Xanthopimpla clavata Krieger, 1914

Watanabe, Kyohei & Matsumoto, Rikio, 2021, Revision of the genus Xanthopimpla Saussure, 1892 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae) from Japan, Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 68 (2), pp. 269-297 : 269

Xanthopimpla clavata Krieger, 1914

Figs 1A , 3A , 4A , 5A

Xanthopimpla clavata Krieger, 1914: 40, 91; Uchida 1928: 66; Townes and Chiu 1970: 188; Momoi 1970: 334; Watanabe 2011: 16.

Xanthopimpla minomensis Uchida, 1932: 157; Esaki et al. 1938: 342; Momoi 1958: 120; Iwata 1958: 73; Iwata 1960; Townes et al. 1961: 52; Townes et al. 1965: 61. Synonymised by Momoi (1970).

Comparative diagnosis.

This species belongs to the brachycentra species group sensu Townes and Chiu (1970). This species can be distinguished from other members of this species group by the following combination of character states: antenna dark yellowish-brown; mesoscutum with three black spots or a black band, plus a median black spot in front of scutellum (Fig. 1A ); scutellum convex; area superomedia of propodeum wider than long, bounded by strong carinae (Fig. 4A ); black spots of propodeum triangular (Fig. 4A ); middle and hind tibiae with three to eight pre-apical bristles (Fig. 5A ); hind femur entirely yellow (Fig. 5A ); ventral edge of hind coxa rounded in lateral view; lateral sides of black spot of T I extending forwards (Fig. 1A ); T II usually with a pair of black spots (Fig. 1A ); basomedian part of T II usually with some punctures (Fig. 1A ); T VI usually without a pair of black spots; apex of ovipositor cylindrical; ovipositor sheath 0.6-0.65 × length of hind tibia.

Materials examined.

Type series: [Honshu] 1 F (holotype of X. minomensis ), Osaka Pref., Mt. Minoo, 1 Jul 1920, C. Teranishi leg. ( SEHU); 1 F (paratype of X. minomensis ), Kyoto, 18 May 1930, K. Takeuchi leg. ( SEHU). Non-types: Japan: [Honshu] 1 F, Tochigi Pref., Otawara City, Sakuyama, Gotenyama Park , 22 Jul 1999, E. Katayama leg. ( KPMNH); 1 F , Tokyo, Machida City, Noduta Town , 8 Jun 2008, Y. Otsuka leg. ( KPMNH); 1 F , Kanagawa Pref., Yokosuka City, Mt. Miurafuji , 21 Jun 2007, K. Watanabe leg. ( KPMNH); 1 F, ditto, 13 Jul 2008 ( KPMNH); 2 F , Kanagawa Pref., Kamakura City, Kamakura , 16 May 1946, H. Nagase leg. ( KPMNH); 1 F , Kanagawa Pref, Shonan-tomioka , 20 Aug 1933, T. Shimizu leg. ( SEHU); 1 F , Kanagawa Pref., Yokohama City, Midori-Ku, Niiharu , 28 Mar 2007, M. Konishi leg. ( KPMNH); 1 F , Kanagawa Pref., Hiratsuka City, Tsuchiya , Kanagawa University , 23 Jul 2017, K. Watanabe leg. ( KPMNH); 1 F , Kanagawa Pref., Hadano City, Naganuki , 21 Oct 2009, T. Muraki leg. ( KPMNH); 1 F, ditto, 2 Oct 2010, K. Watanabe leg. ( KPMNH); 2 F , Kanagawa Pref., Hadano City, Mt. Koubou-yama , 12 Jun 2007, K. Watanabe leg. ( KPMNH); 1 F, ditto, 13 Oct 2008, K. Watanabe leg. ( KPMNH); 1 F , Kanagawa Pref., Odawara City, Hayakawa, Sarusawa-rindo , 8 Aug 2013, K. Watanabe leg. ( KPMNH); 1 F , Kanagawa Pref., Odawara City, Iriuda , 22 Dec 2016, K. Watanabe leg. ( KPMNH); 1 F , Kanagawa Pref., Odawara City, Kamisoga , 29 Jun 2015, K. Watanabe leg. ( KPMNH); 1 F , Kanagawa Pref., Yugawara Town, Miyakami , 20 Apr 2018, K. Watanabe leg. ( KPMNH); 1 F , Kanagawa Pref., Hakone Town, Yumoto, Souunji , 8 Jul 2013, K. Watanabe leg. ( KPMNH); 1 F , Nagano Pref., Komagane, Akaho , 27 Aug 2011, S. Fujie leg. ( KPMNH); 1 F , Gifu Pref., Gifu City, Mitahora, Dodogamine , 9 Apr 2004, M. Tanaka leg. ( OMNH); 1 F, ditto, 1 May 2005 ( OMNH); 1 F, ditto, 12 May 2006 ( OMNH); 1F, ditto, 24 May 2006 ( OMNH); 1 F , Gifu Pref., Motosu City, Orikosji-touge , 9 Aug 2013, S. Okusa leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Aichi Pref., Toyota City, Mitsumata , 9 Aug 2011, S. Okusa leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Aichi Pref., Toyota City, Oridaira , 20 May 2011, S. Okusa leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Fukui Pref., Obama City, Nakanohata , 1 Jul 2017, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 M , Mie Pref., Ise City, Ise-jingu , 23 Aug 2003, B. Tanaka leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Shiga Pref., Otsu City, Minakoyama , 22 May 1999, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Kyoto Pref., Maizuru City, Nyou , 20 Jun-10 Jul 2011, T. Murao leg. (MT) ( OMNH); 1 F , Kyoto Pref., Ayabe City, Mikatacho , 28 Jun-10 Jul 2004, S. Kugo leg. (MT) ( OMNH); 1 F , Kyoto Pref., Uji City, Uji , 30 May 2016, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Kyoto Pref., Kizugawa City, Kamo-cho, Mori , 16 Apr 2020, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 2 F (DNA-Pol-378, DNA-Pol-379) , Nara Pref., Nara City, Byakugouji-cho, Takamadoyama , 1 Jun 2015, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F, ditto, 5 Aug 2014 ( OMNH); 1 F, ditto, 30 Apr 2016 ( OMNH); 1 F, ditto, 2 May 2016 ( OMNH); 1 F, ditto, 7 May 2016 ( OMNH); 1 F, ditto, 25 May 2020 ( OMNH); 1 F , Nara Pref., Nara City, Nakamachi , 5 May 2020, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Nara Pref., Yamatokouriyama City, Yamada-cho , 10 Apr 2018, R. Ito leg. ( OMNH); 1 F, ditto, 20 Jul 2018 ( OMNH); 1 M, ditto, 25 Jun 2018 ( OMNH); 1 F (DNA-Pol-372) , Nara Pref., Yamataokouriyama City, Yata-cho , 15 May 2015, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 2 F (DNA-Pol-712, DNA-Pol-717), ditto, 19 Jan 2019, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F, ditto, 9 Mar 2008, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F, ditto, 22 Aug 2008, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F, ditto, 17 Aug 2009, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F, ditto, 22 Oct 2009, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F, ditto, 17 May 2010, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F, ditto, 28 Mar 2014, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F, ditto, 27 Jun-17 Jul 2014, R. Matsumoto leg. (MT) ( OMNH); 1 F, ditto, 7-27 Jun 2014, R. Matsumoto leg. (MT) ( OMNH); 1 F, ditto, 17 May 2009, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 M, ditto, 7 Dec 2009, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 2 F, ditto, 6 May 2010, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Nara Pref., Ikoma City, Higashiikoma , 3 Feb 2020, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Nara Pref., Takatori Town, Youraku , 18 Mar 2020, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Nara Pref., Katsuragi City, Hiraishi-toge , 22 May 2006, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Nara Pref., Katsuragi City, Nijozan , 23 May 1980, E. Nishida leg. ( OMNH); 1 F, ditto, 28 May 1980 ( OMNH); 1 F , Nara Pref., Kashihara City, Amanokaguyama , 14 Jan 2020, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 2 F , Nara Pref., Sakurai City, Hase , 30 May 2004, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Osaka Pref., Takatsuki City, Ponponyama , 1 Jun 2014, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Osaka Pref., Ibaraki City, Shimootowa , 10 Jun 1999, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Hyogo Pref., Hamasaka , 14 Aug 1930, I. Okada leg. ( SEHU); 1 F , Osaka Pref., Mino City. Minoo , 28 Sep 1918, N. Tosawa leg. ( OMNH); 1 F, ditto, 31 May 1930, N. Tosawa leg. ( OMNH); 1 F, ditto, (no date), N. Tosawa leg. ( OMNH); 1 M, ditto, 31 Jul 1921, N. Tosawa leg. ( OMNH); 1 M , Osaka Pref., Minoo City. Saigahara , 23 Sep 2003, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Osaka Pref., Higashiosaka City, Hiraoka Park , 15 Jan 2012, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Osaka Pref., Yao City, Koudachi , 4 Jul 2000, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Osaka Pref., Kawachinagano City, Oyamada-cho , 28 Jun 2018, S. Fujie leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Osaka Pref., Izumi City, Makiosan , 11 Jun 1999, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Osaka Pref., Kaizuka City, Baba , 22 Apr 2004, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Osaka Pref., Kaizuka City, Izumikatsuragi-san , 27 Sep 2000, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Osaka Pref., Sennan City, Horigodani , 26 Apr 2000, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Wakayama Pref., Wakayama City, Hirai-toge , 18 Jul 2000, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Wakayama Pref., Hashimoto City, Koyoudai , 27 Jun 2004, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 M , Wakayama Pref., Susami Town, Mirouzu , 3 Jun 1980 em. (em. from lepidopterous pupa), T. Sato leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Hyogo Pref., Inagawa Town, Kashihara , 11 Apr 2009, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F (DNA-Pol-664) , Hyogo Pref., Sanda City, Ohara , 4 Dec 2017, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F, ditto, 20 Dec 2008 ( OMNH); 1 F, ditto, 24 Aug. 2012 ( OMNH); 1 F, ditto, 16 Jan 2020, ( OMNH); 5 F (incl. DNA-Pol-719) , Hyogo Pref., Sanda City, Ohara , 21 Jan 2019, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F (DNA-Pol-401) , Hyogo Pref., Kobe City, Doujyo-cho, Ikuno , 11 Aug 2015, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Hyogo Pref., Kobe City, Aina , 6 May 2001, H. Yoshida leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Hyogo Pref., Yabu City, Kotobiki-touge , 5 Aug 2003, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Hyogo Pref., Shisou City, Akasai-keikoku , 4 Aug 2003, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Tottori Pref., Aotani Town, Tsuyutani , 26 May 1982 H. Aoki leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Tottori Pref., Tottori City , 2 Jul 1968, H. Aoki leg. ( OMNH); 1 M , Okayama Pref., Chuka Vil., Tsuguro , 10 Jul 1993, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Okayama Pref., Niimi City, Kusama , 26 May 1996, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Okayama Pref., Niimi City, Nishio , 19 Aug 1998, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH). [Izu Isls.] 2 F , Tokyo, Izuoshima Is., Motomachi, Mt. Omaru , 17 Aug-5 Oct 2012, K. Tsujii leg. (MT) ( KPMNH). [Awajishima Is.] 1 F , Hyogo Pref., Nojimatokiwa , 4 Sep 2008, S. Okusa leg. ( OMNH). [Shikoku] 1 F , Ehime Pref., Saijo City, Higashinokawa , 19 Sep 2006, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F (DNA-Pol-311) , Ehime Pref., Matsuyama City, Koyoudai , 31 Dec 2014, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Ehime Pref., Kumakougen Town, Nakagaichi , 8 Aug 2008, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 2 F , Ehime Pref., Oda Town, Miyanotani , 11 Aug 1998, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Kochi Pref., Kochi City, Engyouji , 27 Mar 1931, Y. Sugihara leg. ( SEHU); 1 F, ditto, 3 May 1931 ( SEHU); 1 F, ditto, 22 May 1933 ( SEHU); 1 F , Kochi Pref., Umaji Vil. , 4 Aug 2010, Y. Matsubara & K. Fukuda leg. (MT) ( KPMNH). [Kyushu] 2 F , Fukuoka Pref., Fukuoka City, Hakomatsu , 17 Jul 1994, Wasano leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Fukuoka Pref., Maebaru City, Kaminoharu , 25 Apr 1994, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Kumamoto Pref., Asagiri Town, Uenishi , 24 Aug 2012, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Miyazaki Pref., Miike , 29 Apr. 1979, K. Tsuda leg. ( SEHU); 1 F , Miyazaki Pref., Kobayashi City, Inokodani , 4 Sep 2004, K. Mitai leg. ( OMNH); 1 F, ditto, 23 May 2003 ( OMNH); 1 F, ditto, 28 Sep 2003 ( OMNH); 8 F , Miyazaki Pref., Kobayashi City, Inokodani , (F1 of a female collected on 28 Sep 2003, reared using supplied pupae of Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus, 1758) as host) ( OMNH); 1 F , Miyazaki Pref., Miyazaki City, Kaeda-keikoku , 31 Oct 2019, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Kagoshima Pref., Ookuchi City, Fuke , 6 Aug 1967, A. Tanaka leg. ( SEHU); 1 F , Kagoshima Pref., Ookuchi City , 4 Jul 2012, Y. Matsubara & K. Fukuda leg. (MT) ( KPMNH); 2 F , Kagoshima Pref., Kanoya City, Kamiharaigawa , 29 Apr 1970, A. Nagatomi leg. ( SEHU); 1 F , Kagoshima Pref., Kagoshima City, Toso , 8 Jan 1975, K. Takahashi leg. ( SEHU); 1 M , Kagoshima Pref., Takachihonomine , 22 Aug 1974, K. Kusigemati leg. ( SEHU); 1 M, ditto, 12 Jul. 1979, K. Tsuda leg. ( SEHU). [Tsushima Is.] 1 M , Nagasaki Pref., Kamiagata Town, Ina , 20 Jun 2001, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Nagasaki Pref., Kashitaki , 6 Jun. 2004, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Nagasaki Pref., Miyahara , 1 Jun. 1996, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Nagasaki Pref., Shiratake , 5 Jun 2004, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 M , Nagasaki Pref., Kamisaka Park , 7 Jul 2014, S. Fujie leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Nagasaki Pref., Kamisaka , 23 Jul 1994, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH). [Ryukyu Isls.] 1 F , Kagoshima Pref., Yakushima Is., Anbo , 31 May 1969, K. Kusigemati leg. ( SEHU); 1 F , Kagoshima Pref., Yakushima Is., Miyaunoura, 7 May 1972, K. Hashimoto leg. ( SEHU); 1 F, ditto, 4 Jun 1975, K. Kusigemati leg. ( SEHU); 1 F, ditto, 3-20 Apr 1999, T. Murata leg. (MT) ( MU); 1 F, ditto, 21 Apr-12 May 1999 ( MU); 3 F, ditto, 1-20 Jun 1999 ( MU); 1 M, ditto, 21 Jun-11 Jul. 1999 ( MU); 1 F , Kagoshima Pref., Yakushima Is., Shiratani, 6 May-20 Jun 2000, T. Murata leg. (MT) ( MU); 1 F, ditto, 21 Jun-9 Jul 2000 ( MU); 2 F & 4 M, ditto, 10 Jul-8 Aug 2000 ( MU); 3 F, ditto, 9 Aug-2 Sep 2000 ( MU); 1 F , Kagoshima Pref., Yakushima Is., Kankake, 22 Jul-22 Aug 2006, T. Yamauchi leg. (MT) ( KPMNH); 1 F, ditto, 25 Aug-2 Sep 2006 ( KPMNH); 3 F, ditto, 31 Mar-28 Apr 2007 ( KPMNH); 4 F, ditto, 28 Apr-1 May 2007 ( KPMNH); 40 F, ditto, 1 May-5 Jun 2007 ( KPMNH); 1 F, ditto, 5 Jul-8 Jul 2007 ( KPMNH); 6 F & 1 M, ditto, 8-28 Jun 2007 ( KPMNH); 1 F, ditto, 30 Jul-25 Aug 2007 ( KPMNH); 1 F, ditto, 25 Aug-28 Sep 2007 ( KPMNH); 1 F , Kagoshima Pref., Yakushima Is., Han-yama, 25 Aug-2 Sep 2006, T. Yamauchi leg. (MT) ( KPMNH); 1 F, ditto, 26 Sep-24 Oct 2006 ( KPMNH); 1 F, ditto, 28 Apr-1 May 2007 ( KPMNH); 5 F, ditto, 1 May-5 Jun 2007 ( KPMNH); 1 F, ditto, 5-8 Jul 2007 ( KPMNH); 1 F, ditto, 8-28 Jun 2007 ( KPMNH); 1 F , Kagoshima Pref., Yakushima Is., Arakawa, 22 Jul-22 Aug 2006, T. Yamauchi leg. (MT) ( KPMNH); 1 F, ditto, 28 Jun-29 Jul 2007 ( KPMNH); 1 F , Kagoshima Pref., Yakushima Is., Aikodake, 30 Mar-29 Apr 2007, T. Yamauchi leg. (MT) ( KPMNH); 5 F, ditto, 30 Mar-29 Apr 2007 ( KPMNH); 7 F, ditto, 29 Apr-2 May 2007 ( KPMNH); 7 F, ditto, 2-10 May 2007 ( KPMNH); 11 F, ditto, 2 May-5 Jun 2007 ( KPMNH); 1 F, ditto, 5-8 Jul 2007 ( KPMNH); 2 F & 2 M, 8-28 Jun 2007 ( KPMNH); 4 F, ditto, 28 Jun-29 Jul 2007 ( KPMNH); 1 F, ditto, 29 Jul-25 Aug 2007 ( KPMNH); 1 F, ditto, 25 Aug-28 Sep 2007 ( KPMNH); 11 F & 10 M , Kagoshima Pref., Tokara Is., Nakanoshima Is., Otake , 17 Jun 2005, T. Mita leg. ( KPMNH); 1 M, ditto, 7. VI.2005 ( OMNH); 1 M , Kagoshima Pref., Amamioshima Is., Setouchi Town , 20 May 1979, H. Nagase leg. ( KPMNH); 1 M , Kagoshima Pref., Amamioshima Is., Kasari Town , 26 Jun 2001, T. Nambu leg. ( KPMNH); 1 M , Kagoshima Pref., Amamioshima Is., Yamato Vil., Ookaneku , 25 May-15 Jun 2019, A. Yoshikawa leg. ( OMNH); 2 F & 2 M, ditto, 11-25 May 2019 ( OMNH); 2 M , Kagoshima Pref., Amamioshima Is., Yamato Vil., Yuwangama , 11-25 May 2019, A. Yoshikawa leg. ( OMNH); 1 M , Kagoshima Pref., Amamioshima Is., Mt. Yuidake , 2 Jul 2004, H. Makihara leg. (MT) ( KPMNH); 1 M, ditto, 12-16 Sep 2004 ( KPMNH); 2 F, ditto, 19 Sep 2004 ( KPMNH); 1 F , Kagoshima Pref., Amamioshima Is., Uken Vil., Yuwan , 26 Sep 1984, A. Nagatomi leg.; 13 M, ditto, 6 Jun 2007, K. Watanabe & M. Gunji leg. ( KPMNH); 5 M , Kagoshima Pref., Amamioshima Is., Sumiyou Vil., Kinkawadake , 7 Jun 2007, K. Watanabe leg. ( KPMNH); 1 M , Kagoshima Pref., Amamioshima Is., Sumiyo Vil., Santarou-touge , 2 Jul 2011, S. Fujie leg. ( OMNH); 4 M , Kagoshima Pref., Amamioshima Is., Yamato Vil., Oodana, 1 Jun 2007, K. Watanabe leg. ( KPMNH); 3 F & 3 M, ditto, 3 Jun 2007, K. Watanabe & M. Gunji leg. ( KPMNH); 1 F, ditto, 29 Jun 2011, K. Watanabe leg. ( KPMNH); 1 F, ditto, Odana , 29 Jun 2011, S. Fujie leg. ( OMNH); 1 M, ditto, 4 Jul 2011 ( OMNH); 1 F & 5 M , Kagoshima Pref., Amamioshima Is., Nase, Sato-rindo , 5 Jun 2007, K. Watanabe & M. Gunji leg. ( KPMNH); 2 M , Kagoshima Pref., Amamioshima Is., Nase, Uragami , 9-11 May 2009, T. Soyama leg. ( KPMNH); 1 F , Kagoshima Pref., Amamioshima Is., Nase, Chuo-rindo , 26-28 Jun 2011, K. Watanabe leg. ( KPMNH); 1 M , Kagoshima Pref., Amamioshima Is., Nase City, Asato , 26 Jun-2 Jul. 2019, T. Hatayama leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Kagoshima Pref., Kakeroma Is., Shiba , 25 Sep 1984, A. Nagatomo leg. ( SEHU); 2 F , Kagoshima Pref., Kakeroma Is., Akitoku , 28 Jun 2014, K. Watanabe leg. ( KPMNH); 2 M , Kagoshima Pref., Kakeroma Is., Nishiamuro , 28 Jun 2014, K. Watanabe leg. ( KPMNH); 28 M , Kagoshima Pref., Tokunoshima Is., Kedoku, 20 May 2008, K. Watanabe leg. ( KPMNH); 14 M, ditto, 21 May 2008 ( KPMNH); 3 M, ditto, 22 May 2008 ( KPMNH); 1 F , Kagoshima Pref., Tokunoshima Is., Tete , 27 Aug 2008, H. Ootsubo leg. ( KPMNH); 1 F & 4 M , Kagoshima Pref., Tokunoshima Is., Amagi Town, Amagi , 25 May 2007, K. Watanabe & T. Ban leg. ( KPMNH); 6 M, ditto, 18 May 2008, K. Watanabe leg. ( KPMNH); 3 M , Kagoshima Pref., Tokunoshima Is., Mt. Yamatogusukuyama , 26 May 2007, K. Watanabe & M. Gunji leg. ( KPMNH); 4 M, ditto, 17 May 2008, K. Watanabe leg. ( KPMNH); 1 F, ditto, 17-22 May 2008 (MT) ( KPMNH); 1 M , Kagoshima Pref., Tokunoshima Is., Hanatoku , 2 Jul 2013, S. Fujie leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Kagoshima Pref., Tokunoshima Is., Mikyo pass, 19 Jun 2006, O. Tominaga leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Kagoshima Pref., Tokunoshima Is., Mikyo , 29 Apr 1996, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 M , Kagoshima Pref., Tokunoshima Is., Isen Town, Nakayama , 21 May 2008, K. Watanabe leg. ( KPMNH); 2 M , Kagoshima Pref., Tokunoshima Is., Itokina , 27 May 2007, K. Watanabe leg. ( KPMNH); 1 F , Okinawa Pref., Okinawa Is., Kunigami Vil., Benoki , 7 Apr 1979, K. Kusigemati leg. ( SEHU); 2 F, ditto, 8 Apr 1979, K. Kusigemati & K. Ohara leg. ( SEHU); 2 F , Okinawa Pref., Okinawa Is., Kunigami Vil., Yonaha-dake , 6 Apr 1979, K. Ohara leg. ( SEHU); 1 F , Okinawa Pref., Okinawa Is., Kunigami Vil., Uka , 23 Aug 2001, H. Irei & H. Makihara leg. (MT) ( KPMNH); 1 M , Okinawa Pref., Okinawa Is., Kunigami Vil., Okuni-rindo , 9 May 2016, K. Asano leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Okinawa Pref., Okinawa Is., Kunigami Vil., Yona , 6 Oct 1987, A. Nagatomo leg. ( SEHU); 1 F, ditto, 11 Oct 1987 ( SEHU); 1 M, ditto, 21 Oct 1994, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1M, ditto, 1 Apr 1999, T. Saigusa leg. ( OMNH); 1 M, ditto, 20 May 2006, K. Watanabe leg. ( KPMNH); 1 F & 4 M, ditto, 21 May 2007 ( KPMNH); 1 F & 2 M, ditto, 22 May 2007, K. Watanabe leg. ( KPMNH); 1 F & 1 M, ditto, 20-23 May 2007 (MT) ( KPMNH); 5 M & 2 F, ditto, 8 May 2013, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 4 F (incl. DNA-Pol-145), ditto, 9 May 2013 ( OMNH); 1 M & 2 F, ditto, 10 May 2013 ( OMNH); 1 F, ditto, 28 Jun 2013, S. Fujie leg. ( OMNH); 3 F, ditto, 29 Jun 2013 ( OMNH); 2 F , Okinawa Pref., Okinawa Is., Kunigami Vil., Aha , 8 May 2013, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH);1 M, ditto, 21 Apr 2016, Y. Fukuda leg. ( KPMNH); 2 M , Okinawa Pref., Okinawa Is., Ogimi Vil., Nuha , 28 Nov 2008, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 2 F , Okinawa Pref., Okinawa Is., Motobu, Izumi , 29 Jun 1982, K. Kusigemati & K. Ohara leg. ( SEHU); 1 F , Okinawa Pref., Okinawa Is., Nakijin Vil., Nakijin , 1 Jul 2006, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Okinawa Pref., Okinawa Is., Nago , 7 Apr 1979, K. Ohara leg. ( SEHU); 3 F, ditto, 9 Apr 1979, K. Kusigemati leg. ( SEHU); 1 F , Okinawa Pref., Okinawa Is., Nago City, Nago , 3 Apr 1982, E. Nishida leg. ( OMNH); 1 F, ditto, 5 Apr 1982 ( OMNH); 1 F , Okinawa Pref., Okinawa Is., Nago City, Nangusuku , 29 Apr 2019, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 M , Okinawa Pref., Okinawa Is., Nago City, Sedake , 25 Jun 2013, S. Yoshizawa leg. ( KPMNH); 1 M , Okinawa Pref., Taketomi Is., Nishiyashiki , 24 Jan 2006, H. Suda leg. ( KPMNH); 1 F , Okinawa Pref., Ishigaki Is., Hirakubo , 26 Apr 2019, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 M , Okinawa Pref., Ishigaki Is., Akaishi , 17 May 2009, H. Inoue leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Okinawa Pref., Ishigaki Is., Yonehara, 2 Jul 1978, S. Tsukaguchi leg. ( OMNH); 1 F, ditto, 9 Sep 1978 ( OMNH); 1 F, ditto, 21 Oct 1978, E. Nishida leg. ( OMNH); 1 M , Okinawa Pref., Ishigaki Is., Kabira , 11 Feb 1953, T. Shiraki leg. (NIAES); 1 F , Okinawa Pref., Ishigaki Is., Mt. Kara , 16 Aug 1965, K. Kanmiya leg. ( SEHU); 1 M , Okinawa Pref., Ishigaki Is., Sakieda , 22 Mar 2004, T. Toita leg. (NIAES); 2 M , Okinawa Pref., Ishigaki Is., Maesato , 9 Jul 2007, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 M , Okinawa Pref., Ishigaki Is., Omotodake, 20 Mar 1993, Y. Okushima leg. ( OMNH); 1 F, ditto, 18 Nov 1980, E. Nishida leg. ( OMNH); 1 F, ditto, 31 Mar 1982 ( OMNH); 1 F, ditto, 1 Apr 1982 ( OMNH); 1 M & 1 F, ditto, 24 Apr 2004, T. Toita leg. ( OMNH); 1 M (DNA-Pol-724) , Okinawa Pref., Ishigaki Is., Hirae, 29 Jan 2019, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F (DNA-Pol-721), ditto, 28 Jan 2019 ( OMNH); 1 F (DNA-Pol-726), ditto, 30 Jan 2019 ( OMNH); 1 M , Okinawa Pref., Ishigaki Is., Shiramizu , 15 May 2008, T. Mita leg. ( KPMNH); 2 M (DNA-Pol-732) , Okinawa Pref., Ishigaki Is., Arakawa, 27 Apr 2019, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F, ditto, 10 Jul. 2007 ( OMNH); 1 M , Okinawa Pref., Ishigaki Is., Fusaki , 12 May 1999, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Okinawa Pref., Iriomote Is., Ohara, 2 May 1982, A. Nagatomi leg. ( SEHU); 1 F, ditto, 24 Jul 1985 ( SEHU); 2 F, ditto, 16 Apr 1978, E. Nishida leg. ( OMNH); 3 F , Okinawa Pref., Iriomote Is., Otomi , 17 Apr 1978, E. Nishida leg. ( OMNH); 2 F , Okinawa Pref., Iriomote Is., Ootomi-rindo, 1 Jun 2006, K. Watanabe leg. ( KPMNH); 1 M, ditto, 29 Dec 2006, T. Ishizaki leg. ( KPMNH); 1 F , Okinawa Pref., Iriomote Is., Funaura, 5 May 1980, E. Nishida leg. ( OMNH); 2 M, ditto, 28 Mar 1982 ( OMNH); 1 F, ditto, 16 Mar 2002, T. Yoshida leg. ( OMNH); 1 F, ditto, 2 Apr 1999, T. Saigusa leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Okinawa Pref., Iriomote Is., Rv. Shiiminato, 11-24 Jan 1996, T. Muroi leg. (MT) ( MU); 1 M, ditto, 25 Jan-7 Feb 1996 ( MU); 1 F, ditto, 8-21 Feb 1996 ( MU); 1 M, 7-20 Mar 1996, K. Ebi leg. ( MU); 4 F & 2 M, ditto, 21 Mar-3 Apr 1996 ( MU); 1 F, ditto, 13-26 Jun 1996 ( MU); 1 F, ditto, 5-18 Sep 1996 ( MU); 1 M , Okinawa Pref., Iriomote Is., Hishidate, Hoshizuna-kaigan , 20 May 2007, T. Ban leg. ( KPMNH); 1 F (DNA-Pol-388) , Okinawa Pref., Iriomote Is., Funauki , 24 Jun 2015, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 3 F & 1 M , Okinawa Pref., Iriomote Is., Shirahama-rindo, 10 May 2008, K. Watanabe & T. Mita leg. ( KPMNH); 1 F, ditto, 19 May 2018, T. Ban leg. ( KPMNH); 2 F , Okinawa Pref., Iriomote Is., Komi, 6 Jul 1982, K. Kusigemati leg. ( SEHU); 1 M, ditto, 9 May 1999, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 4 M , Okinawa Pref., Iriomote Is., Komi, Airagawa-rindo , 11 May 2008, K. Watanabe leg. ( KPMNH); 2 M, ditto, 14 May 2008 ( KPMNH); 2 M, ditto, 2 Apr 2011, K. Kawano leg. ( KPMNH); 1 M & 3 F , Okinawa Pref., Iriomote Is., Mariudo-falls, 23 Jul 1995, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 6 F, ditto, 7 Aug. 1995 ( OMNH); 1 F , Okinawa Pref., Iriomote Is., Nr. Kanpira-falls, 1 Jul 1988, K. Kusigemati leg. ( SEHU); 1 F & 5 M, ditto, 12 May 2008, K. Watanabe et al. leg. ( KPMNH); 1 F , Okinawa Pref., Iriomote Is., Urauchigawa , 11 Jun 1978, S. Tsukaguchi leg. ( OMNH); 1 F & 1 M , Okinawa Pref., Iriomote Is., Riverside of Urauchigawa riv., 12 May 2008, K. Watanabe leg. ( KPMNH); 2 F & 11 M, ditto, 13 May 2008 ( KPMNH); 1 F & 5 M, ditto, 14 May 2008 ( KPMNH); 1 F , Okinawa Pref., Iriomote Is., Sonai , 13 Apr 1978, E. Nishida leg. ( OMNH); 1 F , Okinawa Pref., Yonaguni Is., Anngaimidocchi 24 Jun 2012, E. Nishida leg. ( OMNH); 1 M (DNA-Pol-386) , Okinawa Pref., Yonaguni Is., Urabudake , 24 Jun 2015, R. Matsumoto leg. ( OMNH); 1 M, ditto, 22 Jun 2015 ( OMNH). Taiwan: 1 F (det. Townes & Chiu, as X. clavata ), Tarmaru, Rato, 3 Aug 1923, J. Sonan leg. ( TARI); 1 M (det. Townes & Chiu, as X. clavata ), Karenko, 20 Jul-4 Aug 1919, T. Okuni & J. Sonan leg. ( TARI). China: 1 F (det. Townes, as X. minomensis ), [Fujian Prov.] Shaowu Hsien, 8-12 Aug 1945, T. C. Maa leg. ( TARI) .

Distribution.

Japan (Honshu, Izuoshima Is., Shikoku, Kyushu, Tsushima Is., Yakushima Is., Amamioshima Is., Kakeroma Is., Tokunoshima Is., Okinawa Is., Miyako Is., Ishigaki Is., Taketomi Is., Iriomote Is. and Yonaguni Is.). Outside Japan, this species has been recorded from China, Malaysia and Taiwan ( Yu et al. 2016).

Bionomics.

In Japan, adults were collected in all months, except for November. In Honshu, winter is passed in the stage of adult (Fig. 8A ). The wintering adults were resting under the leaf of broad-leaved, evergreen trees, such as Castanopsis cuspidata , Ilex pedunculosa and Camellia japonica . Sometimes, multiple individuals were observed under the leaves of a single tree or even on a single leaf. All wintering specimens observed were female exclusively. This species is one of the common species of Japanese Xanthopimpla and adults are frequently found flying in or along the forest edge including somewhat open habitat. Although the host of this species is unknown, a female was observed to lay eggs into experimentally supplied cocoons of Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus, 1758) and its offspring emerged successfully. One male was reared from an unidentified small lepidopterous pupa.

Remarks.

This is the first record of this species from Nakanoshima Is., Kakeroma Is., Tokunoshima Is., Taketomi Is. and Yonaguni Is. Both Momoi (1970) (published on 20 July 1970) and Townes and Chiu (1970) (published in 1970, but without data for month and day) synonymised X. minomensis under X. clavata and, in this study, we accept the former treatment, based on the ICZN 21.3.

Figures

Figure 1. Dorsal habitus of Japanese Xanthopimpla A. X. clavata Krieger, 1914; B. X. flavolineata Cameron, 1907; C. X. honorata honorata (Cameron, 1899); D. X. konowi Krieger, 1899; E. X. minuta Cameron, 1905; F. X. modesta modesta (Smith, 1860); G, H. X. naenia Morley, 1913.

Figure 3. Japanese Xanthopimpla A, H. X. clavata Krieger, 1914; B, J. X. konowi Krieger, 1899; C. X. modesta modesta (Smith, 1860); D, K, N, P. X. nipponensis sp. nov.; E. X. stemmator (Thunberg, 1822); F, L. X. sylvicola sp. nov.; G, M. X. yoshimurai sp. nov.; I. X. minuta Cameron, 1905; O. X. naenia Morley, 1913 (D, F, G, K-M, P. holotype; N. paratype) - A, B. head, frontal view; C-G. head, dorsal view; H, I. mesonotum, dorsal view; J-M. scutellum, lateral view; N. mesosternum, ventral view; O, P. areolet of right wing.

Figure 4. Propodeum of Japanese Xanthopimpla, dorsal view A. X. clavata Krieger, 1914; B. X. flavolineata Cameron, 1907; C. X. honorata honorata (Cameron, 1899); D. X. konowi Krieger, 1899; E. X. minuta Cameron, 1905; F. X. modesta modesta (Smith, 1860); G. X. naenia Morley, 1913; H. X. nipponensis sp. nov.; I. X. pedator (Fabricius, 1775); J. X. punctata (Fabricius, 1781); K. X. stemmator (Thunberg, 1822); L. X. sylvicola sp. nov.; M. X. trias Townes & Chiu, 1970; N. X. yoshimurai sp. nov. (H, L, N. holotype).

Figure 5. Japanese Xanthopimpla - A. X. clavata Krieger, 1914; B. X. flavolineata Cameron, 1907; C. X. honorata honorata (Cameron, 1899); D. X. konowi Krieger, 1899; E. X. minuta Cameron, 1905; F. X. modesta modesta (Smith, 1860); G, H. X. naenia Morley, 1913; I, P. X. nipponensis sp. nov.; J. X. pedator (Fabricius, 1775); K. X. punctata (Fabricius, 1781); L. X. stemmator (Thunberg, 1822); M, Q. X. sylvicola sp. nov.; N. X. trias Townes & Chiu, 1970; O, R. X. yoshimurai sp. nov. (I, M, O-R. holotype) A-O. left hind leg, lateral view; P-R. left hind tarsal claw, lateral view.

Figure 8. Wintering female of Japanese Xanthopimpla spp - A. X. clavata; B. X. yoshimurai sp. nov.; C. X. nipponensis sp. nov.; D. X. trias.