Synaldis Foerster, 1863

Peris-Felipo, Francisco Javier, Santa, Fernando, van Achterberg, Cornelis & Belokobylskij, Sergey A., 2025, Review of the genera and subgenera of the subtribe Aspilotina (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae), with a new illustrated key, ZooKeys 1229, pp. 133-200 : 133-200

publication ID	https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1229.142489
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9EE07D11-A890-4009-BDA7-92ABF8540512
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14932156
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/97A112E2-02A3-5F63-AA22-76BC2E11900C
treatment provided by	ZooKeys by Pensoft (2025-02-26 15:25:51, last updated 2025-02-26 15:49:07)
scientific name	Synaldis Foerster, 1863
status

Treatment

Subgenus Synaldis Foerster, 1863

Synaldis Foerster, 1863: 273; Fischer 1962: 1; 1971: 139; Tobias 1971: 199 (key); Shenefelt 1974: 1020; Tobias 1986: 123; Fischer 1993 b: 567; 1997: 107; Belokobylskij 2002: 404; 2004 a: 1991; 2004 b: 935; Belokobylskij and Tobias 2007: 58; Fischer et al. 2008: 1461; Yu et al. 2016; Peris-Felipo and Belokobylskij 2017: 4; Zhu et al. 2017: 61; Dias de Oliveira and Penteado-Dias 2024: 280. View in CoL

Eudinostigma Tobias, 1986: 244, syn. nov. View in CoL

Type species.

Bassus concolor Nees, 1812 , by original designation (lost) (Figs 20 View Figure 20 , 21 View Figure 21 ).

Material examined.

Dinotrema (Synaldis) concolor : Austria: • ♀, Mischerdorf, Burgenland, 5. ix. 1956 (Fischer leg.) ( NHMW); • ♀, Mischerdorf, Burgenland, 6. viii. 1958 (Fischer leg.) ( NHMW); • ♀, Spitzzicken , Burgenland, 5. ix. 1956 (Fischer leg.) ( NHMW). Hungary: • ♀, Nagyrákos , 6. vi. 1985 (Rozner leg.) ( HNHM). Slovakia: • ♀, Orosva Polhora , 25. vii. 1988 (Podlussány leg.) ( HNHM). Dinotrema (Synaldis) cracipes [= Pterusa cracipes ]: Holotype: Austria: • ♂, Wimpassing, Nieder-Österreich (Leitha-Gebirge), 2. v. 1915 (Fischer leg.) ( NHMW).

Diagnosis.

The main characters of this subgenus are shared with Dinotrema sensu stricto, but it has vein 2 - SR of fore wing absent.

Remarks.

The status of Synaldis has been uncertain for a long time. Van Achterberg (1988) revised the genera of the Aspilota group and first synonymised this genus with the re-established Dinotrema based on the not enlarged paraclypeal fovea (the plesiomorphic state). As a result, the former Synaldis species were distributed among the genera Aspilota and Dinotrema according to the new used diagnostic feature, the size and position of the paraclypeal fovea. For some time, the synonymy of Synaldis was not accepted by several experts working on alysiine taxa ( Fischer 1993 a, 1993 b; Papp 2001; Belokobylskij 2002; Peris-Felipo et al. 2014 a). It is necessary to underline that the apomorphic feature of the subgenus, the complete reduction of vein 2 - SR of the fore wing, is a peculiar evolutionary event which also resulted in the disappearance of the distinct break (corner) between veins r and 3 - SR and this part is only gently and relatively widely curved. Such an apomorphic state of the wing venation might represent an important qualitative transformation and could support at least a subgeneric status of Synaldis ( Belokobylskij 2002; Peris-Felipo and Belokobylskij 2014, 2017). However, the intermediate state is also known, both with the presence of non-sclerotised vein 2 - SR and vein r not angled with vein 3 - SR (e. g., D. (D.) pulvinatum (Stelfox & Graham) as depicted by van Achterberg 1988) or vein 2 - SR entirely absent (e. g., D. (S.) cespitator (Belokobylskij, 2004) , comb. nov.), D. (S.) perfidum (Fischer, 1970) , comb. nov. (as depicted by Fischer 1970) and D. (S.) trematosum (Fischer, 1967) , comb. nov. (as depicted by Fischer 1967) with vein r weakly angled with 3 - SR). The variation of vein 2 - SR from entirely absent to entirely present and non-sclerotised vein is aptly shown in D. (D.) concinnum (Haliday, 1838) . Therefore, we agree with Zhu et al. (2017) to recognise Synaldis as a subgenus for convenience. Its position as separate genus likely will render the genus Dinotrema paraphyletic, and the loss of vein 2 - SR occurred probably more than once in Dinotrema and is variable within some taxa as illustrated by D. concinnum ( König 1972) and the type species of the genus Synaldotrema ( Belokobylskij and Tobias 2002) .

References

Fischer M (1993 b) Eine neue Studie über Buckelfliegen-Kieferwespen: Synaldis Foerster und Dinotrema Foerster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae). Linzer biologische Beiträge 25 (2): 565–592.

Belokobylskij SA (2004 a) Eastern Palaearctic species of the braconid wasp genus Synaldis Förster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae). Species with mesoscutal pit: I. Entomological Review 84 (2): 191–215.

Belokobylskij SA (2004 b) Eastern Palaearctic species of the braconid wasp genus Synaldis Förster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae). Species with mesoscutal pit: II. Entomological Review 84 (8): 935–945.

Fischer M (1993 a) Zur Formenvielfalt der Kieferwespen der Alten Welt: Über die Gattungen Synaldis Foerster, Trisynaldis Fischer und Kritscherysia Fischer, gen. nov. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 94–95 (B): 451–490.

Peris-Felipo FJ, Belokobylskij SA, Jiménez-Peydró R (2014 a) Revision of the Western Palaearctic species of the genus Dinotrema Foerster, 1862 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae). Zootaxa 3885 (1): 1–483. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3885.1.1

Belokobylskij SA (2002) Eastern Palaearctic species of the braconid wasp genus Synaldis Förster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae). Species without mesoscutal pit. Entomological Review 82 (4): 404–423.

Belokobylskij SA, Tobias VI (2002) New subgenus of the genus Dinotrema Foerster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae) from East Palaearctic with description of a new species. Far Eastern Entomologist 120: 1–7.

Belokobylskij SA, Tobias VI (2007) Fam. Braconidae. Subfam. Alysiinae. Group of genera closed to Aspilota. In: Lelej AS (Ed.) Key to the Insects of the Russian Far East. Neuropteroidea, Mecoptera, Hymenoptera. Vol. IV, pt 5. Dal’nauka, Vladivostok, 9–133. [In Russian]

Dias de Oliveira F, Penteado-Dias AM (2024) First record of subgenus Synaldis Foerster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae, Dinotrema Foerster) from Chile, with description of ten new species. ZooKeys 1206: 275–314. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1206.124515

Fischer M (1962) Das Genus Synaldis Foerster. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 38: 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnz.4830380102

Fischer M (1997) Taxonomische Untersuchungen über Kieferwespen (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Alysiinae) der Alten Welt. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B 99 (B): 97–143.

Fischer M, Tormos J, Pardo X, Asis JD (2008) New citations of Alysiini from Spain, with a description of Dinotrema mediocornis hispanicum nov. ssp. and of the females of Aspilota inflatinervis and Synaldis azorica (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae). Linzer biologische Beiträge 40 (2): 1449–1466.

Foerster A (1863) Synopsis der Familien und Gattungen der Braconiden. Verhandlungen des Naturhistorischen Vereins der Preussischen Rheinlande und Westfalens 19: 225-288.

König R (1972) Zur Systematik, Faunistik, Phänologie und Ökologie mitteleuropäischer Braconiden (Hymenoptera) (1). Faunistisch-Ökologische Mitteilungen 4: 85–106.

Papp J (2001) Braconidae (Hymenoptera) from Korea XX. Alysiinae: Alysiini, Aspilota genus group. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 47 (1): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.17109/AZH.62.1.1.2016

Peris-Felipo FJ, Belokobylskij SA (2014) Three new species of the genera Aspilota Foerster and Synaldis Foerster from the North Europe (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae). Annales Zoologici 64 (4): 683–692. https://doi.org/10.3161/000345414X685965

Peris-Felipo FJ, Belokobylskij SA (2017) The genus Synaldis Foerster, 1863 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Alysiinae) in the Neotropical region: first record, descriptions of new species and a key to the New World taxa. European Journal of Taxonomy 386: 1–28. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.386

Shenefelt RD (1974) Pars II. Braconidae 7. Alysiinae. In van der Vecht, J. and Shenefelt R. D., Hymenopterorum Catalogus (nova editio). Dr. W. Junk, The Hague, 937–1113.

Tobias VI (1971) Review of Braconidae (Hymenoptera) of the U. S. S. R. Trudy Vsesoyuznogo Entomologicheskogo Obshchestva [Proceedings of All-Union Entomological Society] 54: 156–268 [in Russian]

Tobias VI (1986) Subfamily Alysiinae. In: Medvedev GS (Ed.) Opredelitel’ nasekomykh Evropeyskoy chasti SSSR [Key to insects of the USSR European part], Vol. 3, Part 5, Nauka, Leningrad, 100–231. [In Russian] https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.46334

Tobias VI (1986) Subfamily Alysiinae. In: Medvedev GS (Ed.) Opredelitel' nasekomykh Evropeyskoy chasti SSSR [Key to insects of the USSR European part], Vol. 3, Part 5, Nauka, Leningrad, 100-231. [In Russian] https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.46334

van Achterberg C (1988) The genera of the Aspilota - group and some descriptions of fungicolous Alysiini from the Netherlands (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Alysiinae). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden 247: 1–88.

Yu DS, van Achterberg C, Horstmann K (2016) Taxapad 2016, Ichneumonoidea 2015. Database on flash-drive. Ottawa, Ontario.

Zhu J, van Achterberg C, Chen X-X (2017) An illustrated key to the genera and subgenera of the Alysiini (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae), with three genera new for China. ZooKeys 722: 37–779. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.722.14799

Figures

Figure 20. Dinotrema (Synaldis) concolor (Nees, 1812) (female) A habitus, lateral view B head and mesosoma, lateral view C mandible D antenna E head, front view F head and mesonotum, dorsal view.

Figure 21. Dinotrema (Synaldis) concolor (Nees, 1812) (female) A propodeum B legs, metasoma and ovipositor, lateral view C first metasomal tergite, dorsal view D fore and hind wings.