Pulvinaria, Targioni Tozzetti

Moghaddam, Masumeh & Watson, Gillian W., 2024, The Scale Insects Of Iran (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) Part 3 The Soft Scales (Coccidae) And Other Families, Zootaxa 5542 (1), pp. 1-202 : 76-77

Genus PULVINARIA Targioni Tozzetti

Pulvinaria Targioni Tozzetti, 1866: 146 . Type species: Coccus vitis Linnaeus by monotypy and original designation. Chloropulvinaria Borchsenius, 1952b: 299 . Pulvinariella Borchsenius, 1953: 287 . Eupulvinaria Borchsenius, 1953: 288 . Saccharipulvinaria Tao, Wong & Chang, 1983: 85 .

Diagnostic characters of the adult female: Live adult female convex, secreting a long, parallel-sided white ovisac at maturity. Slide-mounted, body usually with stigmatic clefts developed; stigmatic setae numbering 3 in each stigmatic cleft, with middle seta longest. Preopercular pores present anterior to anal plates. Ventral tubular ducts of 3 or more types present in submarginal band, but these ducts sometimes absent or few medially on head; with some ducts present near bases of antennae and procoxae, and always present medially on thorax and abdomen. Pregenital disc-pores usually each with 10 loculi but sometimes fewer, numerous around anogenital fold, and generally present across abdomen, sometimes laterad to coxae, but rare elsewhere. Marginal setae spinose, with apices blunt / pointed / notched / bifid. Dorsal duct tubercles present or absent.

Comments: Worldwide, 143 species are included in Pulvinaria ( García Morales et al. 2016) . Six species are known from Iran ( Bodenheimer 1944b; Kaussari 1957); in addition, P. gossypii (Bodenheimer) was described from Iran but it is not included below because the original description by Bodenheimer (1944b) is too poor and no illustration was provided.

Key to species of Pulvinaria in Iran, based on slide-mounted adult females.

Note: No evidence has been found that P. camelicola occurs in Iran, other than the mention in Bodenheimer (1944b), but it is included in the key as a precautionary measure.

1(0) Dorsum without submarginal duct tubercles................................................................ 2

- Dorsum with submarginal duct tubercles.................................................................. 3

2(1) Multilocular disc-pores widespread and numerous in medial and submedial areas of abdomen, thorax and head. Dense submarginal band of tubular ducts complete, present on head. Dorsal setae lanceolate...... .. aligarhensis Avasthi & Shafee

- Multilocular disc-pores only numerous on posterior abdominal segments and sometimes by coxae, absent from medial areas of thorax. Dense submarginal band of tubular ducts reaching forward to anterior spiracular furrow, absent from front of head. Dorsal setae spiniform............................................................ urbicola Cockerell (in part)

3(1) Marginal setae all with tips never split, but they may be clubbed, capitate, rounded or acutely pointed...... vitis (Linnaeus)

- Some or all marginal setae with tips notched / bifid / fimbriate.................................................. 4

4(3) Dense submarginal band of tubular ducts reaching as far forward as anterior to antennal base, absent from front of head. Dorsal areolations well developed............................................................... aurantii Cockerell

- Dense submarginal band of tubular ducts reaching no further forward than anterior spiracular furrow. Dorsal areolations well developed / small / absent.............................................................................. 5

5(4) Dense submarginal band of tubular ducts reaching as far forward as anterior spiracular furrow... urbicola Cockerell (in part)

- Dense submarginal band of tubular ducts reaching no further forward than posterior spiracular furrow, occasionally with a few such ducts between anterior and posterior furrows but not dense................................................ 6

6(5) Dorsum with dorsal tubular ducts each associated with a well-developed large dermal areolation. Head without ventral tubular ducts each with a filamentous inner ductule and lacking a terminal gland......................... camelicola Signoret

- Dorsum usually without tubular ducts; dermal areolations, if present, small. Marginal to submarginal areas of head with a few ventral tubular ducts each with a filamentous inner ductule and lacking a terminal gland............ floccifera (Westwood)