Rhinolophus subrufus, K. Andersen, 1905

Burgin, Connor, 2019, Rhinolophidae, Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, pp. 280-332 : 320

84 . Small Rufous Horseshoe Bat

Rhinolophus subrufus

French: Rhinolophe roussâtre / German: Kleine Rotbraune Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura rufo pequeno

Taxonomy. Rhinolophus subrufus K. Andersen, 1905 ,

“ Manila ,” Luzon , Philippines.

Rhinolophus subrufus is included in the euryotis species group. Along with R. inops , it may be closely related to the R. arcuatus species complex, based on genetic data (the specimens used in recent genetic analyses were not differentiated from R. inops ). Two subspecies recognized.

Subspecies and Distribution.

R. s. subrufus K. Andersen, 1905 - Philippines (Luzon, Lubang, Mindoro , Catanduanes, Negros , Leyte, and Camiguin Is ).

R. s. bunkeri E.. H. Taylor, 1934 - Philippines (Mindanao I).

Descriptive notes. Head-body c. 60-63 mm, tail 22-29 mm, ear 24-27 mm, hindfoot 12-13 mm, forearm 53-57 mm; weight 12-19 g. Pelage has slighdy woolly and crinkled appearance; dorsal pelage is usually reddish or cinnamon rufous, rarely dark brown without trace of red (hairs have an orange rufous base); ventral pelage is similar but slighdy more brownish. Ears are medium-sized. Noseleaf has nearly straight-sided lancet that tapers regularly toward tip and is densely covered in short hairs; connecting process is semicircular and is lined with longer hairs; sella is long and sides narrow very slighdy upward; horseshoe is relatively wide (11-8-13- 3 mm), covers muzzle, has shallow median emargination, and has lateral leaflets. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Skull is large and heavily built (zygomatic breadth is always larger than mastoid width); zygomatic arch is robust and highly flared (especially in bunkeri); anterior median and lateral nasal swellings are bulbous, whereas posterior swellings are less inflated; rostral profile is distincdy concave; sagittal crest is high to very high; frontal depression is distinct and often quite deep { subrufus ) or shallow {bunkeri)', supraorbital crests are well developed. P2 is small but within tooth row; P3 is small to medium-sized and extruded from tooth row; P2 and P4 are in contact or sometimes slighdy separated.

Habitat. Generally associated with lowland tropical forests, and can be locally common in karst areas. Recorded at elevations from sea level up to 1000 m.

Food and Feeding. No information.

Breeding. Females give birth to a single young.

Activity patterns. The Small Rufous Horseshoe Bat appears to roost in caves. A call frequency of 51 kHz has been recorded from this species.

Movements, Home range and Social organization. Small Rufous Horseshoe Bats have often been recorded together with Large-eared Horseshoe Bats { philippinensis ) and Large Rufous Horseshoe Bats { rufus ).

Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on 77zr> IUCN ed List. The Small Rufous Horseshoe Bat is infrequendy encountered but appears to be locally common in karst areas. Very litde is currendy known regarding the ecology of this species and the threats it faces; further studies are needed. It is probably threatened by the intensive mining and unregulated tourism that occurs in the karst regions of the Philippines.

Bibliography. Cabauatan et al. (2014), Csorba et al. (2003), Heaney, Balete, Dolar et al. (1998), Heaney, Balete & Rickart (2016), Ong et al. (2016).

Figures

On following pages: 78. New Guinea Broad-eared Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus euryotis); 79. Sulawesi Broad-eared Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus tatah; 80. Poso Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus belligerator); 81. Bornean Woolly Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus proconsulis); 82. Arcuate Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus arcuatus); 83. Philippine Forest Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus inops); 84. Small Rufous Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus subrufus); 85. Large Rufous Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus rufus); 86. Intermediate Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus affinis); 87. Homfray's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus andamanensis); 88. Croslet Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus coelophyllus); 89. Shamel's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus shameli); 90. Vietnamese Brown Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus microglobosus); 91. Lesser Brown Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus stheno).

Subspecies and Distribution. R. s. subrufus K. Andersen, 1905 - Philippines (Luzon, Lubang, Mindoro , Catanduanes, Negros , Leyte, and Camiguin Is ). R. s. bunkeri E.. H. Taylor, 1934 - Philippines (Mindanao I).