Anthemis, L.

Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Moore, D. M., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M. & Webb, D. A., 1976, Flora Europaea. Volume 4. Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae), Cambridge University Press : 145-148

57. Anthémis L. 1

Herbs or dwarf shrubs, more or less hairy. Leaves alternate, usually divided. Capitula small to medium, solitary, terminal, pedunculate. Involucre usually more or less hemispherical; involucral bracts in several rows. Receptacle conical, hemispherical or ovoid; scales usually present, at least in upper part of receptacle. Outer florets usually ligulate and female, with compressed tube and patent, usually 2- to 3-dentate ligule. Inner florets hermaphrodite, tubular, 5-dentate, numerous, yellow; tube not saccate. Achenes terete or more or less compressed; pappus absent or represented by a corona or auricle.

Measurements of length of stem include the peduncle; length of leaves includes both petiole and lamina; length of peduncle is taken from the uppermost divided cauline leaf to the base of the capitulum; length of ligules is that of the limb; measurements of achenes refer to the achenes of the tubular florets and include the corona or auricle unless the contrary is stated; number of striations on the achene (Subgen. Cota ) refers to those of outer and inner sides (not to each of four faces of achenes), including also that corresponding to the median angle of each side.

The primary divisions of the leaves are referred to as segments and the ultimate divisions as lobes. Unless the contrary is stated the involucre is not umbonate and the ligules are white.

Mature achenes are essential for the identification of most species.

1 Receptacle without scales

2 Leavesfleshy, thelobesobtuse; achenesallsimilar,obconicalturbinate, distinctly ribbed, caducous 61. ammanthus 2 Leaves not fleshy, the lobes acute; outer achenes cylindrical, obscurely ribbed, persistent, the inner cylindric-obconical, distinctly ribbed, caducous 59. fllicaulis 1 Receptacle with scales at least in the upper half

3 Receptacle without scales in the lower part; scales narrowly lanceolate to linear-subulate; annual

4 Outer achenes cylindrical, persistent; pappus present; ligules absent 60. tomentella 4 Achenesturbinate, caducous; pappusabsent; ligulesusually present

5 Achenes tuberculate or verruculose; leaf-lobes narrowly linear 39. cotula 5 Achenes slightly ribbed, the ribs nearly or quite smooth; leaf-lobes filiform 40. lithuanica 3 Receptaclewithscalesallover; scalesusuallywider; annual, biennial or perennial

6 Achenesusuallysomewhatcompressed,rhombicintrans­ verse section; receptacular scales ± rigid; leaf-segments usually pectinately divided

7 Annual; ligules white

8 Branches divaricate; involucre nearly flat 55. syriaca 8 Branches erect to erecto-patent; involucre ± hemispherical

9 Peduncles davate in fruit; acumen of receptacular scales about as long as the scale

10 Receptacular scales abruptly contracted above; achenes with 7-11 ribs on each side; leaves 2- to 3-pinnatipartite 53. altissima 10 Receptacular scales gradually narrowed above; achenes with 2-4 ribs on each side; leaves 1 -pinnatisect, with pectinate segments 54. coelopoda 9 Peduncles not davate in fruit; acumen of receptacular scales less than | as long as the scale

11 Achenes 2-5-3 mm, slightly compressed, indistinctly ribbed; stems not more than 30 cm 58. brachmannii 11 Achenes (1- 5—)2—2- 5 mm, distinctly compressed and

± ribbed; stems up to 60 cm

12 Achenes with (3-)5-7 distinct ribs on each side; corona up to 1 mm; involucre finally umbonate

56. segetalis 12 Achenes with 2-3 obscure ribs on each side; corona absent or very short; involucre not umbonate

57. austriaca 7 Perennial

13 Ligules absent

14 Corona usually less than J as long as achene; receptacular scales oblong-lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate

42. tinctoria 14 Corona i- i as long as achene; receptacular scales obovate-cuneate, ± abruptly contracted into the acumen

15 Inner involucral bracts oblong-lanceolate, acute; stems 30-90 cm, erect, corymbosely branched 49. triumfetti 15 Inner involucral bracts oblong or elliptic-oblong, obtuse or rounded; stems 10-40(-60) cm, usually simple 47. parnassica 13 Ligules present

16 Ligules pure white or cream

17 Ligules 13-30x 2-4 mm, oblong to linear; all involucral bracts with blackish margin and apex

18 Stems 50-105 cm, corymbosely branched above; leaves up to 15 x 10 cm, soft, green, sparsely hairy beneath; capitula up to 65 mm in diameter; corona

Л as long as achene 51. macrantha 18 Stems 20-50 cm, simple or once branched at middle; leaves not more than 5 x 2-5 cm, rigid, greyish, sericeous beneath; capitula not more than 50 mm

in diameter; corona more than half as long as achene 52. jailensis 17 Ligules 6-20 x 2- 5-6- 5 mm, oblong to broadly elliptical; inner and sometimes middle involucral bracts brownish at margin and apex 19 Stems up to 90 cm, erect, corymbosely branched; involucral bracts acute or subacute

20 Capitula (25-)30-50 mm in diameter; ligules up to

20 mm, pure white 49. triumfetti 20 Capitula 25—30(—35) mm in diameter; ligules not more than 12 mm, cream 50. dumetorum 19 Stems 10-40(-60) cm, decumbent or ascending; involucral bracts obtuse

21 Stems usually branched; leaves often 2-pinnatisect; inner involucral bracts c. 2 mm wide; corona c. í as long as achene 48. dubia 21 Stems usually simple; leaves pinnatifid; inner involucral bracts less than 2 mm wide; corona as long as achene 47. parnassica 16 Ligules yellow or orange

22 Ligules pale- to lemon-yellow

23 Stems 25-30(-40) cm, usually simple and with 1 capitulum; leaves green, with very sparse indumentum and flat teeth 46. monantha 23 Stems 30-50(-70) cm, usually branched, with many capitula; leaves densely greyish- or whitish-lanate beneath, with inflexed teeth 42. tinctoria 22 Ligules golden-yellow to orange

24 Involucral bracts acute or subacute, all or most with dark brown or blackish margin and apex; ligules orange

25 Capitula 40-50 mm in diameter with disc 15-25 mm

in diameter; achenes up to 2-5 mm; corona c.

1 mm 44. sancti-johannis 25 Capitula less than 40 mm in diameter with disc 11-18 mm in diameter; achenes up to 2 mm; corona c. 0- 5 mm 42. tinctoria 24 Outer involucral bracts acute, the inner obtuse to subacute, all with hyaline or pale margin and apex or only the inner diffusely brownish at apex; ligules golden-yellow

26 Capitula 25-50 mm in diameter; leaves usually sparsely hairy

27 Corona not more than 0-5 mm; capitula 25-45 mm

in diameter; stems up to 6O(-8O) cm, not very robust 42. tinctoria 27 Corona c. 1 mm; capitula 40-50 mm in diameter; stems up to 90 cm, rather robust 43. gaudium-solis 26 Capitula not more than 30 mm in diameter; plants densely greyish- or whitish-lanate

28 Stems 10-25 cm, procumbent; capitula 12—20(—25)

mm in diameter 45. cretacea 28 Stems usually up to 60 cm, erect; capitula 20-25 (-30) mm in diameter 42. tinctoria 6 Achenes not compressed, orbicular or subquadrate in transverse section; receptacular scales not or scarcely rigid; leaf-segments not pectinately divided

29 Annual,rarelyslenderbiennial,withoutnon-flowering shoots; peduncles sometimes davate in fruit

30 Receptacularscaleswithratherdensewhitehairs 61. ammanthus 30 Receptacular scales glabrous

31 Ligules yellow 35. chrysantha 31 Ligules white, rarely pink or absent

32 Achenes cylindrical, the outer persistent, the inner caducous; receptacular scales linear or setaceous; ligules absent 60. tomentella 32 Achenes turbinate or subpyramidal, rarely subcylindrical, all persistent or all caducous; receptacular scales usually linear-lanceolate or oblong; ligules usually present

33 Achenes of at least the outer tubular florets granulate or tuberculate

34 Ribs of achenes prominent and strongly tuberculate

35 All achenes with a denticulate rim; peduncles not davate in fruit; ligules often present

17. tuberculata

35 At least the outer achenes with auricle up to 1 mm;

peduncles davate in fruit; ligules absent

37. nutricata 34 Ribs of achenes not very prominent, granulate or rugulose 36 Ligules c. 2 mm, sterile, pink; ribs of achenes interrupted, rugulose; receptacle nearly flat 62. glaberrima 36 Ligules more than 2 mm, fertile, white, rarely absent; ribs of achenes continuous, granulate;

receptacle conical or almost hemispherical 37 Peduncles davate in fruit 36. secundiramea 37 Peduncles not davate in fruit 38 Corona up to nearly | as long as achene;

branches slender, straight, somewhat rigid;

peduncles long; stems 15-35 cm 38. macedonica 38 Corona absent or a very short rim; branches flexuous, not rigid; peduncles short; stems usually not more than 15 cm

36. secundiramea 33 Achenes of the tubular florets not tuberculate or granulate 39 Ligulatefloretsabsentorsterile 40 Involucre cylindrical-obconical; all involucral bracts acute, without or with a very narrow hyaline margin; stems not more than 15 cm, simple or with short branches above; ligules usually absent 34. rigida 40 Involucrehemisphericalorhemispherical-obconi-

cal; inner involucral bracts with a ± wide hyaline margin; stems usually more than 15 cm,

± branched, frequently from the base; ligules usually present 41 Peduncles not davate in fruit; capitula 30-40 mm

in diameter; achenes 2-2-25 mm (excl. auricle)

32. scopulorum 41 Peduncles usually ± davate in fruit; capitula 15-37

mm in diameter; achenes 1 -5-2 mm (excl.

auricle) 33. tomentosa 39 Ligulatefloretsfertile 42 Receptaclehemisphericaltohemispherical-ovoid;

achenes of ligules and sometimes of the outer tubular florets with a large hyaline auricle up to as long as the achene, the others with a very short thick corona; involucral bracts usually with dark brown or black margin 41. chia 42 Receptacleconical;achenes without pappus or with an auricle; involucral bracts with hyaline or pale brown margin 43 Peduncles ± davate in fruit 44 Leaves subpalmately divided, fleshy, finally glabrescent 31. flexicaulis 44 Leaves pinnately divided, usually not fleshy,

± persistently hairy

45 Ligules up to 11 x 4 mm; receptacle at least

5- 5 x 3 mm 27. arvensis

45 Ligules not more than 6 x 3 mm; receptacle not more than 5-5x 3 mm

46 Outer achenes nearly as wide as or wider than long, with very thick ribs; hyaline, lacerate auricle sometimes present; ligules up to

6 x 3 mm 27. arvensis

46 All achenes distinctly longer than wide, with obscure ribs; auricle opaque; ligules c.

3 x 2 mm 30. werneri 43 Peduncles not davate in fruit 47 Biennial or perennial with a woody stock; ligules

3-5-6-5 x 2-25-3 mm; receptacle2-5 x 2-3 mm,

shortly conical 27. arvensis 47 Annual; ligules up to 17 x 7- 5 mm; receptacle up to 10 x 3 -5 mm, elongate-conical in fruit

48 Achenes with an auricle 0-55-1-75 mm; ribs slightly thickened; rim not thickened

29. auriculata 48 Achenes without or with an auricle not more than 0-25 mm; ribs thick and raised; rim thick, obtuse

49 Receptacular scales linear-subulate to oblanceolate, entire; outer achenes at least j as wide as long; tube of florets not swollen

27. arvensis

49 Receptacular scales oblanceolate to obovate,

cuneate at base, dentate-lacerate at apex;

outer achenes not more than ł as wide as long; tube of florets spongy and swollen in the lower half 28. ruthenica 29 Perennial, usually with non-flowering shoots, rarely very robust biennial; peduncles not davate in fruit 50 Leaves spathulate-cuneate,entireor 3 - to5 -lobedat apex,

sericeous 10. argyrophylla 50 At leastthelowerleaves 1 - to2 -pinnatifidto-pinnatisect,

not sericeous 51 Ligulesyellow 52 Stems 9-16(-30) cm, ascending, usually simple; ligules

3 -5-6 mm wide; achenes c. 2 mm, not granulate;

young leaves densely lanate 1. trotzkiana 52 Stems 40-60 cm, erect, corymbosely branched; ligules up to 3 mm wide; achenes 1 -1-5 mm, granulate,

mainly on the angles; leaves sparsely hairy 14. virescens 51 Liguleswhite,rarelypinkorabsent 53 Ligules purplish-pink at least at base; stems usually not more than 12 cm 4. aetnensis 53 Ligules white or absent; stems usually more than 12 cm 54 Leaves sessile, pectinate; segments linear to setaceous,

with subulate mucro 22. orientata 54 At least the lower leaves petiolate, not pectinate;

segments usually narrowly oblong to elliptical

55 At least the achenes of the outer tubular florets tuberculate

56 Stems c. 5 mm in diameter at base; capitula up to

60 mm in diameter; ligules present; achenes auriculate 18. ismelia

56 Stems less than 5 mm in diameter at base; capitula

22-45 mm in diameter; ligules sometimes absent;

pappus absent 17. tuberculata

55 Achenes of tubular florets not tuberculate, though sometimes granulate

57 At least the outer receptacular scales ±3-dentate and dark brown to blackish towards the apex;

all involucral bracts with dark brown to black margin and apex, clearly distinct from inner part of bract

58 Ligules absent; plant glabrous 3. sibthorpii

58 Ligules present

59 Receptacle conical, acute or subacute; segments and lobes of leaves not more than 1 mm wide,

linear

60 Biennial with non-flowering shoots absent at anthesis; involucre deeply umbonate; achenes

1 -5-1- 75 mm 15. orbelica

60 Perennial with non-flowering shoots present at anthesis; involucre not or slightly umbonate;

achenes 2 mm 23. pindicola

59 Receptacle hemispherical or hemisphericalconical, obtuse or subobtuse; segments and lobes of leaves more than 1 mm wide

61 Stems (20-)30-60 cm, up to 6 mm in diameter at base, frequently branched; capitula up to

63 mm in diameter 5. punctata

61 Stems up to 35 cm, rather thinner at base,

usually simple; capitula 20-50 mm in diameter 2. carpatica

57 Receptacular scales not or indistinctly 3-dentate,

usually not brown or with only the apex of acumen brown; involucral bracts with hyaline or brownish margin not clearly distinct from inner part of bract

62 Leaves fleshy, sparsely hairy to glabrous; stem

stout, procumbent or ascending, ± branched,

rooting at base; ligules present; involucral

bracts with hyaline margin 13. maritima

62 Not as above

63 Receptacle hemispherical or shortly ovoid,

rounded at apex

64 Ligulespresent

65 Non-flowering shoots ± pulvinate; stems 12-30

(-40) cm, less than 5 times as long as non­

flowering shoots, usually ascending, not in

groups, rather stout; involucral bracts

usually with brownish scarious margin 6. eretica

65 Non-flowering shoots not pulvinate; stems

20-55 cm, 4|-10 times as long as non­

flowering shoots, erect, in groups, slender;

involucral bracts with hyaline margin

11. gerardiana

64 Ligules absent

66 Achenes not ribbed; pappus absent or very

short; stems simple 6. eretica

66 Achenes ribbed; pappus present; stems often

branched

67 Leaves densely greyish- or brownish-tomen-

tose; achenes 2-5-3 mm, with a short

auricle 21. spruneri

67 Leaves green, sparsely hairy; achenes (1-5-)

2-2- 5 mm, usually with a short corona

12. alpestris

63 Receptacle conical(sometimes short), or dis­

tinctly narrowed to the apex

68 Stemsbranched,thebranches again branched;

ligules present

69 Stems not more than 22 cm, slender; disc

6-9 mm in diameter; ligules 4-5 x 3 mm

24. meteorica

69 Stems up to 80 cm, stout; disc 9-13 mm in

diameter; ligules ll-17 x 3-5-4-5 mm

70 Biennial; non-flowering shoots absent at an-

thesis; involucre deeply umbonate; achenes

1 - 5-1-75 mm 15. orbelica

70 Perennial; non-flowering shoots present at

anthesis; involucre not or slightly umbo­

nate; achenes 2 mm 23. pindicola

68 Stems simple or with simple branches; ligules

present or absent

71 Young leaves usually densely hairy; achenes

usually with pappus

72 Non-flowering shoots numerous, dense, pul­

vinate; indumentum whitish-lanate; ligules

present 7. sterilis

72 Non-flowering shoots not pulvinate; indu­

mentum greyish or brownish; ligules

present or absent

73 Cauline leaves up to c. 1 - 5 x 0-7 cm, with

± flabellate, very crowded segments; lobes

obtuse; achenes subprismatic, distinctly

ribbed 20. anatolica

73 Cauline leaves up to 3 x 2 cm or more; lobes

acute; achenes obconical or obpyramidal,

not or slightly ribbed

74 Outer receptacular scales sparsely hairy on

back; involucral bracts usually without a

brownish margin; cauline leaves not more

than 3 x 2 cm 19. tenuiloba

74 Outer receptacular scales not hairy on

back; involucral bracts with brownish

margin and apex; cauline leaves up to

6 cm 23. pindicola

71 Young leaves ± sparsely hairy; pappus absent

or an auricle not more than 0-25 mm

75 Achenes 1 -25-1 - 5 mm; disc 4-8(-9) mm in

diameter; involucre not umbonate 76 Ligules absent;stems 3-15 cm,simple 8. abrotanifolia

76 Ligules present; stems often more than 15

cm,simple or with 1-3 branches

26. stribrnyi

75 Achenes 1-5-2 -5 mm; disc often more than

8 mm in diameter,at least in fruit

77 Stems not morethan 20 cm;involucre not or

slightly umbonate

78 Ligules absent; disc up to 13 mm in dia­

meter;achenes (1 -5—)2—2- 5 mm 12. alpestris

78 Ligules present;disc not morethan 10 mm

in diameter;achenes 1-5-2 mm

79 Receptacle not or scarcely higher than

wide 9. panachaica

79 Receptacle distinctly higherthan wide 25. rumelica

77 Stems 20-55 cm; involucre usually um­

bonate

80 Ligules present 11. gerardiana

80 Ligules absent

81 Stems 24-45 cm,erect,rigid;capitula5-8

mm in diameter at anthesis; achenes

1-5-1 -75 mm 16. hydruntina

81 Stems 10-35(-40) cm, ascending, not

rigid;capitula 8-13 mm in diameter at

anthesis;achenes (1 -5-)2-2-5 mm

12. alpestris