Hemilamprops chilensis, Gerken & Haye, 2018

Gerken, Sarah & Haye, Pilar A., 2018, Hemilamprops chilensis sp. nov. (Crustacea: Cumacea: Lampropidae) from the coast of Chile, with a key to the Chilean Lampropidae and remarks on the status of H. ultimaespei Zimmer, 1921 and H. lotusae Băcescu, 1969, Zootaxa 4399 (3), pp. 351-360 : 352-359

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.4399.3.5
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5ADC2E71-C085-41E2-8DD4-603DB5935278
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5967621
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/922E879F-6E0D-1633-FF7C-148224016271
treatment provided by	Plazi
scientific name	Hemilamprops chilensis
status	sp. nov.

Treatment

Hemilamprops chilensis View in CoL sp. nov.

Hemilamprops ultimaespei View in CoL .— Mühlenhardt-Siegel, 2003: 120 –126, fig. 1–3.

Type material. HOLOTYPE: SUbAdULT fEMALE, 4.7 MM, dISSEcTEd, MNHNCL CUM 11849, PELLUcO BEAcH, CHILE, 41°29.52'S, 72°54.32'W, 19 GoogleMaps – 20 M. PARATYPES: SUbAdULT fEMALE, MNHNCL CUM 11847, PELLUcO BEAcH, CHILE , 41°29.52'S, 72°54.32'W, 19–20 M; SUbAdULT MALE, 4.5 MM, dISSEcTEd, MNHNCL CUM 11848, PELLUcO BEAcH, CHILE GoogleMaps , 41°29.52'S, 72°54.32'W, 19–20 M.

Other material examined. 1 SUbAdULT fEMALE, dISSEcTEd, 1 AdULT MALE, 23 SUbAdULT MALES, 1 SUbAdULT fEMALE, PELLUcO BEAcH, CHILE, 41°29.52'S, 72°54.32'W, 19– 20 M.

Distribution. CHILE, BAHIA HERRAdURA TO ANcUd, CHILOé ISLANd.

Description. Holotype subadult female, 4.7 mm, MNHNCL CUM 11849.

PSEUdOROSTRAL LObES 0.4 cARAPAcE LENgTH, EYELObE 0.1 cARAPAcE LENgTH, WITHOUT dISTINcT LENSES, ANTENNAL NOTcH AbSENT, VENTRAL MARgIN SMOOTH, INcOMPLETE LATERAL RIdgE EXTENdINg fROM cENTER Of ANTERIOR MARgIN HALf cARAPAcE LENgTH, ANTERIOR HALf Of cARAPAcE WITH SHARP dORSAL fOLd, cARAPAcE EqUAL TO THORAcIc SEgMENTS TOgETHER ( FIg. 1A, B View FIGURE1 ).

ANTENNULE STOUT, EXTENdINg bEYONd PSEUdOROSTRAL LObES; PEdUNcLE ARTIcLE 1 LONgEST, WITHOUT SETAE; ARTIcLE 2 WITH SEVERAL SIMPLE SETAE dISTALLY; ARTIcLE 3 SHORTEST, fLAgELLA bROKEN Off ( FIg. 2A View FIGURE 2 ).

ANTENNA RUdIMENTARY, Of 4 ARTIcLES, SUbEqUAL IN LENgTH TO PEdUNcLE Of ANTENNULE; ARTIcLE 1 WITH 2 STOUT PAPPOSE SETAE; ARTIcLE 2 WITH 1 STOUT PAPPOSE SETA; ARTIcLE 3 WITH 1 SMALL SETA; ARTIcLE 4 WITH SEVERAL SIMPLE SETAE TERMINALLY ( FIg. 2C View FIGURE 2 ).

MANdIbLE NOT EXAMINEd fOR fEMALE.

MAXILLULE NOT EXAMINEd fOR fEMALE.

MAXILLA WITH THREE ENdITES; bROAd ENdITE dISTAL MARgIN WITH MANY SIMPLE ANd PAPPOSE SETAE, MEdIAL MARgIN WITH ROW Of 19 SETAE, 1 SETA SET AbOVE ROW; INNER NARROW ENdITE WITH 4 MIcROSERRATE SETAE TERMINALLY; OUTER NARROW ENdITE WITH 5 MIcROSERRATE SETAE TERMINALLY; NARROW ENdITES EXTENd bEYONd dISTAL MARgIN Of bROAd ENdITE ( FIg. 2F View FIGURE 2 ).

MAXILLIPEd 1 bASIS PROdUcEd dISTALLY AS bLUNT LObE, MEdIAL MARgIN WITH ROW Of STOUT SIMPLE SETAE, dISTAL MARgIN WITH PAPPOSE SETAE, PROXIMAL fAcE WITH fIELd Of SMALL SIMPLE SETAE; IScHIUM AbSENT; MERUS WITH 1 PLUMOSE SETA AT dISTAL cORNER; cARPUS WITH 1 LONg PLUMOSE SETA AT dISTAL cORNER, MEdIAL fAcE LINEd WITH SIMPLE, cOMb, ANd PAPPOSE SETAE; PROPOdUS SMALL, bEARINg fEW SIMPLE ANd PAPPOSE SETAE dISTALLY; dAcTYL REdUcEd, bEARINg 4 SIMPLE SETAE TERMINALLY ( FIg. 2H View FIGURE 2 ).

MAXILLIPEd 2 NOT EXAMINEd fOR fEMALE.

MAXILLIPEd 3 bASIS LONgER THAN ALL OTHER ARTIcLES TOgETHER, MARgINS LINEd WITH PAPPOSE ANd fINE HAIR-LIKE SETAE, dISTAL cORNER SLIgHTLY PROdUcEd ANd bEARINg 2 LONg STOUT PLUMOSE SETAE; IScHIUM PRESENT, UNARMEd; MERUS SLIgHTLY SHORTER THAN cARPUS, bEARINg 4 PAPPOSE SETAE; cARPUS bEARINg fEW SETAE dISTALLY, ROW Of PAPPOSE SETAE MEdIALLY; PROPOdUS SLENdER, SUbEqUAL TO cARPUS, bEARINg SIMPLE ANd PAPPOSE SETAE; dAcTYL 0.5 PROPOdUS LENgTH, bEARINg fEW SIMPLE SETAE, STOUT TERMINAL SETA 2 TIMES dAcTYL LENgTH; EXOPOd PRESENT, SHORTER THAN bASIS, fLAgELLUM bEARINg PLUMO- ANNULATE SETAE ( FIg. 3A View FIGURE 3 ).

PEREOPOd 1 bASIS LONgER THAN NEXT 3 ARTIcLES TOgETHER, MARgINS LINEd WITH PAPPOSE SETAE, VENTRAL MARgIN LINEd WITH TEETH; IScHIUM 0.4 MERUS LENgTH, WITH fEW PAPPOSE SETAE; MERUS SHORTER THAN cARPUS, bEARINg SEVERAL PAPPOSE SETAE; cARPUS bEARINg 1 PAPPOSE SETA; PROPOdUS 0.5 bASIS LENgTH, bEARINg fEW SIMPLE SETAE; dAcTYL SUbEqUAL TO PROPOdUS, bEARINg fEW SIMPLE SETAE, TERMINAL SETA LENgTH UNKNOWN; EXOPOd 0.8 bASIS LENgTH, fLAgELLUM bEARINg PLUMO-ANNULATE SETAE ( FIg. 3B View FIGURE 3 ).

PEREOPOd 2 bASIS SHORTER THAN ALL OTHER ARTIcLES TOgETHER, MARgINS bEARINg PAPPOSE SETAE, 2 MIcROSERRATE SETAE AT dISTAL cORNER; IScHIUM PRESENT, bEARINg 1 MIcROSERRATE, 1 PLUMOSE ANd 1 SIMPLE SETA; MERUS SHORTER THAN cARPUS, bEARINg SEVERAL PLUMOSE ANd 1 MIcROSERRATE SETAE; cARPUS bEARINg STOUT MIcROSERRATE SETAE ANd SIMPLE SETAE; PROPOdUS 0.25 cARPUS LENgTH, bEARINg 1 SIMPLE SETA; dAcTYL 3 TIMES PROPOdUS LENgTH, bEARINg fEW SIMPLE SETAE, TERMINAL SETA LENgTH UNKNOWN, bROKEN; EXOPOd PRESENT, 0.9 bASIS LENgTH, fLAgELLUM bEARINg PLUMO-ANNULATE SETAE ( FIg. 3C View FIGURE 3 ).

PEREOPOd 3 bASIS TWIcE LENgTH Of ALL OTHER ARTIcLES TOgETHER, bEARINg SEVERAL PLUMOSE SETAE ANd 2 cOMPLEX PEdUNcULATE SETAE; IScHIUM 0.5 MERUS LENgTH, bEARINg 4 STOUT ANNULATE SETAE dISTALLY; MERUS SUbEqUAL TO cARPUS, bEARINg 2 STOUT ANNULATE SETAE; cARPUS LONgER THAN PROPOdUS, bEARINg 3 STOUT ANNULATE SETAE; PROPOdUS TWIcE dAcTYL LENgTH, bEARINg SINgLE STOUT ANNULATE SETA dISTALLY; dAcTYL bEARINg 1 STOUT, 1 SLENdER SIMPLE SETA TERMINALLY; EXOPOd RUdIMENTARY, Of 2 ARTIcLES, bEARINg SEVERAL SIMPLE SETAE ( FIg. 3D View FIGURE 3 ).

PEREOPOd 4 bASIS 1.4 TIMES ALL OTHER ARTIcLES TOgETHER, bEARINg PLUMOSE ANd PAPPOSE SETAE; IScHIUM 0.4 MERUS LENgTH, bEARINg 5 STOUT ANNULATE SETAE dISTALLY; MERUS SHORTER THAN cARPUS, bEARINg 2 STOUT ANNULATE SETAE; cARPUS LONgER THAN PROPOdUS, bEARINg 4 STOUT ANNULATE SETAE; PROPOdUS TWIcE dAcTYL LENgTH, bEARINg 1 STOUT ANNULATE SETA; dAcTYL bEARINg 1 STOUT ANd 1 SLENdER SIMPLE SETA TERMINALLY; EXOPOd RUdIMENTARY, Of 2 ARTIcLES, bEARINg SEVERAL SIMPLE SETAE ( FIg. 3E View FIGURE 3 ).

PEREOPOd 5 bASIS SHORTER THAN ALL OTHER ARTIcLES TOgETHER, bEARINg PLUMOSE ANd cOMPLEX PEdUNcULATE SETAE; IScHIUM 0.5 MERUS LENgTH, bEARINg 4 STOUT ANNULATE SETAE dISTALLY; MERUS SHORTER THAN cARPUS, bEARINg 2 STOUT ANNULATE SETAE; cARPUS LONgER THAN PROPOdUS, bEARINg 4 STOUT ANNULATE SETAE; PROPOdUS bEARINg 1 STOUT ANNULATE SETA; dAcTYL bEARINg 1 STOUT ANd 2 SLENdER SIMPLE SETAE ( FIg. 3F View FIGURE 3 ).

TELSON 1.3 TIMES LENgTH Of PLEONITE 6, bEARINg 2 PAIRS MIcROSERRATE SETAE LATERALLY, 3 MIcROSERRATE SETAE TERMINALLY, MARgINS WEAKLY SERRATE ( FIg. 1C View FIGURE1 ).

UROPOd PEdUNcLES 1.4 TIMES TELSON LENgTH, bEARINg 9 SIMPLE SETAE WITH SINgLE SUbTERMINAL SETULE MEdIALLY, PEdUNcLES SHORTER THAN ENdOPOd. UROPOd ENdOPOd Of 3 ARTIcLES, MARgINS SERRATE; ARTIcLE 1 EqUAL TO ARTIcLES 2 ANd 3 TOgETHER, MEdIAL MARgIN bEARINg 9-11 MIcROSERRATE SETAE; ARTIcLE 2 0.5 LENgTH Of ARTIcLE 1, bEARINg 4-6 MIcROSERRATE SETAE MEdIALLY; ARTIcLE 3 0.8 LENgTH Of ARTIcLE 2, bEARINg 6 MIcROSERRATE SETAE MEdIALLY, TERMINAL SETA bROKEN. UROPOd EXOPOd Of 2 ARTIcLES, 0.9 LENgTH Of ENdOPOd; ARTIcLE 1 EqUAL TO ARTIcLE 2, bEARINg fEW SIMPLE ANd PAPPOSE SETAE; ARTIcLE 2 bEARINg MULTIPLE PAPPOSE SETAE, TERMINAL dISTAL SETAE bROKEN ( FIg. 1C View FIGURE1 ).

PARATYPE SUbAdULT MALE, 4.5 MM, MNHNCL CUM 11848.

PSEUdOROSTRAL LObES 0.4 cARAPAcE LENgTH, EYELObE 0.07 cARAPAcE LENgTH, WITHOUT dISTINcT LENSES; ANTENNAL NOTcH AbSENT; VENTRAL MARgIN SMOOTH; INcOMPLETE LATERAL RIdgE EXTENdINg fROM cENTER Of ANTERIOR MARgIN HALf cARAPAcE LENgTH, ANTERIOR HALf Of cARAPAcE WITH SHARP dORSAL fOLd, cARAPAcE EqUAL TO THORAcIc SEgMENTS TOgETHER ( FIg. 1D View FIGURE1 ).

ANTENNULE STOUT, EXTENdINg bEYONd PSEUdOROSTRAL LObES; PEdUNcLE ARTIcLE 1 LONgEST, WITH fEW SIMPLE SETAE; ARTIcLE 2 WITH 2 SMALL SETAE dISTALLY; ARTIcLE 3 SHORTEST, WITHOUT SETAE; fLAgELLA bROKEN Off ( FIg. 2B View FIGURE 2 ).

ANTENNA IMMATURE, Of 3 ARTIcLES, ARTIcLES 1 ANd 2 WITH fEW PLUMOSE SETAE ( FIg. 2D View FIGURE 2 ).

MANdIbLE NAVIcULAR, WITH ROW Of 9 OR 10 LIfTINg SETAE ( FIg. 2G View FIGURE 2 ).

MAXILLULE WITH 2 ENdITES; OUTER ENdITE WITH dOUbLE ROW Of STOUT SETAE dISTALLY; INNER ENdITE WITH 5 SETAE TERMINALLY; PALP WITH 2 SETAE ( FIg. 2E View FIGURE 2 ).

MAXILLA, MAXILLIPEd 1 NOT EXAMINEd fOR MALE.

MAXILLIPEd 2 bASIS SUbEqUAL TO ALL OTHER ARTIcLES TOgETHER, bEARINg 3 STOUT PLUMOSE SETAE; IScHIUM PRESENT, UNARMEd; MERUS 0.8 cARPUS LENgTH, bEARINg 2 STOUT PLUMOSE SETAE; cARPUS bEARINg 1 PLUMOSE SETA dISTALLY, ROW 7 PLUMOSE SETAE MEdIALLY; PROPOdUS 0.7 cARPUS LENgTH, bEARINg 2 PLUMOSE ANd 3 SIMPLE SETAE; dAcTYL 0.5 PROPOdUS LENgTH, bEARINg 1 STOUT ANd 3 SMALL SIMPLE SETAE TERMINALLY ( FIg. 2I View FIGURE 2 ).

MAXILLIPEd 3 bASIS LONgER THAN ALL OTHER ARTIcLES TOgETHER, dISTAL MARgIN LINEd WITH fINE HAIR-LIKE SETAE, dISTAL cORNER PROdUcEd SLIgHTLY ANd bEARINg 2 LONg STOUT PLUMOSE SETAE, MEdIAL MARgIN bEARINg SEVERAL PAPPOSE SETAE; IScHIUM PRESENT, UNARMEd; MERUS 0.7 cARPUS LENgTH, bEARINg 3 PAPPOSE SETAE; cARPUS bEARINg 1 PLUMOSE SETA dISTALLY, ROW Of PAPPOSE ANd SIMPLE SETAE MEdIALLY, MEdIAL MARgIN PROdUcEd AS 2 TEETH ; PROPOdUS SLENdER, 0.9 cARPUS LENgTH, bEARINg SIMPLE ANd PLUMOSE SETAE; dAcTYL 0.3 PROPOdUS LENgTH, bEARINg fEW SIMPLE SETAE, STOUT TERMINAL SETA 3.0 dAcTYL LENgTH; EXOPOd PRESENT, 0.8 bASIS LENgTH, fLAgELLUM bEARINg PLUMOSE SETAE ( FIg. 4A View FIGURE 4 ).

PEREOPOd 1 bASIS NEARLY LENgTH Of NEXT 4 ARTIcLES TOgETHER, bEARINg MANY PAPPOSE SETAE, VENTRAL MARgIN PROdUcEd AS TEETH dISTALLY; IScHIUM SMALL, bEARINg 1 PLUMOSE SETA; MERUS SUbEqUAL TO cARPUS, bEARINg SEVERAL PLUMOSE SETAE dISTALLY; cARPUS UNARMEd; PROPOdUS 0.5 bASIS LENgTH, bEARINg fEW SIMPLE SETAE; dAcTYL EqUAL TO PROPOdUS, bEARINg SEVERAL SIMPLE SETAE, TERMINAL SETA 0.8 LENgTH Of dAcTYL; EXOPOd PRESENT, 0.8 bASIS LENgTH, fLAgELLUM bEARINg PLUMO-ANNULATE SETAE ( FIg. 4B View FIGURE 4 ).

PEREOPOd 2 bASIS LONgER THAN ALL OTHER ARTIcLES TOgETHER, MARgINS bEARINg PLUMOSE SETAE ANd SIMPLE SETAE; IScHIUM PRESENT, bEARINg 1 PLUMOSE, 1 MIcROSERRATE ANd 1 SIMPLE SETA; MERUS SHORTER THAN cARPUS, bEARINg 1 MIcROSERRATE ANd 4 PLUMOSE SETA; cARPUS bEARINg STOUT MIcROSERRATE, SIMPLE ANd PLUMOSE SETAE; PROPOdUS 0.3 cARPUS LENgTH, bEARINg 1 SIMPLE SETA; dAcTYL TWIcE PROPOdUS LENgTH, bEARINg SIMPLE SETAE, TERMINAL SETA bROKEN; EXOPOd PRESENT, SUbEqUAL TO bASIS, fLAgELLUM bEARINg PLUMO-ANNULATE SETAE ( FIg. 4C View FIGURE 4 ).

PEREOPOd 3 bASIS LONgER THAN ALL OTHER ARTIcLES TOgETHER, bEARINg SEVERAL PLUMOSE SETAE; IScHIUM 0.4 MERUS LENgTH, bEARINg 5 STOUT ANNULATE SETAE dISTALLY; MERUS SUbEqUAL TO cARPUS, bEARINg 1 STOUT ANNULATE SETA; cARPUS LONgER THAN PROPOdUS, bEARINg 2 STOUT ANNULATE SETAE dISTALLY; PROPOdUS LONgER THAN dAcTYL, bEARINg SINgLE STOUT ANNULATE SETA dISTALLY; dAcTYL bEARINg 1 STOUT, 1 SLENdER SIMPLE SETA TERMINALLY; EXOPOd SUbEqUAL TO bASIS, fLAgELLUM bEARINg PLUMO-ANNULATE SETAE ( FIg. 4D View FIGURE 4 ).

PEREOPOd 4 bASIS LONgER THAN ALL OTHER ARTIcLES TOgETHER, bEARINg PAPPOSE ANd SIMPLE SETAE; IScHIUM 0.5 MERUS LENgTH, bEARINg 2 STOUT ANNULATE, 1 PLUMOSE ANd 1 SIMPLE SETAE dISTALLY; MERUS SUbEqUAL TO cARPUS, bEARINg 2 STOUT ANNULATE SETAE; cARPUS LONgER THAN PROPOdUS, bEARINg 4 STOUT ANNULATE SETAE; PROPOdUS LONgER THAN dAcTYL, bEARINg 1 STOUT ANNULATE SETA dISTALLY; dAcTYL bEARINg 1 STOUT ANd 1 SLENdER SIMPLE SETA TERMINALLY; EXOPOd PRESENT, SUbEqUAL TO bASIS, fLAgELLUM bEARINg PLUMOSE SETAE ( FIg. 4E View FIGURE 4 ).

PEREOPOd 5 bASIS SHORTER THAN ALL OTHER ARTIcLES TOgETHER, bEARINg fEW PLUMOSE SETAE; IScHIUM 0.5 MERUS LENgTH, bEARINg 3 STOUT ANNULATE SETAE dISTALLY; MERUS 0.9 cARPUS LENgTH, bEARINg 2 STOUT ANNULATE SETAE; cARPUS 2.0 PROPOdUS LENgTH, bEARINg 2 STOUT ANNULATE ANd 3 SIMPLE SETAE; PROPOdUS bEARINg 1 STOUT ANNULATE SETA dISTALLY; dAcTYL bEARINg 1 STOUT ANd 1 SLENdER SIMPLE SETA ( FIg. 4F View FIGURE 4 ).

PLEOPOdS IMMATURE, ENdOPOd Of 1 ARTIcLE, PROdUcEd AS PROcESS MEdIALLY, EXOPOd Of 2 ARTIcLES ( FIg. 1F View FIGURE1 ).

TELSON 2.2 TIMES LENgTH Of PLEONITE 6, bEARINg 2 PAIRS Of MIcROSERRATE SETAE LATERALLY, 3 MIcROSERRATE SETAE TERMINALLY ( FIg. 1E View FIGURE1 ).

UROPOd PEdUNcLES 1.25 TELSON LENgTH, bEARINg 10 OR 11 MIcROSERRATE SETAE MEdIALLY, PEdUNcLES SUbEqUAL TO EXOPOd. UROPOd ENdOPOd Of THREE ARTIcLES; ARTIcLE 1 1.2 TIMES LENgTH Of ARTIcLES 2 ANd 3 TOgETHER, MEdIAL MARgIN bEARINg 12 OR 13 MIcROSERRATE SETAE, dISTAL MARgIN bEARINg 1 SIMPLE SETA, MEdIAL MARgIN STRONgLY SERRATE; ARTIcLE 2 EqUAL TO ARTIcLE 3, bEARINg 4 MIcROSERRATE SETAE MEdIALLY, 1 SIMPLE SETA dISTALLY, MEdIAL MARgIN STRONgLY SERRATE; ARTIcLE 3 bEARINg 3 MIcROSERRATE SETAE MEdIALLY, MEdIAL MARgIN STRONgLY SERRATE, TERMINAL SETA SIMPLE, LENgTH ESTIMATEd. UROPOd EXOPOd Of 2 ARTIcLES, 0.9 ENdOPOd LENgTH; ARTIcLE 1 SUbEqUAL TO ARTIcLE 2, bEARINg fEW SIMPLE SETAE; ARTIcLE 2 bEARINg MULTIPLE SIMPLE SETAE, TERMINAL SETA LENgTH ESTIMATEd ( FIg. 1E View FIGURE1 ).

Etymology. THE SPEcIES IS NAMEd chilensis fOR THE cOUNTRY Of cOLLEcTION.

Remarks. Hemilamprops chilensis sp. nov. IS cLEARLY A MEMbER Of THE gENUS Hemilamprops , AS THE cARAPAcE IS NOT dORSOVENTRALLY fLATTENEd, THE MALE bEARS THREE PAIRS Of PLEOPOdS, ANd THE bASIS Of THE fIRST PEREOPOd IS dISTINcTLY SHORTER THAN THE REST Of THE APPENdAgE.

THE SPEcIES WITH THE MOST SIMILAR cARAPAcE IS Hemilamprops glabrus DAY 1978 fROM SOUTH AfRIcA, bUT THE NEW SPEcIES IS dIffERENTIATEd bY THE MAXILLIPEd 3 bASIS bEINg LONgER THAN THE REST Of THE APPENdAgE ANd THE TELSON bEARINg 3 TERMINAL SETAE ANd TWO PAIRS Of LATERAL SETAE ON THE TELSON. IN H. glabrus THE bASIS Of MAXILLIPEd 3 IS SHORTER THAN THE REST Of THE APPENdAgE, ANd THE TELSON bEARS fIVE TERMINAL SETAE ANd NO LATERAL SETAE.

THE ONLY SPEcIES Of Hemilamprops PREVIOUSLY REcORdEd fROM THE cOAST Of CHILE IS H. ultimaespei ZIMMER, 1921 , fROM TIERRA dEL FUEgO. THE ORIgINAL fIgURES fROM ZIMMER (1921: fIg. 1–3) ARE NOT VERY dETAILEd. THE NEW SPEcIES, H. chilensis , cAN bE dIffERENTIATEd fROM H. ultimaespei bY THE PRESENcE Of A SMALL LATERAL RIdgE ANTERIORLY ON THE cARAPAcE.