Trigona Jurine, 1807

Ribeiro, Cristiano Feitosa, Nogueira, David Silva, Oliveira, Favízia Freitas De & Oliveira, Marcio Luiz De, 2024, Two new species of Trigona Jurine, 1807 with an illustrated key for the species occurring in Brazil (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini), Zootaxa 5458 (4), pp. 524-546 : 535-537

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.5458.4.3
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:48ACE046-CB09-4357-9D5A-CDCAD8AB2D1C
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11996322
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/861787C8-F87E-FF1D-FF4E-5D862293FC62
treatment provided by	Plazi
scientific name	Trigona Jurine, 1807
status

Treatment

Key to Trigona Jurine, 1807 View in CoL species from Brazil (workers)

1. Integument predominantly yellowish or yellowish with blackened areas; mandibles with five teeth.................... 2

– Integument predominantly black or reddish-brown; mandibles with four or five teeth............................... 5

2(1). Bees with an approximate total length between 7.0 and 7.4 mm; metasoma elongated...... T. (Aphaneura) (partim) and T. ( Trigona View in CoL ) (partim).................................................................................... 3

– Bees with a total length of approximately 5.5 mm; metasoma subtriangular .... T. (Aphaneura) (partim)................ 4

3(2). Labrum bituberculate; head partially blackened, with yellowish epistomal suture; vertex with erect setae spaced and short, length of erect setae approximately 1.2x the diameter of the scape ( Fig. 10A View FIGURE 10 ) .... T. (Aphaneura) (partim).................................................................................... T. (Aphaneura) williana Friese, 1900 View in CoL .

– Labrum simple; head yellowed, with blackened epistomal suture; vertex with dense and long erect setae, length of erect setae approximately 2.4x the diameter of the scape ( Fig. 10B View FIGURE 10 ) .... T. ( Trigona View in CoL ) (partim)... T. (Trigona) dallatorreana Friese, 1900 View in CoL .

4(2). Metabasitarsus with posterior border at right angle and not projecting at apex ( Fig. 11A View FIGURE 11 ); scape with setae approximately 0.9x the scape diameter; mesoscutum light yellow................................. (Aphaneura) pallens ( Fabricius, 1798) View in CoL .

– Metabasitarsus with posterior edge in acute angle and projecting at the apex ( Fig. 11B View FIGURE 11 ); scape with setae approximately 1.2x the scape diameter; mesoscutum with reddish-brown areas............ T. (Aphaneura) chanchamayoensis Schwarz, 1948 View in CoL .

5(1). Mandible with four teeth............................................................................... 6

– Mandible with five teeth............................................................................... 10

6(5). Labrum bituberculate ( Fig. 12A View FIGURE 12 ) .... T. (Koilotrigona) ........................................................ 7

– Labrum simple ( Fig. 12B View FIGURE 12 ) .... T. (Aphaneuropsis) ........................................................... 8

7(6). Metasoma black or reddish-brown ( Fig. 13A View FIGURE 13 )............................ T. (Koilotrigona) guianae Cockerell, 1910 View in CoL .

– Metasoma yellowish ( Fig. 13B View FIGURE 13 )........................................... T. (Koilotrigona) braueri Friese, 1900 View in CoL .

8(6). Mesoscutum with relatively long erect setae (0.26 mm), approximately 1.7x the scape diameter ( Fig. 14A View FIGURE 14 ); wing membrane hyaline; veins blackened on the basal half and brown-yellowish in the remaining half; microtrichia blackish at the wing base and white ate the apical half........................................... T. (Aphaneuropsis) silveirai Oliveira, 2024 .

– Mesoscutum with relatively short erect setae (0.15 mm), the longest with approximately 1x the scape diameter ( Fig. 14B View FIGURE 14 ); wing membrane, veins and microtrichia variable................................................................. 9

9(8) Veins C, R, M+Cu, basal half of the Anal vein and apical half of the R1 vein brown-blackened, the other veins yellowish; microtrichia brown-blackened in its basal third, brown in the apical fifth and light yellow in the remaining middle region; wing membrane brown-blackened in its basal ( Fig. 15A View FIGURE 15 )....................... T. (Aphaneuropsis) cilipes ( Fabricius, 1804) View in CoL .

– Veins uniformly yellowish; microtrichia yellowish, except in the fifth apical where is brown; wing membrane hyaline ( Fig. 15B View FIGURE 15 )........................................................... T. (Aphaneuropsis) pellucida Cockerell, 1912 View in CoL .

10(5). Metatibia narrow, claviform with very gradual widening, notably narrow, the distal apex edge rounded, with the the external surface relatively flat on the apical third; corbicula strongly reduced ( Fig. 16A View FIGURE 16 ) .... T. (Necrotrigona) ................. 11

– Metatibia enlarged, with the external surface concave on the apical third; corbicula developed ( Fig. 16B View FIGURE 16 ).............. 13

11(10). Epistomal suture slightly concave between the tentorial fovea and the corner of the clypeus, ( Fig. 17A View FIGURE 17 ); scape with relatively short erect setae approximately 0.6x the scape diameter................... T. (Necrotrigona) crassipes ( Fabricius, 1793) View in CoL .

– Epistomal suture strongly concave between the tentorial fovea and the corner of the clypeus, ( Fig. 17B and C View FIGURE 17 ); scape with relatively long erect black setae approximately 0.8x to 0.9x scape diameter...................................... 12

12(11). Metabasitarsus with posterior border forming a right angle and with apex not projected ( Fig. 18A View FIGURE 18 ); mesoscutum with long erect setae, approximately 2.3x the scape diameter.............................. T. (Necrotrigona) hypogea Silvestri, 1902 View in CoL .

– Metabasitarsus with posterior border forming an acute angle, with the apex projected ( Fig. 18B View FIGURE 18 ); mesoscutum with relatively shorter erect setae, approximately 1.7x the scape diameter....................... T. (Necrotrigona) rondoniesis sp. nov.

13(10). Wing membrane and veins with marked contrast between dark basal half and milky apical half ( Fig. 19A and B View FIGURE 19 ) .... T. (Dichrotrigona) ..................................................................................... 14

– Wing membrane and veins without marked contrast between the basal half and the apical half ( Fig. 21A and B View FIGURE 21 , 22A and B View FIGURE 22 , 28A and B View FIGURE 28 , 29A and B View FIGURE 29 )................................................................................... 15

14(13). Approximate total body length 8.6 mm; wing membrane and veins blackened in the basal half, milky sub-marginal cell ( Fig. 19A View FIGURE 19 ); T3 with relatively short setae (0.09 mm) in the middle region, with about 0.5x the scape diameter .................................................................................... T. (Dichrotrigona) dimidiata Smith, 1854 View in CoL .

– Approximate total body length 9.6 mm; wing membrane and veins blackened in approximately 2/3 basal, sub-marginal cell slightly blackened ( Fig. 19B View FIGURE 19 ); T3 with setae relatively long (0.22 mm) and dense in the median region, with about 1x the diameter of the scape............................................ T. (Dichrotrigona) sesquipedalis Almeida, 1984 View in CoL .

15(13). Scape black or black with reddish-brown ventral surface ( Fig. 20A and B View FIGURE 20 ), with erect, short, brown setae, including on the dorsal surface, approximately 0.4x to 0.5x the diameter of the scape; clypeus with short setae, approximately 0.6x the diameter of the scape; wing membrane hyaline or slightly smoky; length total body between 4.10 mm to 5.6 mm .. T. (Ktinotrofia). 16

– Without the above combination......................................................................... 17

16(15). Total body length with approximately 5.6mm; hyaline to slightly brown wing membrane, veins and pterostigma uniformly brown ( Fig. 21A View FIGURE 21 ); supraclipeal area in the upper half with very short setae, approximately 0.4x the diameter of the scape...................................................................... T. (Ktinotrofia) albipennis Almeida, 1992 View in CoL .

– Total body length with approximately 4.1 mm; slightly smoky wing membrane; veins and pterostigma blackened ( Fig. 21B View FIGURE 21 ); supraclipeal area in the upper half with setae approximately 0.7x the scape diameter...... T. (Ktinotrofia) almeidae sp. nov.

17(15). Bees with an approximate total length between 7.9 to 9.6 mm; wing membrane and veins smoky or brownish with gradually lighter apex; scape with setae approximately 0.5x the scape diameter; mesoscutum with setae larger than 1.6x the scape diameter .... T. ( Trigona View in CoL ) (partim).............................................................................. 18

– Without the above combination......................................................................... 19

18(17). Total body length with approximately 7.9 mm; wing membrane evenly smoky ( Fig. 22A View FIGURE 22 ); veins blackened; pterostigma smoky; microtrichia brown-blackened; malar space with approximately 1x the diameter of the scape............................................................................................... T. (Trigona) amalthea ( Olivier, 1789) View in CoL .

– Total body length with approximately 9.6 mm; wing membrane uniformly brown ( Fig. 22B View FIGURE 22 ); veins and pterostigma brownish; microtrichia brown; malar space with approximately 1.4x the diameter of the scape.. T. (Trigona) truculenta Almeida, 1984 View in CoL .

19(17). Metatibia relatively narrow (<0.8 mm), approximately 3x to 3.4x longer than wide, and shallow in the distal third ( Fig. 23A View FIGURE 23 ); scape with setae of approximately 0.7x to 0.9x the scape diameter, except for T. daianeae sp. nov. with 1.3x the scape diameter and distinctly elevated post-ocellar carina; total body length approximately 4.7 mm to 5.30 mm .... T. (Nostotrigona) ..... 20

– Metatibia relatively wide (> 0.9 mm), approximately 2.7x to 3x longer than wide, and with evident concavity in the distal third ( Fig. 23B View FIGURE 23 ); scape with setae of approximately 1x to 1.2x scape diameter, except T. spinipes View in CoL with 0.6x scape diameter; post-ocellar carina short; total body length approximately 5, 7 mm a 7.0 mm .... T. ( Trigona View in CoL ) (partim)..................... 24

20(19). Face with a wide distance between the epistomal suture and the lower tangent of the antennal socket of approximately 0.7× scape diameter ( Fig. 24A View FIGURE 24 ); post-ocellar carina strongly elevated............................................... 21

– Face with narrow distance between the epistomal suture and the lower tangent of the antennal socket of approximately 0.3× scape diameter ( Fig. 24B View FIGURE 24 ); post-ocellar carina short and smooth............................................... 22

21(20). Scape with erect setae measuring approximately 0.9x the scape diameter ( Fig. 25A View FIGURE 25 ); lower paraocular areas with setae erect 1.2x longer than branched hairs............................................ T. (Nostotrigona) recursa Smith, 1863 View in CoL .

– Scape with erect setae measuring approximately 1.3x the diameter of the scape ( Fig. 25B View FIGURE 25 ); lower paraocular areas with setae erect 2.4x longer than branched hairs..................................... T. (Nostotrigona) daianeae Ribeiro, 2023 .

22(20). Metabasitarsus distinctly enlarged on the apical half of the posterior margin, forming an acute angle ( Fig. 26A View FIGURE 26 ); Mesoscutum with long setae (0.26 mm), approximately 1.9x the scape diameter; labrum slightly protuberant medially.................................................................................... T. (Nostotrigona) juvenili Ribeiro, 2023 .

– Metabasitarsus with rather parallel-sided, their posterior apical extremity almost rectangular to slightly produced downward ( Fig. 26B and C View FIGURE 26 ); Mesoscutum with relatively short setae (between 0.19 mm to 0.22 mm), approximately 1.5x the scape diameter; medially rounded labrum...................................................................... 23

23(22). Metasoma subtriangular ( Fig. 27A View FIGURE 27 ); scape brown-blackened, with reddish brown base............................................................................................... T. (Nostotrigona) permodica Almeida, 1992 View in CoL .

– Metasoma elongated ( Fig. 27B View FIGURE 27 ); scape brown-blackened on the dorsal side and brown on the ventral side.............................................................................. T. (Nostotrigona) mandaloriana Ribeiro, 2023 .

24(19) Wing membrane hyaline ( Fig. 28A and B View FIGURE 28 )................................................................. 25

– Wing membrane slightly brown, melea, or smoky ( Fig. 29A and B View FIGURE 29 )............................................ 26

25(24) Veins C, R and M+Cu slightly blackened brown, other brown veins ( Fig. 28A View FIGURE 28 )...... T. (Trigona) branneri Cockerell, 1912 View in CoL .

– Veins light brown ( Fig. 28B View FIGURE 28 )............................................ T. (Trigona) hyalinata ( Lepeletier, 1836) View in CoL .

26(24). Total body length approximately 6.1 mm; wing membrane light brown to melea, veins and microtrichia light brown ( Fig. 29A View FIGURE 29 ); clypeus without longitudinal median depression; scape with setae approximately 0.9x of scape diameter; mesoscutum with long setae, about 1.6x of scape diameter....................................... T. (Trigona) amazonensis ( Ducke, 1916) View in CoL .

– Total body length approximately 5, 8 mm; wing membrane smoky ( Fig. 29B View FIGURE 29 ); veins and microtrichia brown-blackened; clypeus with median longitudinal depression, easily visible; scape with relatively short setae, approximately 0.6x of scape diameter; mesoscutum with relatively short setae, about 1.2x of scape diameter.............. T. (Trigona) spinipes ( Fabricius, 1793) View in CoL .