Tropidopedia, MICHENER & MOURE, 1957

Aguiar, Antonio J. C. & Melo, Gabriel A. R., 2007, Taxonomic revision, phylogenetic analysis, and biogeography of the bee genus Tropidopedia (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Tapinotaspidini), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151 (3), pp. 511-554 : 518-532

TROPIDOPEDIA MICHENER & MOURE, 1957

Tropidopedia Michener & Moure, 1957: 411 . Type species: Paratetrapedia (Tropidopedia) seabrai Michener & Moure, 1957 , original designation.

Comments and diagnosis

The following characters presented by Michener & Moure (1957) are common to all species of Tropi- dopedia: supraclypeal area and clypeus with coarse punctures; supraclypeal area with a transverse carina immediately above epistomal suture; post-ocellar carina strong, not extending laterally behind eyes, separated from eyes by about an antennal diameter; parocular area next to orbit convex; pronotum with a strong transverse carina; fore basitarsus of female with apical portion projected; basitibial plate of male distinct; S2 of male with short erect hairs on the subapical median area (medial hair tuft); and inner hind tibial spur much more pectinate than outer. Furthermore, Silveira et al. (2002) present other characters for the recognition of Tropidopedia in their key to the subgenera of Paratetrapedia : pygidial plate of female with distinct basal and apical portion, margins of basal portion meeting in an obtuse angle; mandibles of males with dense long plumose hairs.

PALLIDIPENNIS SPECIES GROUP TROPIDOPEDIA ARCUATILIS ( VACHAL, 1909) , COMB. NOV.

( FIGS 7 , 22 , 36 , 50 , 62, 63 , 90, 91 , 108 )

Tetrapedia arcuatilis Vachal, 1909: 28 . Lectotype male, here designated, Brazil, São Paulo, Batatais (MNHP). Moure (1944: 74).

Comments and diagnosis

Tropidopedia arcuatilis is very similar in colour and size to T. danunciae sp. nov., but is closer to T. seabrai by its T1–T3 with dense, fine punctures (not microsculptured); medial tuft on S2 of males with dense short hairs; S3 with dense short plumose hairs medially; S4 with short sparse plumose hairs medially and a few long plumose hairs on lateral portions, without dense long plumose decumbent hairs on margin; S5 medially almost glabrous with a few long plumose hairs on lateral portions. The males of T. arcuatilis differ from those of T. seabrai by the terga with bands of brownish hairs on margin, and mesoscutum mostly black with narrow yellow stripes. The females of T. arcuatilis are distinct by the mesoscutum with velvety orange yellow pubescence, with narrow yellow stripes on disc almost contacting on posterior margin ( Fig. 108 ). Despite its large yellow spot on the upper frons, a female specimen from Pará (probably Belém) is attributed to this species; it also has light-brown microtrichiae on the distal portion of the forewing, whereas the forewing in T. arcuatilis presents the dark fuscous distal portion with black microtrichiae, contrasting with the yellow infumated membrane.

Distribution

Brazil: Minas Gerais, Pará, São Paulo ( Fig. 116 ) .

Type material

In the MNHP collection there are two specimens identified by Vachal as Tetrapedia arcuatilis , one female belonging to a species of Paratetrapedia s.s., and one male of Tropidopedia . The male with the following labels, ‘S. Paulo\ Batataes\ Brazil’ ‘ Tetrap. M\ arcuatilis \ Vach.’ ‘Museum Paris\ Coll. J. Vachal 1911’, is designated lectotype here in order to stabilize the taxonomy of the group.

Additional examined material

Brazil, Minas Gerais: one male, ‘DZUP\ 023239’ ‘Ibiá- Brazil \ MG- 10/12/1965 \ C. Elias leg.’, eight males and ten females, ‘DZUP\ 023229–023238’, and ‘DZUP\ 023240–023247’; Pará: one male, ‘DZUP\ 023441’ ‘Óbidos\ Est. Pará \\ Parko\ 1944’ ‘ duckei ’ ‘ Tropidopedia \ duckei Fr \ det. J.S. Moure 1957’; one female (INBP), ‘ Pará \ 14.10.99\ Ducke’ ‘ Tetrapedia F\ duckei Friese \ det. Ducke 1912’ ‘MNHNP\ A.W. Bertoni\ M- 251\ Garcete rev.’ ‘Museo Nacional de\ Historia Natural del\ Paraguay’; São Paulo: one male (MZSP), ‘1.349’ ‘1 M’ ‘96934’ ‘ Tetrapedia \ duckei Fr. \ P. Moure det.39’, information associated with number 17.839 in the MZSP Record Book: specimen from Batatais, São Paulo, collected by J. Lima in 14.xii. 1900; one male (INBP), ‘ Tetrapedia \ duckei Friese \ Batataes (Br.)\ ii. XII.1900 ’ ‘MNHNP\ A.W. Bertoni\ M-246\ Garcete rev.’; one male (ZMB), ‘ Brazil \ Campinas\ 1903\ Hempel’ ‘ Tetrapedia M\ globulosa Fr.\ Batataes, Est. de S.Paulo\ II.XV. 1900 an dem\ harsigen susfluss eines\ Baumes.’ ‘ Tetrapedia \ globulosa \ M 1904 Friese Fr. det.’; one male (MPEG), ‘Jundiahy\ E.S. Paulo\ M. Beron lg.’; one female (UFU), ‘149’ ‘ Brazil, SP, Patrocínio\ Paulista\ 24/XI/1999 \ Augusto, S.C. col.’; one male (ZMB), ‘ Brazil \ S. Paulo\ 11.12. 1898 \ Ihering’; one male (ZMB), ‘ Brazil \ S. Paulo\ 4.12. 1899 \ Ihering’; one male (ZMB), ‘ Brazil \ S. Paulo\ 11.12. 1899 \ Ihering’.

TROPIDOPEDIA DANUNCIAE SP. NOV.

( FIGS 37 , 51 , 64, 65 , 92 , 109 )

Comments and diagnosis

Tropidopedia danunciae is similar to T. ornata sp. nov. and T. japuraensis sp. nov. in that it possesses conspicuous microreticulation on T2–6 ( Fig. 113 ). It differs from these two species because the surface of T1 is also microreticulated; T4 with marginal band of short yellow hairs, occupying less than one third of the marginal zone laterally; S3 with sparse short plumose hairs on central portion, and fine long plumose hairs on the lateral portions of the margin. It is known only from the two male specimens collected on the same date and place as the material of T. arcuatilis from Ibiá (Minas Gerais).

Distribution

Brazil: Minas Gerais ( Fig. 115 ).

Description

Holotype male – measurements (in mm): Body length, 8.2; maximum head width, 2.5; forewing length, with tegula, 8.7 (without tegula, 8.0); maximum T2 width, 2.8; head about 1.2 times broader than long (2.4: 2.0); proportion between lower and upper interocullar distances, 0.9 (1.1:1.2); clypeus about 1.4 times broader than long (1.1: 0.8); scape length, 0.6, maximum width, 0.14; length of F1–F3, 0.28, 0.14, 0.22; F2 diameter, 0.2.

Colour: Integument mostly yellow. Apex of mandible black; clypeus with two oval pale-brown spots on upper disc; parocular area with a long yellow stripe along the eye margin; frons black with a yellow spot on disc ( Fig. 92 ). Pedicel and F1–F2, reddish yellow; F3– F11, reddish brown. Mesoscutum black, with narrow yellow stripes on disc and lateral margins ( Fig. 109 ). Terga with marginal zone reddish brown. Hind basitarsus light brown; tibial spurs yellow. Wing membrane yellow, infumated, with yellowish microtrichiae; apical portion darkened by brown microtrichiae; veins and pterostigma orange yellow.

Pubescence: Scape with simple yellow setae (c. 0.12- mm long). Mesoscutum with short plumose pale-yellow pubescence. Scutellum with dense short plumose pubescence (c. two times longer than mesoscutum plumose hairs), intermingled with dense long simple setae (c. 0.21-mm long). Metapostnotum with dense short plumose yellow hairs. Margin of T1–T4 with bands of short yellow hairs, occupying less than one third of the marginal zone laterally; T5–T6 with complete hair band of dense plumose, yellow hairs. Medial tuft on S2 with long hairs (c. 0.3-mm long); S3 with sparse simple setae on margin, setae longer on lateral portions; S4 with dense long plumose decumbent hairs on margin, lateral portions as long fringes converging to the centre; S5 with short plumose hairs on margin, slightly shorter on medial portion; S6 with sparse simple hairs distributed on postgradular surface. Legs pubescence mostly yellow; hind leg with mostly black hairs on distal portion of tibia and basitarsus.

Integumental surface: Clypeus, supraclypeal area, and frons with dense coarse punctures (<0.5–1 pd); parocular area mostly smooth, with sparse fine punctures (> 2 pd); scapal basin and vertex with dense fine punctures (0.5–1 pd). Frons with midline narrowly sulcated, extending to ocellus. Lateral mesepisternum mostly smooth, with few sparse punctures on omaulus (> 2 pd). Mesoscutum with dense fine punctures (0.5 pd). Metapostnotum with dense fine minute punctures (c. 1 pd). Terga with dense fine microsculpture on T1, and on disc of T2–T6 ( Fig. 113 ).

Structure: Pronotal collar confluent with lower lateral portions of pronotum, not closed laterally by a lamella.

Type material

Holotype male, ‘ DZUP \ 023472’ ‘ Ibiá-Brazil \ MG- 10/ 12/1965 \ C. Elias leg. ’. Paratype: one male, same as holotype except ‘ DZUP \ 023471’.

Etymology

The species name is dedicated to the Brazilian bee researcher Dr Danúncia Urban.

TROPIDOPEDIA FRIESEI SP. NOV.

( FIGS 32 , 38 , 68, 69 , 88 )

Comments and diagnosis

Tropidopedia friesei is similar to T. ornata sp. nov. and T. japuraensis sp. nov. in the colour of the integument, and in having the pronotal collar with closed lateral portions. The male presents the terga completely smooth, without the tergal microreticulation found in T. ornata sp. nov. and T. danunciae sp. nov. T. friesei is distinct from T. ornata mainly by the medial tuft on S2 with dense simple hairs, S3 with sparse short plumose hairs medially, and by the pattern of pubescence on S7 ( Fig. 37 ). The female is very similar to that of T. japuraensis , differing by the pronotal collar being weakly closed laterally, frons without midline narrowly sulcated, and scutellar axilla completely yellow. The holotype is partially discoloured and damaged, lacking the antennae and tarsomeres 2–5 of the left mid leg. The S8 of T. friesei was not drawn because it is partially deformed and quite similar to S8 of T. ornata sp. nov.

Distribution

Brazil: Amapá, Pará ( Fig. 115 ) .

Description

Holotype male– measurements (in mm): Body length, 8.0; maximum head width, 2.6; forewing length, with tegula, 9.3 (without tegula: 8.5); maximum T2 width, 2.5; head about 1.2 times broader than long (2.6: 2.1); proportion between lower to upper interocullar distances, 0.85 (1.2: 1.4); clypeus about 1.4 times broader than long (1.1: 0.75).

Colour: Integument mostly orange yellow. Apex of mandible black; parocular area with a long yellow stripe along the eye margin; frons black with a yellow spot on disc. Mesoscutum black, with narrow yellow stripes on disc and lateral margins. Terga orange yellow (somewhat faded). Hind basitarsus reddish brown; tibial spurs pale yellow. Wing membrane yellow, infumated, with yellowish microtrichiae; apical portion dark fuscous, with brown microtrichiae; veins and pterostigma orange yellow.

Pubescence: Scapal basin and vertex with short plumose pale-yellow hairs; remainder of frons lacking the pubescence. Mesoscutum with dense short plumose, pale-yellow hairs, c. 0.04-mm long. Scutellum with dense short plumose pubescence (c. 0.12-mm long) intermingled with erect simple setae on disc, c. 0.14– 0.33-mm long. Metapostnotum with very short plumose hairs. Margins of T1–T3 with lateral bands of short, yellow hairs, occupying less than one third of tergum width; on T4, band almost complete, with sparse hairs on central portion; on T5–T6, band complete with long, plumose, yellow hairs. Medial tuft on S2 with long simple hairs (c. 0.3-mm long); S3 with dense plumose, short hairs medially, and dense decumbent tufts of plumose hairs on lateral portions; S4 partially damaged, with pubescence mostly lost; S5 with short simple hairs on margin, sparse and shorter medially; S6 with dense short simple hairs covering most of postgradullar surface. Leg pubescence mostly yellow, except for hind basitarsus with mostly black hairs.

Integumental surface: Clypeus, supraclypeal area and disc of frons with dense coarse punctures (<0.5–1 pd), some punctures contiguous; parocular area mostly smooth; scapal basin and vertex with dense fine punctures (1 pd). Midline of frons not narrowly sulcated. Lateral mesepisternum mostly smooth, with a few sparse fine punctures (> 2 pd). Mesoscutum with dense fine punctures (<0.5–1 pd). Metapostnotum with sparse minute punctures (> 2 pd).

Structure: Pronotal collar with lateral portions closed. Scutellum uniformly convex.

Female – measurements (in mm): Body length, 8.6; maximum head width, 2.6; forewing length, with tegula, 8.5 (without tegula: 7.2); maximum T2 width, 2.7; head about 1.2 times broader than long (2.6: 2.1); proportion between lower and upper interocullar distances, 0.85 (1.25: 1.46); clypeus about 1.5 times broader than long (1.2: 0.7).

Colour: Similar to male, except for orange yellow terga, with reddish brown marginal zone; hind basitarsus with lower portion weakly brown infuscated.

Pubescence: Scapal basin and vertex with short plumose pale-yellow pubescence; mesoscutum and scutellum with very short velvet-like plumose pubescence; lateral margins of T1–T4 with bands of pale-yellow hairs occupying less than one third of tergum width; margin of T5–T6 with complete band of short yellow hairs. Leg pubescence mostly orange yellow, except for reddish brown hairs on distal portion of hind tibia and basitarsus.

Integumental surface: Similar to male, except for supraclypeal area with mostly contiguous punctures; scapal basin and vertex with dense minute punctures (c. 1 pd); mesoscutum with dense minute punctures (<1 pd); propodeum and metapostnotum with dense minute punctures (c. 1 pd).

Structure: Frons with midline narrowly sulcated, sulcus extending to ocellus. Pronotal collar with lateral portions only partially closed. Scutellum uniformly convex.

Type material

Holotype male, ‘ DZUP \ 026571’ ‘ Brazil \ Para \ 14.3. 1903 \ Ducke’ . Paratype: one female, ‘ DZUP \ 026572’ ‘ Oiapock \ 10.5. 1904 \ Ducke’ ‘ Brazil \ Estado do\ Pará’ .

Etymology

The species name is dedicated to the late German mellitologist, Heinrich Friese.

TROPIDOPEDIA JAPURAENSIS SP. NOV.

( FIGS 30 , 39 , 52 , 66, 67 )

Comments and diagnosis

Tropidopedia japuraensis presents the pronotal collar closed laterally, as in T. ornata sp. nov. and T. friesei sp. nov. The male of T. japuraensis is distinct by having the yellow stripe on the parocular area extending to vertex and almost contiguous with the genal stripe; mesoscutum with conspicuously longer pale plumose pubescence; medial tuft on S2 with dense, very short hairs; S3 with dense tufts of plumose hairs, with a broad interval on central portion; T2–T4 disc with dense fine microreticulate sculpture. This species is known only from two specimens, the holotype male collected by Ducke in the River Japurá basin (Amazonas, Brazil) and the paratype female, tentatively attributed to this species, without locality information. The male holotype is partially damaged, lacking the right antenna and the flagellomeres 7–11 of the left antenna, discoloured, and the genitalia dissected. The paratype female does not have a locality label. It was probably collected around Manaus (Amazonas), as some other bee specimens colleted in Reserva Ducke, Manaus, bear labels with exactly the same kind of hand writing and data.

Distribution

Brazil: Amazonas ( Fig. 116 ).

Description

Holotype male – measurements (in mm): Body length, 8.7; maximum head width, 2.7; forewing length, with tegula, 9.2 (without tegula: 8.5); maximum T2 width, 2.8; head about 1.15 times broader than long (2.65: 2.30); proportion between lower to upper interocullar distances, 0.86 (1.28: 1.53); clypeus about 1.3 times broader than long (0.89: 1.16); scape length, 0.75, maximum width, 0.2; length of F1–F3, 0.28, 0.14, 0.21; F2 diameter, 0.17.

Colour: Integument mostly orange yellow. Apex of mandible black; parocular area with a long yellow stripe along the eye margin; frons black with a yellow spot on disc. Pedicel and flagellomeres reddish brown. Mesoscutum black with yellow stripes on disc and lateral margins. Marginal zone of terga pale yellow. Hind basitarsus yellowish brown; tibial spurs pale yellow. Forewing membrane orange yellow infumated, with yellowish microtrichiae; apical portion dark fuscous with brown microtrichiae; veins and pterostigma orange yellow.

Pubescence: Face with pubescence very dirty and damaged, with few short plumose pale-yellow hairs on scapal basin and vertex. Scape with simple yellow setae (c. 0.14-mm long). Mesoscutum with dense short plumose pale-yellow hairs (c. 0.08–0.1-mm long; c. 0.5 times F2 diameter). Scutellum with dense short plumose pubescence intermingled with dense erect simple setae (c. 0.32-mm long). Metapostnotum with sparse short plumose hairs. Lateral margin of T1–T3 with bands of short, pale-yellow hairs occupying less than one third of tergum width; on T4, band almost complete; margin of T5 with complete band of dense long plumose yellow hairs. Medial tuft on S2 with short plumose hairs (c. 0.10-mm long); S3 with dense plumose short hairs medially, and dense decumbent tufts of plumose hairs on lateral portions; S4 with dense long plumose decumbent hairs on margin, with lateral portions as long fringes converging to the centre; S5 with short plumose hairs on margin, sparse and shorter medially; S6 with dense short plumose and simple hairs covering most of postgradullar surface, and dense combs on lateral margins of apical portion. Legs pubescence mostly yellow; hind leg with mostly black hairs on distal portion of tibia and basitarsus.

Integumental surface: Clypeus, supraclypeal area and frons with dense coarse punctures (<0.5 pd); parocular area mostly smooth; scapal basin and vertex with dense fine punctures (1 pd). Frons with midline narrowly sulcated, sulcus extending to ocellus. Lateral mesepisternum mostly smooth, with few sparse punctures on omaulus (> 2 pd). Mesoscutum with sparse fine punctures (2 pd). Metapostnotum with sparse fine punctures (1–3 pd). T1–T6 with dense fine microreticulation on disc.

Structure: Pronotal collar with the lateral portions closed. Scutellum conspicuously convex.

Female – measurements (in mm): Body length, 7.7; maximum head width, 2.4; forewing length, with teg- ula, 7.5 (without tegula, 7.0); maximum T2 width, 2.4; head about 1.2 times broader than long (2.4: 2.0); proportion between lower and upper interocullar distances: 0.9 (1.2: 1.3); clypeus about 1.3 times broader than long (1.16: 0.71); scape length, 0.6, maximum width, 0.17; length of F1–F3, 0.23, 0.10, 0.17; F2 diameter, 0.2.

Colour: Similar to male, except for the scutellar axilla being yellow dorsally and black laterally; terga orange yellow, with marginal zone reddish brown; hind basitarsus with the distal portion brown infuscated.

Pubescence: Similar to male; mesoscutum and scutellum with very short velvet-like plumose pubescence; simple erect setae on scutellum c. 0.14–0.33-mm long. Lateral margins of T1–T4 with bands of short paleyellow hairs, occupying less than one third of tergum width; margin of T5–T6 with complete band of short yellow hairs. Legs pubescence mostly orange yellow; a few reddish brown setae on hind basitarsus.

Integumental surface: Similar to male; supraclypeal area with contiguous punctures; scapal basin and vertex with dense minute punctures; mesoscutum with dense minute punctures (<1 pd); propodeum with sparse fine punctures intermingled with minute punctures; metapostnotum with dense minute punctures (c. 1 pd).

Structure: Pronotal collar with lateral portions closed and deeply concave. Scutellum weakly convex, almost flat.

Type material

Holotype male, ‘ DZUP \ 026573’ ‘ R. Japurá \ 17.9. 1904 \ Ducke’ ‘ Brazil \ Estado do\ Amazonas’ . Paratype: one female ( INPA), ‘Flughafen\ Byrsonima \ chrysophyll.\ 13.10.91 ’.

Etymology

The species is named after the River Japurá, in State of Amazonas, Brazil.

TROPIDOPEDIA NIGRITA SP. NOV.

( FIGS 1 , 8, 15 , 25 , 29 , 40 , 53 , 70, 71 , 93, 94 )

Comments and diagnosis

Tropidopedia nigrita differs in many characters from other species of the pallidipennis group: the concave surface of the fore basitarsus of the male lacks long plumose hairs, T1 has glabrous margins, the frons has fine punctures intermingled with coarse punctures, and the S1–S3 surface of the male is mostly glabrous. T. nigrita is the only species known of the pallidipennis group with black integument.

Distribution

Brazil: Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Paraná ( Fig. 115 ) .

Description

Holotype male – measurements (in mm): Body length, 8.0; maximum head width, 2.7; forewing length, with tegula, 8.3 (without tegula, 7.7); maximum T2 width, 2.7; head about 1.1 times broader than long (2.7: 2.3); proportion between lower and upper interocullar distances 0.8 (1.3: 1.6); clypeus 1.5 times broader than long (1.25: 0.8); scape length, 0.6, maximum width, 0.2; length of F1–F3, 0.25, 0.14, 0.23; F2 diameter, 0.2.

Colour: Integument mostly black. Mandible yellow with apex black; labrum yellow; lower margin of clypeus with a transverse yellow stripe; parocular area with a narrow pale-yellow stripe along the eye margin ( Fig. 93 ); gena with a faint yellow stripe on one fourth of the lower eye margin. Scape with anterior surface orange yellow, and posterior surface reddish brown; pedicel and F1 weakly orange yellow; remaining flagellomeres reddish brown. Legs reddish brown; tarsomeres 2–4 and hind basitarsus orange yellow; tibial spurs pale yellow. Wing membrane black infumated; veins black, and pterostigma yellow infuscated with dense black microtrichiae.

Pubescence: Parocular area mostly glabrous; scapal basin and vertex with sparse short plumose reddish brown hairs. Scape with simple yellow setae (c. 0.08- mm long). Mesoscutum and scutellum with dense short plumose yellow pubescence; scutellum, plumose hairs almost twice as long as those on mesoscutum, intermingled with dense erect simple setae (c. 0.17– 0.34-mm long). Metapostnotum with short plumose brownish hairs (c. 0.08-mm long). T1 with glabrous margins; lateral margins of T2–T4 with a few short white hairs; T5–T6 with glabrous margins. Medial tuft on S2 with simple white hairs (c. 0.17-mm long); S3 with long simple hairs on margin, with few short plumose hairs medially; S4 with dense long plumose decumbent hairs on margin, lateral portions as long fringes converging to the centre; S5 with short plumose hairs on margin, sparse and shorter medially; S6 with sparse short simple hairs on postgradullar surface, and dense combs on lateral margins of apical portion. Leg pubescence mostly black; hind leg with pale-yellow hairs on tibia and basitarsus.

Integumental surface: Clypeus and supraclypeal area with dense to contiguous, coarse punctures (<0.5– 1 pd). Frons with heterogeneous punctation, dense to contiguous coarse punctures on central disc (<0.5– 2 pd); scapal basin with dense fine punctures (c. 1 pd); frons with midline narrowly sulcated extending to ocellus. Lateral mesepisternum mostly smooth, with sparse fine punctures (> 2 dp). Mesoscutum and scutellum with dense fine punctures (0.5–1 pd). Metapostnotum with dense fine punctures on central disc (1–2 pd), with lower lateral margins broadly smooth.

Structure: Pronotal collar with lateral portions closed. Scutellum weakly biconvex.

Female – measurements (in mm): Body length, 9.0; maximum head width, 3.0; forewing length, with tegula, 8.2 (without tegula, 7.5); maximum T2 width, 2.7; head about 1.2 times broader than long (2.9: 2.3); proportion between lower and upper interocullar distances: 0.87 (1.4: 1.6); clypeus 1.7 times broader than long (1.3: 0.75); scape length, 0.7, maximum width, 0.2; length of F1–F3, 0.32, 0.12, 0.17; F2 diameter, 0.2.

Colour: Similar to male; head with only labrum yellow; scape and flagellomeres mostly black ( Fig. 94 ).

Pubescence: Mesoscutum and scutellum with short plumose pale-yellow hairs; scutellum with sparse erect simple setae (c. 0.08–0.28-mm long). Metapostnotum with dense very short plumose yellowish hairs. Margin of terga with hair bands of short pale-yellow hairs; on T2–T4, occupying less than one third of tergum width; on T5–T6, band complete.

Integumental surface: Similar to male; punctures in general denser than male; frons with dense fine punctures on scapal basin (<1 pd), and dense coarse punctures on upper disc and adjacent to midline (<1 pd); midline narrowly sulcated. Lateral mesepisternum mostly with sparse fine punctures (1–3 pd); mesoscutum and scutellum with dense fine minute punctures (<1 pd). Metapostnotum with dense fine minute punctures (1–2 pd); propodeum with sparse fine punctures (c. 3 pd), intermingled with dense fine minute punctures (c. 1–2 pd).

Structure: Similar to male.

Type material

Holotype male, ‘ DZUP \ 023279’ ‘ Passos MG Brazil \ 5– 10-xi 1961 \ C. Elias leg. ’. Paratypes: Brazil, Minas Gerais, one female ( ZMB), ‘ Barbacena \ 30.10.1905 \ Ducke’ ‘ Tetrapedia \ glaberrima \ de P. A. Ducke’; one male, ‘ DZUP \ 023423’ ‘ Brazil \ Estado de\ Minas Ger. ’ ‘ Barbacena \ 8.11.1905 \ Ducke’; one female, ‘ DZUP \ 023422’ ‘ Brazil \ Estado de\ Minas Ger. ’ ‘ Barbacena \ 30.10.1905 \ Ducke’, two females, same except ‘ DZUP \ 023424’ and ‘DZUP\ 023425’ ‘ 13.12.1905 ’ ‘ glaberrima Fr. ’; one male, ‘ DZUP \ 023104’ ‘ Passos MG \ Br 20–25 XI 61\ C. Elias’, eight males and 19 females, same except ‘023105–023108’, ‘023278–023282’, ‘023272– 023278’, ‘023095–023103’, ‘023109’, ‘023110’, and ‘023476’; one male, ‘ DZUP \ 023474’ ‘ Passos MG \ Br 5– 10-XI 1961 \ C. Elias leg.’, three males and five females, same except ‘022911’, ‘022794’, ‘022795’, ‘021938’, ‘023111–023113’, and ‘023475’; one female, ‘ DZUP \ 023114’ ‘Passos MG\ Brazil 13–18-XI-61\ Claudionor Elias’ , nine females, same except ‘023114–023121’, and ‘023122’ ‘23-31-I-63’; one female, ‘ DZUP \ 023123’ ‘Passos-MG\ BR-17–22-XII-62\ Claudionor Elias’ , two females, same except ‘023124–023125’; one female, ‘ DZUP \ 023137’ ‘89/243’ ‘Paraopeba, MG, Brazil \ Data 05/11/1986 \ F.A. Silveira’ ‘ Paratetrap. \ sp. n 4 F’; one male and three females ( MZSP), ‘ Serra do Caraça- 1880 m \ MG-Brazil-XI-961\ Kloss, Lenko,\ Martins & Silva col.’; one female ( MZSP), ‘ Serra do Caraça \ Sta. Bárbara MG \ Brazil 23–25-XI-960\ Kloss, Lenko,\ Araújo & Martins’; one female, ‘ Serra do Cipó-MG\ 1200 m- BR- 7/11/73\ Pe. Moure & Mielke’; one female, ‘ DZUP \ 023126’ ‘Tapira-M. Gerais \ Brazil-30/XI/65\ C. Elias leg’, ten females, same except ‘023127–023136’; Paraná: one female, ‘ DZUP \ 23300’ ‘PEC\ 001’ ‘ Brazil, Paraná, Parque \ Estadual de Campinhos ,\ 25°02′S, 49°05W,\ 22.xi. 2003, R. Gonçalves \ & F. Fernandes’; São Paulo: one female, ‘ DZUP \ 026547’ ‘ Brazil, São Paulo,\ Corumbataí , 22°15′S, 47°00′W, 800 m,\ M.J.O. Campos leg.’ ‘COR 15’\ 05.12.84\ 8.20 L\ CL P31′; eight females, same except ‘026548’ ‘COR 6\ 21.11.84\ 14.05 L\ CL P31’, ‘026549’ ‘COR7’ ‘14.18L’, ‘026550’ ‘COR 11\ 15.12.83\ 15.45 L\ CL P31’′, ‘026551’ ‘COR 30\ 28.11.84\ 8.50 L\ CL P31’, ‘026553’ ‘COR15\ 9.11.82’, ‘026552’ ‘COR 40 11.12 L P40’, ‘026554’ ‘COR 29 09.05L’, and ‘026555’ ‘COR 14\ 24.11.83\ 10.24L’ .

Etymology

The species name refers to the black colour of the integument.

TROPIDOPEDIA ORNATA SP. NOV.

( FIGS 41 , 54 , 72, 73 , 95 )

Comments and diagnosis

Males of this species present the tergal disc densely and finely microreticulated, as in T. japuraensis sp. nov. and T. danunciae sp. nov. The males of T. ornata are distinct, mainly by the sternal pubescence: S2 with a narrow glabrous area on the mid portion of the medial tuft, and S3 with dense tufts of long plumose hairs on lateral portions separated by a narrow mid area with short plumose hairs. This species is only known from males. Some specimens present the yellow stripe on the frons larger than in the holotype, contacting the supraclypeal area and extending to ocellus.

Distribution

Brazil: Pará ( Fig. 116 ).

Description

Holotype male – measurements (in mm): Body length, 7.5; maximum head width, 2.4; forewing length, with tegula, 8.5 (without tegula, 7.8); maximum T2 width, 2.5; head about 1.2 times broader than long (2.4: 2.0); proportion between lower and upper interocullar distances: 0.81 (1.1: 1.35); clypeus about 1.3 times broader than long (1.0: 0.75); scape length, 0.6, maximum width, 0.2; length of F1–F3, 0.28, 0.14, 0.19; F2 diameter, 0.2.

Colour: Integument mostly orange yellow. Apex of mandible black; parocular area with a long yellow stripe on inner eye margin extending to gena; frons reddish dark brown, with a yellow oval spot, not contacting the yellow supraclypeal area. Pedicel and F1 weakly reddish brown; remaining flagellomeres orange yellow anteriorly, and reddish brown posteriorly. Mesoscutum black, with narrow yellow stripes on disc and lateral margins. Terga with marginal zone reddish brown. Hind basitarsus brownish yellow; tibial spurs pale yellow. Wing membrane orange yellow infumated, with yellowish microtrichiae; apical portion dark fuscous with black microtrichiae; veins and pterostigma orange yellow.

Pubescence: Parocular area mostly smooth; scapal basin and vertex with dense short plumose paleyellow hairs. Scape with simple yellow setae (c. 0.12- mm long). Mesoscutum with dense short plumose pale-yellow hairs. Scutellum with dense short plumose pubescence (c. 2 times longer than mesoscutum plumose hairs), intermingled with dense erect simple setae (c. 0.25-mm long). Metapostnotum with short simple yellow hairs (c. 0.06-mm long). T4–T7 with marginal bands of brownish hairs laterally; on T1–T3, bands occupying about one-fifth of tergum width; on T4, band almost complete; on T5–T7, complete. Medial hair tuft on S2 with long plumose hairs (c. 0.25-mm long), with a narrow glabrous area in the middle; S3 with dense plumose short hairs medially, and dense decumbent tufts of plumose hairs on lateral portions; S4 with dense long plumose decumbent hairs on margin, with lateral portions as long fringes converging to the centre; S5 with short plumose hairs on margin, sparse and shorter medially; S6 with sparse short simple hairs on postgradullar surface, and dense combs on lateral margins of apical portion. Legs with pubescence mostly yellow; hind leg with apical portion of tibia and entire basitarsus with black hairs.

Integumental surface: Clypeus, supraclypeal area, and frons with dense coarse punctures, some punctures contiguous (<0.5–2 pd); parocular area mostly smooth; scapal basin and vertex with dense fine minute punctures (c. 1 pd). Lateral mesepisternum mostly smooth, with fine sparse punctures (> 2 pd). Mesoscutum with dense fine punctures (c. 1 pd). Metapostnotum with sparse fine punctures (2–3 pd); margins of disc broadly smooth. T1 smooth; T2–T6 with dense fine microreticulation on disc, intermingled with sparse fine punctures on lateral portions (> 3 dp).

Structure: Pronotal collar with lateral portions as a closed gutter; scutellum conspicuously convex.

Type material

Holotype male (ZMB), ‘ Pará \ 8.11.99\ Ducke’ ‘ Tetrapedia M\ Duckei \ 1900 Friese det.\ n. sp.’ ‘Type’ ‘Zool. Mus.\ Berlin’. Paratypes: one male (ZMB), ‘ Brazil \ Para \ 19.12. 1901 \ Ducke’; one female (INBP), ‘ Pará \ 8.11.99\ Ducke’ ‘ Tetrapedia M\ duckei Friese \ det. Ducke 1912’ ‘MNHNP\ A.W. Bertoni\ M-252\ Garcete rev.’; one male (MPEG), ‘ Brazil \ Pará \ 19.12. 1901 \ Ducke’ ‘Coleção\ Ducke’.

Etymology

The species name refers to the microreticulation on the tergal surface.

Figures

Figures 1–7. Figures 1–4: Punctation patterns; scale = 0.1 mm. Figure 1: Finely minute punctures, 1 dp (mesoscutum of Tropidopedia nigrita sp. nov., female). Figure 2: Fine punctures, 2 dp (mesoscutum of Lophopedia pygmaea (Schrottky, 1902), female). Figure 3: Coarse punctures, 1–2 dp (frons of Paratetrapedia sp.; female). Figure 4: Very coarse punctures, 0.5−2 dp (lateral mesepisternum of Tropidopedia carinata sp. nov., female). Figures 5–7: Head, females; scale = 0.5 mm. Figure 5: Tropidopedia punctifrons (Smith, 1879). Figure 6: Tropidopedia carinata sp. nov. Figure 7: Tropidopedia arcuatilis (Vachal, 1909).

Figures 19–28. Figures 19–22: Foretarsus; scale = 0.25 mm. Figure 19: Tropidopedia carinata sp. nov., female, outer surface. Figure 20: Paratetrapedia connexa (Vachal, 1909), female, outer surface. Figure 21: Tropidopedia punctifrons (Smith, 1879), female, outer surface. Scale = 0.25 mm. Figure 22: Tropidopedia arcuatilis (Vachal, 1909), male, lateral view showing the long plumose pubescence; scale = 0.25 mm. Figures 23, 24: Ventral surface of middle tibia, showing the comb with stout simple setae; scale = 0.01 mm. Figure 23: Lophopedia pygmaea (Schrottky, 1902). Figure 24: Xanthopedia larocai (Moure, 1995). Figures 25–28: Basitibial plate of female; scale = 0.25 mm. Figure 25: Tropidopedia nigrita sp. nov. Figure 26: P. connexa. Figure 27: L. pygmaea. Figure 28: T. punctifrons.

Figures 36–49. Sternum 7 of male; scale = 0.5 mm. Figure 36: Tropidopedia arcuatilis (Vachal, 1909). Figure 37: Tropidopedia danunciae sp. nov. Figure 38: Tropidopedia friesei sp. nov. Figure 39: Tropidopedia japuraensis sp. nov. Figure 40: Tropidopedia nigrita sp. nov. Figure 41: Tropidopedia ornata sp. nov. Figure 42: Tropidopedia seabrai (Michener & Moure, 1957). Figure 43: Tropidopedia caracicola sp. nov. Figure 44: Tropidopedia carinata sp. nov. Figure 45: Tropidopedia duckeana sp. nov. Figure 46: Tropidopedia flavolineata sp. nov. Figure 47: Tropidopedia nigrocarinata sp. nov. Figure 48: Tropidopedia punctifrons (Smith, 1879). Figure 49: Tropidopedia venezuelana sp. nov.

Figures 50–61. Sternum 8 of male; scale = 0.5 mm. Figure 50: Tropidopedia arcuatilis (Vachal, 1909). Figure 51: Tropidopedia danunciae sp. nov. Figure 52: Tropidopedia japuraensis sp. nov. Figure 53: Tropidopedia nigrita sp. nov. Figure 54: Tropidopedia ornata sp. nov. Figure 55: Tropidopedia caracicola sp. nov. Figure 56: Tropidopedia carinata sp. nov. Figure 57: Tropidopedia duckeana sp. nov. Figure 58: Tropidopedia flavolineata sp. nov. Figure 59: Tropidopedia nigrocarinata sp. nov. Figure 60: Tropidopedia punctifrons (Smith, 1879). Figure 61: Tropidopedia venezuelana sp. nov.

Figures 62–73. Genital capsule, male, dorsal and ventral view; scale = 0.5 mm. Figures 62, 63: Tropidopedia arcuatilis (Vachal, 1909). Figures 64, 65: Tropidopedia danunciae sp. nov. Figures 66, 67: Tropidopedia japuraensis sp. nov. Figures 68, 69: Tropidopedia friesei sp. nov. Figures 70, 71: Tropidopedia nigrita sp. nov. Figures 72, 73: Tropidopedia ornata sp. nov.

Figures 90–98. Head; scale = 0.5 mm. Figure 90: Tropidopedia arcuatilis (Vachal, 1909), male. Figure 91: T. arcuatilis, female. Figure 92: Tropidopedia danunciae sp. nov., holotype male. Figure 93: Tropidopedia nigrita sp. nov., holotype male. Figure 94: Tropidopedia nigrita sp. nov., paratype female. Figure 95: Tropidopedia ornata sp. nov., holotype male. Figure 96: Tropidopedia pallidipennis (Friese, 1899), lectotype male. Figure 97: Tropidopedia peruana sp. nov., holotype female. Figure 98: Tropidopedia seabrai (Michener & Moure, 1957), holotype male. Scale bar for Figs 90–93, 95, 98 shown in Fig. 92; scale bar for Figs 94, 96, 97 shown in Fig. 97.

Figures 108–113. Figures 108–112: Mesosoma in dorsal view; scale = 0.5 mm. Figure 108: Tropidopedia arcuatilis (Vachal, 1909), female. Figure 109: Tropidopedia danunciae sp. nov., holotype male. Figure 110: Tropidopedia seabrai (Michener & Moure, 1957), female. Figure 111: Tropidopedia peruana sp. nov., holotype female. Figure 112: Tropidopedia punctifrons (Smith, 1879), female. Figure 113: Tropidopedia danunciae sp. nov., lateral portion of disc of T3 showing the microreticulation (anterior to the left); scale = 0.10 mm.

Figures 115–120. Distribution records for species of Tropidopedia. Figure 115: Δ, Tropidopedia danunciae sp. nov.;, Tropidopedia friesei sp. nov.; •, Tropidopedia nigrita sp. nov.; O, Tropidopedia pallidipennis (Friese, 1899); A, Tropidopedia seabrai (Michener & Moure, 1957). Figure 116: Δ, Tropidopedia arcuatilis (Vachal, 1909);, Tropidopedia ornata sp. nov.; •, Tropidopedia japuraensis sp. nov.; A, Tropidopedia peruana sp. nov. Figure 117: •, Tropidopedia caracicola sp. nov.; O, Tropidopedia duckeana sp. nov.;, Tropidopedia eliasi sp. nov.; Δ, Tropidopedia nigrocarinata sp. nov. Figure 118: A, Tropidopedia carinata sp. nov.; •, Tropidopedia venezuelana sp. nov. Figure 119: •, Tropidopedia flavolineata sp. nov. Figure 120: A, Tropidopedia punctifrons (Smith, 1879).

Figures 29–35. Sternum 6 of male; scale = 0.2 mm. Figure 29: Tropidopedia nigrita sp. nov. Figure 30: Tropidopedia japuraensis sp. nov. Figure 31: T. seabrai (Michener & Moure, 1957). Figure 32: Tropidopedia friesei sp. nov. Figure 33: Tropidopedia carinata. sp. nov. Figure 34: Tropidopedia nigrocarinata sp. nov. Figure 35: Tropidopedia flavolineata sp. nov. Scale bar for Figs 29–34 shown to right of Fig. 32.

Figures 74–89. Figures 74–87: Genital capsule, male, dorsal and ventral view; scale = 0.5 mm. Figures 74, 75: Tropidopedia carinata sp. nov. Figures 76, 77: Tropidopedia duckeana sp. nov. Figures 78, 79: Tropidopedia flavolineata sp. nov. Figures 80, 81: Tropidopedia caracicola sp. nov. Figures 82, 83: Tropidopedia nigrocarinata sp. nov. Figures 84, 85: Tropidopedia punctifrons (Smith, 1879). Figures 86, 87: Tropidopedia venezuelana sp. nov. Figures 88, 89: Hind tarsomeres, outer view; scale = 0.5 mm. Figure 88: Tropidopedia friesei sp. nov. Figure 89: Tropidopedia peruana sp. nov.

Figures 8–18. Figures 8–11: Lateral portion of pronotal colar; scale = 0.5 mm. Figure 8: Female of Tropidopedia nigrita sp. nov. Figure 9: Female of Paratetrapedia lineata (Spinola, 1851). Figure 10: Male of Lophopedia pygmaea. Figure 11: Female of Tropidopedia carinata sp. nov. Figure 12: Mesosoma of male of Tropidopedia carinata sp. nov. showing the right-angled omaulus; scale = 0.2 mm. Figures 13, 14: Sterna of male showing the tuft of hairs on medial portion of S2, and the ‘U’ sinuosity on margin of S3; scale = 0.5 mm. Figure 13: Tropidopedia flavolineata sp. nov. Figure 14: Tropidopedia carinata sp. nov. Figures 15–18: Pygidial plate of female; scale = 0.2 mm. Figure 15: Tropidopedia nigrita sp. nov. Figure 16: Arhysoceble dichroopoda Moure, 1948. Figure 17: Tropidopedia punctifrons (Smith, 1879). Figure 18: Paratetrapedia fervida (Smith, 1879).