Rhinolophus inops, K Andersen, 1905

Burgin, Connor, 2019, Rhinolophidae, Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, pp. 280-332 : 319-320

83 . Philippine Forest Horseshoe Bat

Rhinolophus inops

French: Rhinolophe de Mindanao / German: Philippinen-Hufeisennase/ Spanish: Herradura de Mindanao

Taxonomy. Rhinolophus inops K Andersen, 1905 ,

“ Mt. Apo, at Jodaya, Mindanao , 4000 feet [= 1219 m],” Philippines .

Rhinolophus inops is included in the euryotis species group. Along with R. subrufus , it may be closely related to the R. arcuatus species complex, based on genetic data (the specimens used in recent genetic analyses were not differentiated from R. subrufus ). Rhinolophus inops is rather variable throughout its distribution and may represent a species complex; further studies are needed. Monotypic.

Distribution. Philippines (Luzon, Polillo, Mindoro, Catanduanes, Samar, Negros, Cebu, Leyte, Biliran, Camiguin, and Mindanao Is).

Descriptive notes. Head—body c. 55—70 mm, tail 17-27 mm, ear 21-3-28- 5 mm, hindfoot 11—18- 5 mm, forearm 49-57 mm; weight 10-19- 6 g. Dorsal pelage is deep dark brown or slightly reddish brown, and ventral pelage is usually a litde paler. Ears are medium-sized to large. Noseleaf has moderately high lancet with straight sides; connecting process is strongly arcuate with nearly semicircular outline, and is covered in sparse stiff hairs; sella is approximately ovate in oudine or nearly parallel-sided (the holotype has peculiar and highly modified sella that is shaped into small triangular pouch with downward-turned opening); horseshoe is wide (c. 13 mm), completely covering the muzzle, and has a deep median emargination. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Skull is relatively strong (zygomatic breadth is greater than mastoid breadth); anterior median and lateral swellings are well developed; posterior swellings are less developed; sagittal crest is strong to very strong; frontal depression is conspicuous and moderately or very deep (especially proximally); supraorbital crests are well developed, strong, and thick. C1 is moderately developed; P2 is medium-sized and within tooth row; P3 is small to rarely medium-sized, and is external to tooth row; P2 and P4 are usually touching. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FN = 60 (Leyte).

Habitat. Primary and secondary lowland and montane forest, including mossy forests, at elevations from sea level up to 2250 m. Philippine Forest Horseshoe Bats appear to be less abundant at higher elevations and are usually absent from agricultural and heavily disturbed areas, although they have occasionally been found in disturbed forest and orchards.

Food and Feeding. The Philippine Forest Horseshoe Bat feeds on a variety of insects, particularly favoring Lepidoptera and Diptera .

Breeding. Females give birth to a single young.

Activity patterns. Philippine Forest Horseshoe Bats appear to roost in caves and perhaps hollow trees. Call shape is FM/CF/FM with a mean peak frequency of 55-1 kHz.

Movements, Home range and Social organization. Philippine Forest Horseshoe Bats form large colonies, occasionally with Arcuate Horseshoe Bats ( R. arcuatus ) and Yellow-faced Horseshoe Bats (. virgo ).

Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Philippine Forest Horseshoe Bat is widespread and common. The species has probably undergone declines due to habitat destruction, but its overall population still appears to be large.

Bibliography. Csorba et al. (2003), Heaney (1991), Heaney, Balete, Dolar et al. (1998), Heaney, Balete, Gee et al. (2005), Heaney, Balete & Rickart (2016), Ingle & Heaney (1992), Ong, Rosell-Ambal, Tabaranza, Heaney, Sedlock et al. (2008), Patrick et al. (2013), Philip (2008), Rickart, Heaney et al. (1993), Rickart, Mercier (1999), Sedlock (2001), Sedlock, Krüger & Clare (2014), Sedlock, Weyandt et al. (2008).

Figures

On following pages: 78. New Guinea Broad-eared Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus euryotis); 79. Sulawesi Broad-eared Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus tatah; 80. Poso Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus belligerator); 81. Bornean Woolly Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus proconsulis); 82. Arcuate Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus arcuatus); 83. Philippine Forest Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus inops); 84. Small Rufous Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus subrufus); 85. Large Rufous Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus rufus); 86. Intermediate Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus affinis); 87. Homfray's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus andamanensis); 88. Croslet Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus coelophyllus); 89. Shamel's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus shameli); 90. Vietnamese Brown Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus microglobosus); 91. Lesser Brown Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus stheno).

Distribution. Philippines (Luzon, Polillo, Mindoro, Catanduanes, Samar, Negros, Cebu, Leyte, Biliran, Camiguin, and Mindanao Is).