publ. Field Mus . Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 18: 1567. 1938 = Witheringia solanacea L’Her. ( Bohs 2015).

Capsicum lundellii C.V.Morton, Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 4: 25. 1940 = Witheringia affinis (C.V. Morton) Hunz. (Gentry & Standley 1974).

Capsicum macranthum Standl. & C.V.Morton, Publ. Field Mus . Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 18: 1042.1938 = Witheringia macrantha (Standl. & C.V.Morton) Hunz. ( Bohs 2015).

Capsicum maculatum Standl. & C.V.Morton, Publ. Field Mus . Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 18: 1043. 1938 = Witheringia maculata (Standl. & C.V.Morton) Hunz. ( Bohs 2015).

Capsicum malacophyllum Standl., Publ. Field Mus . Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 4: 260. 1929 = Witheringia stramoniifolia Kunth ( Nee 1986).

Capsicum multiflorum Standl. & C.V.Morton, Publ. Field Mus . Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 18: 1043. 1938 = Witheringia asterotricha (Standl.) Hunz. ( Bohs 2015).

Capsicum silvigaudens Standl. & L.O.Williams, Ceiba 3: 57. 1952 = Witheringia meiantha (Donn. Sm.) Hunz. ( Nelson 2001).

Capsicum solanaceum ( L'Her.) Kuntze var. glabrescens Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 450. 1891 = Witheringia solanacea L’Her. ( Hunziker 1969a).

Capsicum solanaceum ( L'Her.) Kuntze var. pubescens Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 450. 1891 = Witheringia solanacea L’Her. ( Hunziker 1969a).

Capsicum stenophyllum C.V.Morton & Standl., Publ. Field Mus . Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 18: 1044. 1938 = Witheringia meiantha (Donn. Sm.) Hunz. ( Bohs 2015).

Capsicum subulatum Standl. & C.V.Morton, Publ. Field Mus . Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 18: 1044. 1938 = Witheringia stramonifolia Kunth ( Bohs 2015).

Capsicum tetramerum Standl. & C.V.Morton, Publ. Field Mus . Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 18: 1045. 1938 = Witheringia solanacea L’Her. ( Bohs 2015).

Capsicum torulosum Vell., Fl. Flumin.: 60. 1829 ( “1825”) = Pombalia atropurpureum (St.Hil.) Paula-Souza ( Violaceae ) ( Knapp et al. 2015).

Capsicum velutinum Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 448. 1891 = Athenaea velutina (Sendtn.) D’Arcy ( Rodrigues et al. 2019).

Capsicum viscidum Standl., Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 461: 84. 1935 = Witheringia nelsonii (Fernald) Hunz. ( Nee 1986).

Figures

Figure 53. Capsicum cornutum A plant B flower on geniculate pedicel C flower, in lateral view, showing the calyx D flower, in front view E immature fruit. From Barboza & Cosa 2525. Photos by G. E. Barboza.

Figure 93. Capsicum muticum A habitat (degraded Atlantic Forest) B plant C stem and leaves showing the dense indument D flower bud on geniculate pedicel E flower, in lateral view F flower, in front view G immature fruit H fruit near maturity. From Barboza et al. 5032. Photos by G. E. Barboza.

Figure 106. Capsicum rabenii A plant B leaf, abaxial surface showing pubescence on the veins C reproductive nodes D bud on geniculate pedicel E flower, lateral view F rotate corolla G stellate corolla H flower showing the exserted style I immature fruits J globose mature fruits K ellipsoid mature fruit and fruiting calyx A-I, K from Barboza & Deanna 5003 J from Barboza et al. 1646. Photos by G. E. Barboza.

Figure 119. Distribution of C. tovarii and C. villosum.

Figure 120. Capsicum villosum A flowering branch B flower C section of the calyx showing the venation D eglandular and glandular trichomes of the calyx E sector of opened corolla F gynoecium G fruit H anatomical detail of the pericarp (note the giant cells in the mesocarp) I seed J structure of seed coat at the seed margin A, B, D-F from Hunziker 1956 6 C, H, J from Hunziker 25174 G, I from Schwacke s. n. Drawn by L. Sanchez. Modified from Hunziker (1971), reproduced with permission.

Figure 121. Capsicum villosum A plant B flower bud on a geniculate pedicel C flower, seen from behind D flower before full anthesis, front view E flower at full anthesis, front view F fruiting branch, with mature and mature fruits A, B, E, F from Barboza et al. 1655, photos by G. E. Barboza C, D from Barboza & Deanna 5026 bis, photos by R. Deanna.