Anaphothrips

Masumoto, Masami & Okajima, Shûji, 2017, Anaphothrips genus-group: key to world genera, with two new species and three new records from Japan (Thysanoptera, Thripidae), Zootaxa 4272 (2), pp. 201-220 : 202-205

Distribution of Anaphothrips genus-group ( Table 1)

There are 234 species of 40 genera that are conveniently included in this group from around the world. Available records indicate that it is particularly abundant in the Holarctic region, with 98 species (42%) in 20 genera (50%) known only from the Palaearctic and 42 species (18%) in 12 genera (30%) known only from the Nearctic. In Australia, the group comprises only 7 endemic genera (18%) but 52 species (22%), with almost 50% of Anaphothrips species being endemic to that continent. These figures may represent, to some extent, the amount of taxonomic activity, but in contrast, in the Ethiopian, the Oriental and the Neotropical regions, fewer genera and species are endemic: only 7 species (3%) and 6 genera (15%) in the Ethiopian, 14 species (6%) in 7 genera (18%) in the Oriental, and 20 species (9%) in 9 genera (23%) in the Neotropical.

Genera No. of Number of species Host plants species AU ET NA NT OR PA

Agalmothrips 2 1 - 1 - - 1 - Asteraceae

Ameranathrips 15 1 - - - 1 - - Fabaceae

Anaphothrips 15, 16, 23 79 43[3] 2 17[2] 2[2] 5 17[1] many families

Apsilothrips 6 1 - - - 1 - - Chenopođiaceae

Apterothrips 10, 15 2 1 [1] - 1 1[1] - 1 Poaceae

Aptinothrips 21 4 1 [1] 1[1] 2[2] 1[1] 3[3] 4 Poaceae

Aurantothrips 2, 15, 17 2 - - - 2 - - Orchiđaceae

Baileyothrips 2, 15 2 - - 1 1 - - Euphorbiaceae

Belothrips 2, 26 2 - - - - - 2 Galium

Caprithrips 1, 4, 23 6 3 [2] 1 1[1] 1[1] 3[1] 1[1] Poaceae

Charassothrips 10, 15 5 - - - 5 - - Piperaceae ; Araceae ; Asteraceae

Chilothrips 11 7 - - 3 - - 4 Pinaceae

Desartathrips 9 1 - - - 1 - - Asteraceae

Dictyothrips 2, 8 1 - - - - - 1 Polygonaceae ; vector of Polygonum ring spot virus

Dodonaeathrips 16 1 1 - - - - - Sapinđaceae

Enneothrips 15, 22 5 - - - 5 - - Fabaceae ; Lecythiđaceae

Eremiothrips 5, 7 19 - - - - 2 17 many families

Eryngiothrips 3 5 - - - - - 5 Asteraceae ; Apiaceae

Flavidothrips 2 1 - 1 - - - - Poaceae

Glaucothrips 12 1 - 1 - - - - Proteaceae ; Bruniaceae

Helenothrips 25 1 - 1 - - - - Unknown

Hemianaphothrips 2 3 - - 2 - - 1 Poaceae

Hyalopterothrips 2 3 - - - - - 3 Zygophyllaceae ; Cistaceae

Nigritothrips 2 2 - - - - - 2 Poaceae

……continued on the next page: Australian Region incluđing New Zealanđ, ET: Ethiopian Region, NA: Nearctic Region , NT: Neotropical Region , OR: Oriental Region , PA: Palaearctic Region . -: Not recorđeđ. Number of species which is đistinctly or may be introđuceđ from other regions is in brackets. *: one from Hawaii. References: 1) Bhatti (1973); 2) Bhatti (1978); 3) Bhatti (1979); 4) Bhatti (1980); 5) Bhatti 1988); 6) Bhatti & De Borbon (2008); 7) Bhatti et al. (2003); 8) Ciuffo et al. (2010); 9) De Borbon (2008); 10) Golđarazena & Mounđ (2010); 11) Hođđle et al. (2012); 12) Masumoto (2003); 13) Masumoto & Okajima (2017); 14) Minaei & Mounđ (2015); 15) Mounđ & Marullo (1996); 16) Mounđ & Masumoto (2009); 17) Mounđ et al. (1976); 18) Nakahara (1996); 19) Nakahara & Tsuđa 1994); 20) O̓ Neill (1960); 21) Palmer (1975); 22) Palmer & Mounđ (1985); 23) ThripsWiki (2017); 24) Tyagi et al. (2015); 25) zur Strassen (1976); 26) zur Strassen (2003).

Judgement of endemic or invasive is difficult, but many genera and species appear to be endemic. The genera Anaphothrips and Oxythrips are widespread, with endemic species in many parts of the world. In contrast, Anaphothrips , Apterothrips , Aptinothrips and Caprithrips include species that presumably have become widespread through human activity. Anaphothrips includes 79 species in the world, but in Australia 40 species are endemic and two are cosmopolitan ( Mound & Masumoto 2009). Most Anaphothrips species in the northern hemisphere are grass-living, but in Australia many kinds of plants are hosts to particular species. Apterothrips includes two species, apteris and secticornis . The former is now mainly found in the southern hemisphere, but it probably originated in California, whereas the latter is from the northern hemisphere. Apterothrips secticornis is associated with Poaceae and Cyperaceae , but A. apteris is associated not only with Poaceae but also sometimes causes damage to Medicago and garlic. The European genus Aptinothrips includes four grass-living species of which two are cosmopolitan. Caprithrips includes six grass-living species with two widely distributed; insularis was described from the United States but is also known from South America , Australia and Japan; melanophthalmus was described from France but is also known from India and Japan; similarly, orientalis was described from India but is also recorded from Australia. Judging from the remaining species, Caprithrips probably originated from the Oriental region .

Oxythrips includes 39 species, of which none is cosmopolitan, and most are found in the Holarctic region with only a few species from other areas. In contrast, Dodonaeathrips , Pandorathrips and Ozanaphothrips are endemic to Australia, whereas Flavidothrips , Glaucothrips and Helenothrips are known only from Africa. In the New World fauna 11 genera are here listed in this group: Ameranathrips, Apsilothrips, Aurantothrips , Baileyothrips , Charassothrips, Desartathrips , Enneothrips , Odontanaphothrips , Proscirtothrips , Pseudothrips and Xerothrips . In contrast 10 genera are known from the Palaearctic region: Belothrips , Dictyothrips, Eryngiothrips , Hyalopterothrips , Nigritothrips , Rubiothrips , Tamaricothrips , Tameothrips , Thermothrips and Zurstrassenia . Some genera are possibly endemic to the Oriental region but include species that are from other areas: Agalmothrips , Eremiothrips , Palmiothrips and Psilothrips . Two genera associated with gymnosperms have discontinuous distributions. The five species of Chilothrips are fundamentally the same in structure as Oxythrips species and are associated with Pinus flowers, but three are from the United States, one from China, and one from Japan . Paroxythrips is associated with leaves of Araucariales and is known only from Japan and Australia.

Host associations within the Anaphothrips genus-group are complex. Many species are associated only with grasses, particularly Anaphothrips species in North America ( Nakahara 1995), and several grass-living species are now cosmopolitan, such as, Anaphothrips obscurus , An. sudanensis , Aptinothrips rufus and Ap. stylifer . In contrast, in Australia Anaphothrips has radiated onto a wide range of unrelated shrubs and herbs ( Mound & Masumoto 2009). One member of this genus-group, Dictyothrips betae , is a vector of Polygonum ring spot virus in Europe ( Ciuffo et al. 2010).