Pseudodiceros nigrocyaneus (Bourgoin, 1917)

Wen, Hui, Zhang, Xin-Yuan, Zhang, Shu-Tong, Xu, Hao & ., P. R., 2024, Distribution of the flower beetle Pseudodiceros nigrocyaneus (Bourgoin, 1917) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) in Asia with biological notes, Faunitaxys 12 (57), pp. 1-15 : 2-10

Pseudodiceros nigrocyaneus (Bourgoin, 1917)

( Fig. 1-39)

Diceros nigrocyaneus Bourgoin, 1917: 277 * (Type locality: Pe-Yen-Tsin, Yunnan, Chine [= Baiyanjing , former name of nowadays Shiyang Town, in Dayao Co., Yunnan, China]);

- Schenkling 1921: 52;

- Mao 1937: 1080;

- Paulian 1960: 171* (Hoa Binh, Northern Vietnam);

Coryphocera nigrocyaneus (Bourgoin) : - Schürhoff 1933: 97.

Pseudodiceros nigrocyaneus (Bourgoin) :

- Mikšić 1974: 751 (type species designation);

- Mikšić 1977: 192 (Giufu Shan, Szechuan [Mt. Jinfoshan, Chongqing, China]), fig. 27 parameres;

- Ma 1992: 442* (southern Hunan), fig. 1355 ♀ ;

- Ma 1995: 73;

- Sakai & Nagai 1998: 238* ( Mt. Jinfo-Shan , China), figs. 686- 1 ♂, 686- 2 ♀; - Krajčík 1998: 22 (catalogued) ;

- Smetana 2006: 303 (catalogued);

- Krajčík 2011: 21 (Shilin, Yunnan & Mt. Wudangshan , Hubei) *;

- Krajčík 2012: 228 (catalogued);

- Bezděk 2016: 396 (catalogued);

- Allsopp & Schoolmeesters 2024: 52 (catalogued);

- Krajčík 2024: 47 (catalogued).

Type material examined

Locality, sex, specimen numbers, and depository of Bourgoin’s type specimens were given in the original publications since 1916. However, Pseudodiceros nigrocyaneus is anexception,as he did not provide the number of specimens, but mentioned both sexes. The label data of one male and one female in BMNH (Bourgoin’s collection) conforms to those given in the original publication (Bourgoin 1917), thus both are regarded as syntypes of P. nigrocyaneus , although the species name given in Bourgoin’s handwritten type label as “nigrocyanea” differs from that reported in the original publication. The rectification of the species name was probably due to Bourgoin recognizing that the gender of the generic name is masculine. Four additional female “cotypes” of P. nigrocyaneus were found in MNHN and RMNH ( Fig. 18-21), but they cannot be treated as syntypes because their body length does not match the measurements given in the original description. Moreover, the place names on their labels are somewhat different in spelling. These four inauthentic type specimens perhaps were acquired directly from the insect dealer Henri Donckier de Donceel (1854-1926) in Paris.

To enhance the stability of nomenclature, the male syntype in BMNH is here designated as lectotype ( Fig. 16), with the following data: Pé-yen-Tsin, yunnan [hw.]// Bourgoin Coll., B.M. 1938-252// Diceros nigrocyanea [sic!], Bourgoin, ♂, Type [hw.]// SYN-TYPE. The female paralectotype ( BMNH, Fig. 17) carries the following labels: Pé-yen-Tsin, yunnan [hw.]// Bourgoin Coll., B.M. 1938-252// Diceros nigrocyanea [sic!], Bourgoin, ♀, Type [hw.]// Co-type// SYN-TYPE .

Additional material examined

China (Shaanxi)

- 2 ♂, 1 ♀ ( MYNU), Ankang City , Hanbin District, Chenjiazhuang Village, alt. 481, 2023.VIII.15, Zi-Qi WANG leg .;

- 1 ♂ ( NWAU), Ankang City , Shiquan County, 1960.VII.24 ;

1 - 2. ♂ ( Guiyang , China). 3 - 4 . ♀ (Chongqing, China). 1, 3. Dorsal view. 2, 4. Ventral view .

- 2 ♀ ( NWAU), Ankang City , Ningshan County, 1960.VII.24 ;

- 1 ♀ ( YYPC), Hanzhong City , Mianxian Co., Mt. Tiandangshan , alt. 695 m, 2023.7.10, by fruit trap in Oak trees, Yi-Wei YAO leg .;

- 1 ♀ ( YYPC), Hanzhong City , Hantai District , Nanyihuan Road , Yuxiyuan Neighborhood, 2017.VII, Jun YAO leg .;

- 1 ♀ ( YYPC), Hanzhong City , Hantai District , Nanyihuan Road , Yuxiyuan Neighborhood, 2017.VI, Jun YAO leg .;

- 1 ♂, 3 ♀ ( KSCJ), Qin Ling , ZhenbaCounty, Shaanxi, CHINA, 1997.VII.2 // Pseudodiceros nigrocyaneus (Bourgoin, 1917) , det. K.Sakai , 2016;

China (Sichuan)

- 1 ♀ ( KSCJ), 1992.VII.7, Luding, Sichuan, Wako Kotauaki// Pseudodiceros nigrocyaneus (Bourgoin, 1917) , det. K.Sakai , 2016;

- 1 ♂, 1 ♀ ( KSCJ), Mt. Shi Gang , Wanyuan City, Sichuan, China, 3-9.VIII.1997 // Pseudodiceros nigrocyaneus (Bourgoin, 1917) , det. K.Sakai , 2016;

- 1 ♂, 2 ♀ ( MYNU), LiangshanPref., Dechang Co., Mali town , LuchangVillage, alt. 1800 m, 2022.VII.8, Hao XU, Xin-Yuan ZHANG & Hui WEN leg .;

- 2 ♂, 5 ♀ ( MYNU), F1 generation of the femalesfrom Liangshan Pref., Dechang Co., Mali town , Luchang Village, alt. 1800 m, 2023.VI. 13 adults eclosed;

- 1 ♂ ( MYNU), Mianyang City , Beichuan Co., Guixi Town , Linfeng Village , Wujiahoushan, 2022.VIII.4,Yao-Yu YANG leg .;

- 2 ♂, 1 ♀ ( MYNU), Guangyuan City , Zhaohua District , Dachao Township , Xinfan Village , 2023.I.30 3rd Larvae, 2023.IV adults eclosed, Yong ZHOU leg .; - 1 ♀ ( MYNU), Bazhong , Nanjiang Co., Yangba Town , Yuanyangba , 2024.VIII.18, Yong ZHOU leg .;

- 1 ♂, 1 ♀ ( MYNU), Bazhong , Nanjiang Co., Hongta Park, alt. 585 m, 2024.VIII.11, Ding ZHOU leg .;

- 1 ♂, 3 ♀ ( MYNU), Luzhou City , Gulin Co., 2011.VII.28, Lu QIU leg .;

- 1 ♀ ( MYNU), Luzhou City , Gulin Co., Zhangde Town , Liushayan , 2014.V, Lu QIU leg .;

- 3 ♂ ( MYNU), F1 generation of the female from Luzhou City , Gulin Co., Zhangde Town , Liushayan, 2015.V adults eclosed ;

- 2 ♂, 1 ♀ ( MYNU), Luzhou City , Gulin Co., Honglonghu Forestry Park, 2021.IV. 15 adults eclosed, An-Jun SHUI leg.;

- 1 ♂ 4 ♀ ( MYNU), Mianyang City , Pingwu Co., Long'an Town , Longchiping Forestry Park, 104°31.60' E, 32°24.58' N, alt. 1000 m, 2019.VII.6-8, Hao XU & Jian-Yue QIU leg .;

- 7 ♂, 12 ♀ ( MYNU), F1 generation of the females from MianyangCity , Pingwu Co., Long'an Town , Longchiping Forestry Park, 2020.V. 10 adults eclosed;

- 1 ♀ ( MYNU), Mianyang City , Pingwu Co., Long'an Town , Longchiping Forestry Park , 2021.V.29, Jian-Yue QIU, Yu-Tang WANG & Hui WEN leg .;

- 3 ♂, 1 ♀ ( MYNU), F1 generation of the female from Mianyang City , Pingwu Co., Long'an Town , Longchiping Forestry Park, 2022.V adults eclosed ;

- 2 ♀ ( MYNU), Mianyang City , Pingwu Co., Long'an Town , Longchiping Forestry Park, 2022.VIII.15 , Hao XU, Ting XIONG & Cheng-Bin WANG leg.; - 1 ♂ ( MYNU), Mianyang City , Pingwu Co., GuchengTown , BaicaoVillage , Mt. Qiuzhushan, 2022.VIII.15 , Hao XU, Ting XIONG & Cheng-Bin WANG leg.; - 1 ♂ ( MYNU), F1 generation of the female from Mianyang City , Pingwu Co., Long'an Town , Longchiping Forestry Park, 2023.VI. 1 adult eclosed;

China (Chongqing)

- 6 ♂, 3 ♀ ( MYNU), Jiangjin District , Simianshan Natural Reserve, Dawopu, 2013.VI.23 3rd Larvae , 2014.V. 3 adults eclosed, Hao XU & Jian-Yue QIU leg.; - 17 ♂, 8 ♀ ( MYNU), F1 generation of the females from Jiangjin District , Simianshan Natural Reserve, Dawopu, 2015.V adults eclosed ;

- 1 ♂ ( MYNU), Jiangjin District , Simianshan Natural Reserve, Majiagou, 2014.VIII, Hao XU leg. ;

- 1 ♀ ( MYNU), Jiangjin District , Simianshan Natural Reserve , Mt. Huaguoshan, Laoyuchi, 2014.I.18 3rd Larva,2014.V adult eclosed, Hao XU & Jian-Yue QIU leg .; - 3 ♂, 1 ♀ ( MYNU), Jiangjin District , Simianshan Natural Reserve , Mt. Huaguoshan, Wubaolin, 2014.II 3rd Larvae, 2014.VI adults eclosed, Hao XU & Jian-Yue QIU leg .;

- 1 ♂, 1 ♀ ( MYNU), Nanchuan District , Jinshan Town , Longshan Village , Mt. Jinfoshan, 2023.VII.2, Yong ZHOU leg .;

- 4 ♂, 4 ♀ ( KSCJ), Mt. Jinfo Shan , Dalou Shan Range, Sichuan, CHINA, 1996.V-VI// Pseudodiceros nigrocyaneus (Bourgoin, 1917) , det. K.Sakai , 2016;

- 2 ♀ ( KSCJ), Jinfo Shan, Sichuan, CHINA, 1996.VII// Pseudodiceros nigrocyaneus (Bourgoin, 1917) , det. K.Sakai , 2016;

China (Hubei)

- 1 ♂ ( BMNH), CHINA, HUBEI Prov. WUDANG SHAN Mts. 32'16 N-110'57 E, 1500m, VIII-IX.2000// Pseudodiceros nigrocyaneus // BMNH{E}, 2015-37 Milan Krajčík ;

- 1 ♀ ( MYPC), Xiangyang City , Nanzhang Co., Changping Town , Feicuixia, 2015.VII.19, Mao YE leg. ;

- 1 ♂, 1 ♀ ( MYPC), Xiangyang City , Baokang Co., Beiyugou,2015.VIadults eclosed, Mao YE leg. ;

- 1 ♀ ( ZXPC), Shiyan City , Danjiangkou , Mt.Wudangshan , gate of Nanshendao, 2023.X.1, Zi-Yue XIONG leg .;

- 1 ♂ ( MYNU), Yichang City, Dangyang, Yuquan Temple, 2016.VII.26, Hu LI leg. ;

China (Hunan)

- 1 ♀ ( HFRI), Quanping, [19]87.VI.4;

- 1 ♀ ( HBUM), Mt. Hupingshan , Shimen County, 2004.VIII.17, Ji-Liang WANGleg .;

- 1 ♂ ( MYNU), Mt. Hupingshan , Shimen County, 2018.VII, Ming-Wei LIAO leg .;

- 1 ♂ ( RYPC), Huaihua City , Zhongfang Co., Zhongfang Town , Fangxi Reservoir , 2024.IX.11, Ren-Jie YOU leg .;

- 1 ♀ ( HFRI), 1046, Huai[i.e., Huaihua], Huang [i.e., Xinhuang County], 7.12.[year unknown], Jia-Xing LIU leg.;

- 2 ♀ (IRSNB, Alexis Coll.), CHINE HUNAN, Wuling Shan, Rong leg., VIII.1997, R.ALEXIS Coll .;

China (Guizhou)

- 10 ♂, 2 ♀ ( IBGZ), Guizhou, Huangping County // [19]87.VII.28 ;

- 1 ♀ ( HBUM), Xishui County, Dabaitang , 2000.IX.25-29, Guo-Dong REN leg .; - 1 ♀ ( GFGY), [Bijie City], Jinsha County, Lengshuihe , 2015.VIII.4-8, Xiu-E ZHU, Bin YAN, Yao-Wen ZHANG leg .;

- 1 ♀ ( MYNU), Qiannan Pref., Libo Co., Maolan National Natural Reserve, Wuyanqiao , 2011.VII.19-20, Qiong-Zhang SONG leg .;

- 1 ♂ ( MYNU),QiannanPref.,LiboCo.,Weng'angTownship, MaolanNational Natural Reserve , La'nei Village, 107°55.22' E, 25°14.61' N, alt. 800 m, 2013.VII.26, Hao XU & Jian-Yue QIU leg .;

- 1 ♂ ( MYNU), Qiannan Pref., Libo Co., Weng'ang Township , Maolan National Natural Reserve , Shishangsenlin, 2018.VII.21, Xiao-Han YE leg. ;

- 1 ♂ ( MYNU), Qiannan Pref., Guiding Co., Yunwu Town , Pingfa Village , 2019.VI.13, Peng TANG leg .;

- 1 ♀ ( MYNU), Qiannan Pref., Guiding Co., Yunwu Town , 2024.V.23, Peng TANG leg .;

- 1 ♂, 3 ♀ ( HLSC), Guiyang City, 2000-2008, studentes of Guizhou University leg. ;

- 1 ♂ ( GUGC), Qingyan Town , Guiyang City, 2010.VI.22, Bing-Fu PENG leg .;

- 1 ♂ ( GUGC), Qingyan Town , Guiyang City, 2010.VII.8 , Bing-Fu PENG leg.; - 1 ♂, 1 ♀ ( MYNU), Guiyang City , 2019.VII.29 ;

- 1 ♂ ( GFGY), Guiyang City, Guiyang Forestry Park, alt. 1300 m, 1984.VII.27, Jing-Hua ZHAO, Qun WANG, Yan-Xian LIU leg .;

- 1 ♂ ( MYNU), Guiyang City , Nanming District , Tuyunguan, Guiyang Forestry Park, 106°44.78' E, 26°33.05' N, alt. 1250 m, 2012.VIII.7 3rd larva, 2013.V adult eclosed, Hao XU & Jian-Yue QIU leg .;

- 1 ♀ ( MYNU), Guiyang City , Nanming District , Tuyunguan, Guiyang Forestry Park, 2016.IV.18, Bo-Yan LI leg. ;

- 1 ♂ ( MYNU), Guiyang City , Nanming District , Tuyunguan, Guiyang Forestry Park, 106°44.78' E, 26°33.05' N, alt. 1250 m, 2015.VI.20 3rd larva, 2016.V adult eclosed, Hao XU & Jian-Yue QIU leg .;

- 2 ♂ ( MYNU), Guiyang City , Nanming District , Tuyunguan, Guiyang Forestry Park, 2016.IX.8 ;

- 1 ♂, 1 ♀ ( MYNU), Guiyang City , Nanming District , Tuyunguan , Guiyang Forestry Park, 2017.VIII.21, Ming-Zhi ZHAO leg .;

5-7. ♂ ( Guiyang , China). 8 -10 . ♀ (Chongqing, China). 5, 8. Dorso-oblique view. 6, 9. Lateral view. 7, 10. Ventro-oblique view .

- 2 ♂, 2 ♀ ( MYNU), Guiyang City , Nanming District , Tuyunguan, Guiyang Forestry Park, 2024.VII.26, Zi-Qi WANG leg .;

- 2 ♂ ( FSPC), Guiyang City , Nanming District , Tuyunguan , Guiyang Forestry Park, 2024.VIII.7, Ming-Zhi ZHAO leg .;

- 1 ♀ ( FSPC), Qiannan Pref., Longli Co., Shachong Forestry Park , 2024.VIII.12, Ming-Zhi ZHAO leg .;

- 1 ♂, 1 ♀ ( FSPC), Guiyang City , Yunyan District, Qianlingshan Forestry Park, 2024.VII., Feng-Yi SUN leg .;

- 1 ♀ ( SMPC), Zunyi City , Honghuagang District , Fenghuangshan Forestry Park, 2020.VII.13, Shi-Ming MAO leg .;

- 1 ♀ ( SMPC), Guiyang City , Nanming District , Xiaochehe Wetland Park, 2022.VIII.16, Shi-Ming MAO leg .;

- 1 ♀ ( MNHN), Kouy-Tchéou, Abbé Largeteau // Pseudodiceros nigrocyaneus , ♀ [hw.], Xu Hao det. II.2024;

China (Guangxi)

- 1 ♀ ( MYNU), Tianlin Co., 2007.IX, An-Ming CHENG leg .;

- 1 ♀ ( KSCJ), Jinzhong-Shan , 1700 m alt., Longlin County, W. Guangxi, CHINA, VII.2004, Yin et al. leg.// Pseudodiceros nigrocyaneus (Bourgoin, 1917) , det. K.Sakai , 2016;

- 1 ♂ ( CCCC), Baise City , Leye County, Yachang timberland, alt. 1137 m, 2016.V.31, Yan-Quan LU leg. ;

- 1 ♂ ( MYNU), ChongzuoCity ,LongzhouCo., Nonggang NationalNatural Reserve, 2015.VI.30, Lu QIU leg .;

- 1 ♂ ( MYNU), HechiCity ,HuanjiangCo., Chuanshan Town , MulunNational Natural Reserve , Disanguan, 2015.VII.21, Jian-Yue QIU leg .;

- 1 ♂ ( MYNU), Chongzuo City , Longzhou Co., Zhubo Township , Nonggang Village , Longhengtun, 2023.V.6,Guo-XiXUEleg .;

China (Yunnan)

- 1 ♀ ( BMNH), CHINA-yunnan, 60 Km SEE kunming, Shilin (Stone Forest)[hw.]// 3-4.VII.1990, lgt. V.Kubáǩ [hw.]// Pseudodiceros nigrocyaneus [hw.]// BMNH{E}2015-37, Milan Krajčík;

- 1 ♂ ( BMNH), CHINA-yunnan, 60 Km SEEkunming, SHILIN-Stone Forset [hw.]// 3-4.VII.1990. lgt. V.Kubáň [hw.]// PSEUDODICEROS nigrocyaneus // COTYPEcomparedwithholo(lecto) type specimenpreservedincoll. of BMNH by M.Krajcik 2009// BMNH{E}, 2015-37, Milan Krajčík ;

- 2 ♀ ( RMNH), SudYunnan,Tche-Ping-Tcheol/ Coll.Guerry. fr. LeMoult 1925 [reverse side, hw. of Janson]// ♀ // Museum Leiden, verz. F.T. Valck Lucassen [O.E. Janson]// Diceros nigrocyaneus Bourg. ;

- 1 ♀ ( RMNH, Syntype), Pe Yen Tsing, Yunnan // D. nigrocyaneus , cotype, Bourg. [hw. of Janson]// ♀ // Diceros nigrcyaneus [sic!], Bourg., China [hw. of Janson]// Diceros nigrocyaneus Bourg. , cotype [hw.]// Museum Leiden, verz. F.T. Valck Lucassen [O.E. Janson]// type// Diceros nigrocyaneus Bourg. // RMNH.INS., 1488007;

- 1 ♀ ( RMNH, Syntype), Yunnan / Donckier [reverse side, hw.]// Diceros nigrocyaneus , co-type, Bourg. [hw.]// ♀ // Museum Leiden, verz. F.T. Valck Lucassen// type// nigrocyaneus[hw.]// Diceros nigrocyaneus Bourg. // RMNH.INS., 1488008;

- 1 ♀ ( RMNH, Syntype), Pe Yen Tsing, Yunnan / Donckier, Paris [reverse side, hw.]// Diceros nigrocyaneus , co-type, Bourg. [hw.]// ♀ // Museum Leiden, verz. F.T. Valck Lucassen// type// Diceros nigrocyaneus Bourg. // RMNH.INS., 1488009;

- 1 ♀ ( MNHN), Yunnan // MUSEUM PARIS, Pe yen tsin, H. Donckier, 1917 [hw.]// Diceros n.sp. 5 [hw.]// Diceros nigrocyaneus Bourgoin, Cotype [hw.];

- 1 ♀ ( IRSNB), Sud Yunnan, Tche-Ping-Tcheou [Shipingzhou, present Shiping County, in Honghe Pref.]//223// Le Moult vend.: DICROS nigrocyaneus Bourgoin // R. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. I. G. 12.595 ;

15

16 17 19 18 20 21 1 cm

16. Male lectotype and labels (BMNH, Bourgoin Coll.). 17. Female paralectotype and labels (BMNH, Bourgoin Coll.). 18. Inauthentic female cotype and labels at MNHN. 1 9 -21. Inauthentic female cotypes and labels at RMNH.

- 1 ♀ ( NSMT), C. NIGROCYANEUS BOURG. 1936 , Kokyu [Kokiu, i.e., Gejiu, in Mengzi], YUNNAN, CHINE ;

- 1 ♂, 1 ♀ ( MNHN), YUNNAN ;

- 1 ♂ ( MNHN), Peyentsin , Yunnan [hw.] ;

- 1 ♀ ( MYNU), Lijiang City , Yulong Co., Shigu Town , 2011.VII.23, Yuan BAI & Xue-Fei ZHANG leg .;

- 2 ♂ ( MYNU), Chuxiong Pref., Dayao Co., Longjie Township , 2014-V, Ji-Hui LIU leg .;

- 3 ♂, 10 ♀ ( MYNU), Kunming City , Panlong District, Heilongtan Park, 102°45.05' E, 25°08.35' N, alt. 2000 m, 2015.II.19 2rd Larvae , 2015.V. 1 adults eclosed, Hao XU & Jian-Yue QIU leg.;

- 8 ♂, 13 ♀ ( MYNU), F1 generation of the female from Kunming City , Panlong District, Heilongtan Park, 2016.IV adults eclosed ;

- 3 ♂ ( MYNU), Kunming City, 2014.V.2 ;

- 1 ♂ ( MYNU), Kunming City, 2018.V ;

- 1 ♀ (MYNU), Wenshan City, Panlong Forestry Park, 2016.VI, Ben-Fu LIAO leg.;

- 1 ♂, 2 ♀ ( MYNU), Wenshan City, Panlong Forestry Park, 104°15.80'E, 23°21.04' N, alt. 1700 m, 2021.VI.7, Hao XU & Tian-Long HE leg. ;

- 6 ♂, 8 ♀ ( MYNU), F1 generation of the female from Wenshan City, Panlong Forestry Park, 2023.V.20-VI. 13 adults eclosed;

Vietnam

- 1 ♂ ( MNHN), Tonkin, RÉGION DE HOA-BINH// MUSEUM PARIS, 1931,A. DE COOMAN // Diceros nigroyaneus Boug. [hw.] ;

- 1 ♂ ( KSCJ), Mt. Piaoac , CaoBang, N. Vietnam, 1998.VI// Pseudodiceros nigrocyaneus (Bourgoin, 1917) , det. K.Sakai , 2016;

- 1 ♂ ( KSCJ), Border China, Ha Giang Prov., N. Vietnam, 10-20.VII. 1998 // Pseudodiceros nigrocyaneus (Bourgoin, 1917) ;

- 1 ♀ ( OMNH),2012.VI.7,607,BABENATIONALPARKHOTEL-BABE LAKE, alt. 200-250m, BA BE District, BAC KAN Province, N. VIETNAM ;

- 1 ♀ ( MNHN), TONKIN ;

- 1 ♀ ( MNHN), HOA-BINH, TONKIN ;

Diagnosis. – Body small sized, dark blue; dorsal surface and pygidium almost glabrous ( Fig. 1, 3). Dorsal surface of head sculptured; clypeus subquadrate, flat, margins slightly raised; frons with a slightly raised longitudinal ridge ( Fig. 5, 8). Antenna blue to dark brown, antennal club long and inner side with short, dense, fulvous setae. Pronotum subtrapezoidal, widest near posterior margin; surface microsculptured; posterior margin without marginal line, notched in front of scutellum. Scutellum triangular, glabrous, lateral sides with several small punctures. Elytra gradually narrowing posteriorly, costa indistinct; disc with dense setiferous punctures in two sizes, setae short ( Fig. 11, yellow arrows); punctures gradually transformed to short sinuous striolae in lateral declivity with longer setae ( Fig. 11, black arrows); mediodiscal area with a shallow depression ( Fig. 1, 3, 8); apicosutural angle pointed ( Fig. 12-13); posterior margin somewhat serrated. Pygidium slightly convex, rugose, with numerous sinuous striolae; setae sparse, along posterior margin ( Fig. 12-13). Ventral surfaces with dense, setiferous punctures or striolae, in lateral portion; setae long, gray ( Fig. 2, 4). Mesometasternal process long, glabrous; tip subtriangular, bent toward the sternum ( Fig. 6, 9). Posterior area of abdominal sternite without punctures. Legs with dense setiferous punctures, procoxae separated, trochanters glabrous, setea on mesofemur longer; protibia with 2 teeth along outer margin, apex with a slender spine; apex of meso- and metatibia with two spurs; metatibia with a near central protrusion on the outside, and a row of long setae along inner margin; tarsi simple, protarsus slightly thicker. Male genitalia simple, parameres gradually narrowing distally in apical view, slightly curved in lateral view, apex rounded ( Fig. 14-15).

Sexual dimorphism . – The female resemble closely its male counterpart,butits body,protibia, and metatibia are slightly wider.The distal tooth of the protibia is longer, and the proximal tooth distinct and sharp. The outer tooth of the metatibia is slightly larger ( Fig. 3) than in the male. The pygidium is wider ( Fig. 13). The abdomen is convex, while that of male is slightly concave in lateral view ( Fig. 6), with a shallow longitudinal groove between abdominal sternites III-VII ( Fig. 7).The anterior margin of the female anal sternite is straight and the posterior margin is curved ( Fig. 4), while in male the anterior margin is slightly protruding forward, and the posterior margin is broadly curved ( Fig. 3).

Measurements. – Total body length: male 14.5-18.1 mm, female 14.9-19.6 mm; body width: male 6.8-8.5 mm, female 6.8-9.2 mm.

Distribution. – China: Chongqing, Guangxi (new record), Guizhou (new record), Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi (new record), Sichuan (new record), Yunnan; Vietnam.

Natural history. – Pseudodiceros nigrocyaneus is a typical saproxylic species, with larvae living in rotten wood, like members of Taenioderina Mikšić, 1976 and Trichiini Fleming ,

26. Habitat of larva in Kunming, China (red arrow indicates a larva). 27. Fecal pellets of larva found in a dead tree on

19 th, February 2015. 28. Mature larva found in the same tree.

1821. This species, therefore, is generally an inhabitant of moist forests. The mature larvae of this species have been repeatedly found in decaying wood (see details in the additional material examined section), such as one mature larva excavated from a fallen rotten trunk in Guiyang Forestry Park in the summer of 2012 and 2015 ( Fig. 23-25), and several larvae surrounded by large amounts of fecal pellets found in standing dead trees in the Simianshan Natural Reserve of Chongqing and the Kunming Heilongtan Park of Yunnan ( Fig. 26-28) in the winter of 2014 and 2015, respectively. Adult remains within a cocoon were also found in the same trunk ( Fig. 25). Wild-collected and bred larvae were artificially reared by feeding them wet, rotten wood chips under laboratory room conditions ( Fig.33). Pupation was usually reached in spring, and new adults emerged from late April to early June ( Fig. 34-36). Adults in the wild occur mainly in late spring and during summer, most often from June to August, but a few were also captured as late as September and early October. Adults can be attracted to sap flows of Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) ( Rosales : Moraceae ) or to traps baited with fermenting fruit hanging in oak forests during summer ( Fig. 29–30). The beetles were observed flying around certain branches or on the canopy of Quercus acutissima Carruthers ( Fagales : Fagaceae ). It is presumed that this behavior was related to a search for sap flows or females perched on branches.