Glyptothoa, Helna & Aneesh & Kumar & Ohtsuka, 2023

Helna, Ameri Kottarathil, Aneesh, Panakkool Thamban, Kumar, Appukuttannair Biju & Ohtsuka, Susumu, 2023, Fig. 51. Lacunipotamon purpureum n in Fig. 20 in Lanternflies (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) of Taiwan., Zoological Studies 62 (51), pp. 1-31 : 4-26

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.6620/ZS.2023.62-51
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E5F87FA-571E-FFA7-FC79-C39BD81D4EA9
treatment provided by	Felipe
scientific name	Glyptothoa
status	gen. nov.

Treatment

Genus Glyptothoa View in CoL gen. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:05AE1C92-B513-41BC-850E-5864488B6EC6

Type species: Glyptothoa sagara sp. nov.; original designation.

Etymology: The new generic name is the abbreviation of the host genus name ( Glyptophidium ) – “ Glypto ” combined with the ending – thoa indicating the family affinity. Gender is feminine.

Diagnosis: Ovigerous female (bold = key features): Body dorsally vaulted, two times as long as wide, widest at pereonite 3. Cephalon partially immersed in pereonite 1, anterior margin with acute ventrally directed rostral point. Pereonites 2–7 coxae visible in dorsal view, all coxae shorter than pereonite; pereonites 4–7 slightly asymmetrical, lateral margins slightly constricted, in hunched side. Pereonites 4–7 slightly decrease in width towards one side. Pleon short, c. 15% BL, pleonites all visible, the lateral margins of pleonite 1 strongly extend laterally; moderately narrower than pleonite 2, becoming progressively wider posteriorly, with large lateral gaps (0.6 times the pleon width) between pleonites; pleonites 1–4 medially subequal in length, pleonite 5 longest. Pleon at pleonite 5 wider than widest pereon: 1.00 to 1.20 times as wide as greatest pereon width at pereonite 3. Pleotelson 0.9 times as wide as pleonite 5. Antennula narrowly separated by rostrum, slender, with 8 articles, shorter than antenna. Antenna with 13 articles. Buccal cone obscuring antennal bases. Brood pouch arising from coxae 1–4, 6 proximally thick; oostegite 1 bilobed. Pleopods not visible in dorsal view. Pleopod rami all simple, without proximomedial lamellar lobe, without folds or thickened ridges; peduncle lateral lobes absent. Uropods short, extending about halfway along pleotelson lateral margin.

Additional features: Mandible palp articles all slender, article 2 longer than article 3, both with small spines, Maxilla mesial lobe distinct (not fused), both lobes with two acute apical RS. Maxillula with 1 large and 3 small acuminate terminal RS. Maxilliped with oostegital lobes; mouthparts partially covered by oostegites of pereopod 2. Pereopods basis without prominent carina, without setae; articles not dilated or expanded.

Variation: pleonite 1, narrowest, 2–4 subequal, pleonite 5 widest in most specimens, whereas slight varied in one specimen with pleonite 1 is narrowest and pleonites 2–5 are progressively wider.

Adult male: Similar to females in general morphology. Body lateral margins sub-parallel. Coxae dorsally visible. Pleotelson proportional longer and narrower than female. Penial process acute, separated by 20% width of sternite 7. Pleopods not extending beyond pleotelson margins. Pereopods with acute RS.

Species included: Glyptothoa sagara sp. nov.; Glyptothoa propinqua ( Richardson, 1904) comb. nov., Glyptothoa myripristae ( Bruce, 1990) comb. nov., and Glyptothoa caudata ( Schioedte and Meinert, 1884) comb. nov.

Remarks: Glyptothoa gen. nov. can be distinguished from all other cymothoid genera and identified by the following combination of ovigerous female characters: cephalon partially immersed in pereonite 1, dorsum vaulted, all coxae shorter than or as long as pereonite, visible in dorsal view; pereonites 4–7 slightly decrease in width towards one side, slightly asymmetrical, lateral margins slightly constricted in hunched side; relatively wide pleon, with large lateral gaps between pleonites; antennula narrowly separated by rostrum, slender, shorter than antenna; antenna with 13 articles; buccal cone obscuring antennal bases; brood pouch arising from coxae 2–6, proximally thick; oostegite 1 (of pereonite 2) bilobed; pleopods large, not visible in dorsal view; pleopod rami all simple, without proximomedial lamellar lobe, without folds or thickened ridges; peduncle lateral lobes absent.

Glyptothoa sagara sp. nov. ( Figs. 1–19 View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig ) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:505AF3AB-A7D5-4147-B7ED-70A2653FEC10

Type material: Holotype: 1 ovigerous female [36.0 mm L, 18.0 mm W (maximum width)], from Glyptophidium macropus Alcock, 1894 , recorded from ~ 300 to 650 m depth, off Neendakara coast (08°30.0'N, 76°53.30'E), Kerala, India, 29 December 2019, coll. PT Aneesh & AK Helna (Reg. No. ZSI / WGRC / IR.INV./24781). GoogleMaps

Paratypes: Same data as holotype with the following measurements and registration details: 1 mature male (15.0 mm TL; 7.0 mm W), partially dissected (Reg. No. ZSI / WGRC /IR.INV./ 24782); 1 female (non-ovigerous) (31.0 mm TL; 15.5 mm W), partially dissected (Reg. No. ZSI / WGRC /IR.INV./ 24783); 1 female (ovigerous) (28.0 mm TL; 14.0 mm W), partially dissected (Reg. No. ZSI / WGRC /IR.INV./ 24784); 1 late transitional (16.0 mm TL; 8.5 mm W), (Reg. No. ZSI / WGRC /IR. INV./ 24785); 1 female (ovigerous) (27.0 mm TL; 13.5 mm W), (Reg. No. ZSI / WGRC /IR.INV./ 24786). Non-types: 1 young male (12.0 mm TL; 5.5 mm W) (Reg. No. CAH /INV/ISO 0300); 1 early transitional (17.0 mm TL; 8.0 mm W) (Reg. No. CAH /INV/ISO 0301).

Etymology: The specific name is derived from the Sanskrit word “sagara ”, literally meaning the “gathering together of waters,” i.e., the ocean. Further, it is a reminder of the importance of the ocean for the sustainable development of life underwater and its conservation.

Description of ovigerous female ( Figs. 1–10 View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig ): Body 2 times as long as greatest width, dorsal surfaces weakly vaulted, widest at pereonite 3, most narrow at pereonite 1. Cephalon 1.8 times wider than long, partially immersed in pereonite 1. Frontal margin with acute ventrally directed rostral point. Eyes oval with distinct margins, one eye 0.15 times the width of cephalon. Pereonite 1 smooth; anterior border medially straight, slightly curved laterally; anterolateral angles with a small distinct produced point. Coxae 2–6 narrow, all shorter than respective pereonite, coxae 7 slightly shorter or equal to pereonite 7. Pereonites 2–7, posterolateral angles little produced, pereonite 4–7 posterolateral margins slightly asymmetrical, lateral margins slightly constricted in hunched side, pereonite 7 extending posteriorly to pleonite 1 or 2. Pereonites slightly increase the width from 1–3; pereonites 4–7 slightly decrease in width. Pereonite 1 longest, 7 shortest, pereonites decreasing in length from 1–3, pereonites 3–6 sub equal in length. Pleon short, ~15% BL, pleon 1.25 times as wide as maximum pereon width; pleonites progressively increasing in width towards posterior; pleonites 1–4 medially subequal in length, pleonite 5 longest. Pleonite 1 slightly narrower, subequal in length to pleonite 2. Pleotelson 1.10 times wider than pereonite 7; 1.6 times as wide as long; posterior margin, broadly rounded, lateral margins convex, dorsal proximal surface with medial furrow.

Antennula narrowly separated by rostrum; article 1 widest, 1.2 times as wide as long; article 3 longest; terminal article shortest; 4–7 with 2 – 3 simple setae, article 8 with few terminal aesthetes. Antenna, terminal article shortest, with few short simple setae, extending to anterior margin of pereonite 1; article 1 widest, 1.5 times as wide as long; article 2 as wide as long; article 4 longest; articles 4 – 5 lateral margin with one plumose seta each; articles 5–13, decreasing the width; articles 10 – 12 sub-equal in width; terminal article 1.5 times as long as wide. Mandible palp article 1 longest, 3.3 times as long as wide; article 2 longer than article 3; palp article 2 with 5–7, article 3 with many 18–25 simple marginal setae. Maxillula with 4 unequal acuminate terminal RS. Maxilla with distinct mesial lobe and lateral lobe, each with 2 RS. Maxilliped with oostegital lobes, article 3 with three recurved RS; mouthparts not covered by oostegites of pereopod 2.

Pereopod 1, basis large, 1.7 times as long as greatest width; ischium, 1.5 times as long as wide, 0.7 times as long as basis; merus 0.4 times as long as wide; carpus 0.7 times as wide as merus; propodus 1.5 times as long as wide, 0.5 times as long as ischium; dactylus 1.3 times as long as propodus, 3.3 times as long as proximal width. Pereopod 2 basis 1.7 times as long as greatest width; ischium, twice as long as wide, 0.7 times as long as basis; propodus 1.6 times as long as wide; dactylus 1.1 times as long as propodus. Pereopods 3 similar to pereopod 2. Pereopod 4 basis 1.2 times as long as greatest width; ischium as long as basis, 1.6 times as long as greatest width; propodus 1.3 times as long as wide; dactylus 1.2 times as long as propodus, 3.0 times as long as greatest width. Pereopods 5 similar to pereopod 4. Pereopod 6 basis 1.6 times as long as greatest width, ischium as long as basis, 1.8 times as long as greatest width; merus 1.2 times wider than ischium; propodus 1.4 times as long as wide; dactylus 1.1 times as long as propodus, 2.9 times as long as greatest width. Pereopod 7 basis 1.9 times as long as greatest width; ischium 0.9 times as long as basis; merus 1.2 times as wide as ischium, 0.4 times as long as wide; carpus 0.5 times as long as wide, 0.4 times as long as ischium; propodus 1.5 times as long as wide, 0.5 times as long as ischium; dactylus 1.4 times as long as propodus, three times as long as basal width.

Brood pouch moderately bulged ventrally.

Pleopod peduncle lateral lobes absent. Pleopod 1, one side is slightly larger than other side; exopod 1.1 times as long as wide, lateral margin convex, distally broadly rounded, mesial margin convex; endopod 0.9 as long as exopod, 1.3 times as long as wide, lateral margin weakly convex, distally broadly rounded; peduncle twice as wide as long. Pleopod 2 without appendix masculina. Pleopod 2–5, similar. Pleopod 5 exopod as long as wide, lateral margin convex, distally rounded, mesial margin convex; endopod 0.9 times as long as exopod, 1.1 times as long as wide, distally broadly rounded.

Uropod 0.5 times as long as pleotelson; peduncle 0.6 times as long as exopod, 1.5 times as long as wide, lateral margin without setae; rami without marginal setae, apices narrowly rounded. Endopod 2.8 times as long as greatest width, 0.8 times as long as exopod, lateral margin convex. Exopod 1.3 times as long as endopod, apically narrowly rounded, exopod curved to mesial, 2.5 times as long as greatest width, mesial margin concave, lateral margin convex.

Description of transitional stage ( Figs. 11–13 View Fig View Fig View Fig ): Body 1.8–2.0 times as long as wide; straight (in early transitional) to slightly curved towards one side (in late transitional), widest at pereonite 3, most narrow at pereonite 1. Eyes distinct, one eye 0.3 times as wide as cephalon. Cephalon 0.5–0.6 times as long as wide, similar to females. Pereonites and pleonites of the late stage similar to those of the ovigerous female.

Antennula, antenna, mandible palp, maxilla, maxilliped similar to those of the male. Coxae similar to that of the female (late transitional). Penial processes rudimentary. Pleotelson early stage 1.9 times wider than long, late stage 1.6 times wider than long. Uropods similar to those of male. Early stage pereopods and pleopods were similar to those of males, and late stage ones were similar to those of females, but possessed rudimentary spines.

Description of adult male ( Figs. 14–18 View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig ): Body symmetrical, 2.0 – 2.2 times as long as greatest width, dorsal surfaces smooth, lateral margins sub-parallel, widest at pereonite 3, pereonite 2–4 subequal in width, most narrow at pereonite 7. Cephalon 2.4 times wider than long, anterior border slightly triangular. Frontal margin similar to that of female. Eyes conspicuous, one eye 0.3 times width of cephalon. Coxae all dorsally visible, shorter than pereonites. Pereonite s 1–6 posterolateral angles not produced. Pereonite 7 posterolateral margin extending beyond the lateral margin of pleonite 1. Pereonites 3–5 more or less equal in width, 1 narrower than others. Pereonite 1 longest, 7 shortest. Pleon wide, 1.1 times as wide as pereon; pleonites progressively increase in width from 1–5. Pleotelson posterior margin broadly rounded, 1.7 times as wide as long.

Antennula length shorter than antenna, with eight articles, narrowly separated by rostrum; article 1 widest, 2.0 times as wide as long; article 3 longest; terminal article shortest, articles 3–8 with few setae. Antenna with 13 articles; terminal article shortest, with few short, simple setae; article 1 widest, 1.2 times as wide as long; article 5 longest; articles 5–13, progressively decreasing in length and width. Mandible, maxillula, maxilla similar to that of non-ovigerous female. Maxilliped article 1, basally narrow without lobes; article 2 0.4 times as long as article 1, article 3, 0.8 times as long as article 2.

All pereopods with acute RS. Pereopod 1 basis 1.5 times as long as greatest width; ischium 0.7 times as long as basis; merus 0.4 times as long as wide; propodus 1.6 times as long as wide, inner lateral margin with 3 acute RS; dactylus, 1.2 times as long as propodus, 3.3 times as long as proximal width. Pereopod 2 basis 2.0 times as long as greatest width; ischium 0.4 times as long as basis; merus 0.7 times as long as wide; propodus 1.2 times as long as wide, inner lateral margin with 8 acute RS; dactylus, 1.4 times as long as propodus, 3.2 times as long as proximal width. Pereopod 3 basis 2.0 times as long as greatest width; ischium 0.6 times as long as basis; propodus 1.4 times as long as wide, inner lateral margin with 6 acute RS; dactylus, 1.2 times as long as propodus. Pereopod 4 carpus inner lateral margin with 2, propodus with 3 acute RS. Pereopod 5 basis 2.0 times as long as greatest width; ischium 0.8 times as long as basis; carpus inner lateral margin with 2 acute RS; propodus as long as wide, inner lateral margin with 4 acute RS; dactylus 1.4 times as long as propodus. Pereopod 6 2.0 times as long as greatest width; ischium 0.8 times as long as basis; carpus inner lateral margin with 2 acute RS; propodus 1.4 times as long as wide, inner lateral margin with 6 acute RS; dactylus 1.2 times as long as propodus. Pereopod 7 basis 1.8 times as long as greatest width; ischium 0.9 times as long as basis; carpus inner lateral margin with 3 acute RS; propodus 1.7 times as long as wide, inner lateral margin with 5 acute RS; dactylus 1.2 times as long as propodus.

Penial process acute, 1.8 times as long as basal width, separated by 30% width of sternite 7, visible on sternite 7, basally mutually adjacent.

Pleopods not extending beyond pleotelson margins, not visible in dorsal view. Pleopods 1–5 rami simple, without proximomedial lamellar lobe, folds or thickened ridges; endopod of all pleopods slightly shorter than exopod. Pleopod 1 exopod 1.5 times as long as wide, distally broadly rounded; endopod 0.9 times as long as exopod; peduncle 2.3 times as wide as long. Pleopod 2 exopod 1.1 times as long as endopod; appendix masculina of pleopod 2 straight and narrow, 0.9 as long as endopod. Pleopod 4 exopod as long as endopod.

Uropod 0.9 times as long as pleotelson; peduncle 0.5 times as long as exopod, lateral margin without setae; rami not reaching the distal margin of pleotelson, marginal setae absent, apices narrowly rounded, exopod 1.2 times as long as endopod, 2.7 times as long as greatest width. Endopod 2.2 times as long as greatest width, lateral margin convex.

Colour: pale tan.

Distribution: Known only from the type locality.

Host: Known only from the type host Glyptophidium macropus Alcock, 1894 .

Remarks: Glyptothoa sagara sp. nov. can be identified by the following features: cephalon partially immersed in pereonite 1; antenna with 13 articles; pleotelson 1.9 times longer than pleon; pleotelson 0.6 times as long as wide; uropod exopod longer than endopod; and uropods extending half the length of pleotelson.

The inter-specific character between Glyptothoa sagara sp. nov., and three new combinations are listed in table 2.

Molecular analysis ( Table 3; Fig. 19 View Fig ): A 680 bp long COI sequence for Glyptothoa sagara gen. et sp. nov., was newly generated to maintain a gene library. The sequence was compared to the representatives from other nine branchial cymothoid genera, such as Elthusa , Cterissa , Ichthyoxenus , Ryukyua , Livoneca , Norileca , Joryma , Mothocya and Catoessa sequences available on GenBank ( Table 3; Fig. 19 View Fig ). The alignment was 610 bp, no stop codons, translation on frame 2, using invertebrate mitochondrial code. Nucleotide genetic divergence (p -distance) among Glyptothoa sagara gen. et. sp. nov. and other nine available branchial cymothoid genera is 25.5% ( Elthusa ) to 40.9% ( Norileca ).

Ecological remarks: We have closely examined 45 species of deep-sea fishes (from November 2017 to November 2021) and the parasite Glyptothoa sagara gen. et. sp. nov. was recovered only from Glyptophidium macropus Alcock, 1894 (family: Ophidiidae ) signifying its oligoxenous host specificity. In the present study, we have examined the host fish collected from different localities along the southwest coast of India. A total of 96 individuals of G. macropus were examined from four available localities along the southwest coast of India. Of these, 27 individuals were infested with Glyptothoa sagara sp. nov. with a prevalence of 28.1%, and all were obtained from the type locality, the Neendakara coast. Twenty females (16 ovigerous and 4 non-ovigerous), 7 transitional stages (4 early and 3 late), and 12 males were recovered from these 27 infested host fish. Parasites were usually found in pairs in the host fish, one in each branchial cavity; mostly male-female pairs were found; the relatively large ovigerous female was found settled in the floor of the branchial cavity, facing the cephalon anteriorly (see Fig. 1 View Fig ). Males were found to occupy the opposite gill chamber in more or less the same position. Similar to our previous observations on other branchial cymothoids, the hunching of the body is also seen in the female and late transitional stage of Glyptothoa sagara either towards the left or right according to their occupation of the right and left branchial cavity, respectively.

Glyptothoa propinqua ( Richardson, 1904) View in CoL comb. nov. ( Fig. 20 View Fig ) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:47F8F44F-233C-461B-AEE4-7D3FA0282081

Lironeca propinqua Richardson 1904: 37 , figs. 6, 7; Richardson 1909: 87; 1910: 23; Thielemann 1910: 42; Nierstrasz 1931: 43; Barnard 1936: 170.

Elthusa propinqua Bruce 1990: 262–263 View in CoL , figs. 8, 9; Saito and Yamauchi 2016: 64; Kazmi, Schotte and Yousuf, 2002: 102, fig. 85; Ravichandran, Vigneshwaran, and Rameshkumar 2019: 25 View Cited Treatment .

Remarks: Glyptothoa propinqua ( Richardson, 1904) comb. nov. was described initially from moderately deepwater fishes off Japan as Lironeca propinqua . Later Bruce (1990) transferred this species into the genus Elthusa . The recent revision of the genus Elthusa by Aneesh et al. (2020b) regarded Elthusa as incerta sedis, since it did not wholly conform to the generic characters of Elthusa (see the generic remarks in Aneesh et al. 2020b). Based on the following characters: cephalon immersed in pereonite 1, coxae shorter than or as long as pereonites, pereonites 4–7 slightly decreasing in width towards one side, slightly asymmetrical, lateral margins slightly constricted in the hunched side, relatively wide pleon, with lateral gaps between pleonites, antennula narrowly separated by rostrum, buccal cone obscuring antennal bases, pleopods rami all simple, without folds or thickened ridges; we place the species in combination with Glyptothoa gen. nov. Interspecific character are listed in table 2.

Distribution: Japan ( Richardson 1904; Saito and Yamauchi 2016), the Philippines ( Richardson 1909), and eastern Australia ( Bruce 1990). Barnard’s report from Lakshadweep Island, India (1936) is an unconfirmed record as there are no figures, descriptions, or voucher specimens.

Hosts: Known from “chalinura” ( Richardson 1909) from Japan, “a macrurid” ( Richardson 1910) in the Philippines, from the gills of Macrurus sp. in India ( Barnard 1936), from Ventrifossa cf. nigrodorsalis (family: Macrouridae ) Bruce (1990); from five macrourid fish species from Japan, including the Coelorinchus jordani Smith and Pope, 1906 , Coelorinchus longissimus Matsubara, 1943 , Coelorinchus multispinulosus Katayama, 1942 , Coelorinchus productus Gilbert and Hubbs, 1916 , and Ventrifossa garmani ( Jordan and Gilbert, 1904) ( Saito and Yamauchi 2016). Present material (fig. 20) was also collected from Ventrifossa garmani from Suruga Bay, Japan.

Glyptothoa myripristae ( Bruce, 1990) View in CoL comb. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:05916159-594D-4639-8C53-F27251814670

Elthusa myripristae Bruce 1990: 255–258 View in CoL , figs. 3–5.

Remarks: Glyptothoa myripristae ( Bruce, 1990) comb. nov. was originally described from Escape Reef, northern Great Barrier Reef by Bruce (1990), in the genus Elthusa . It had the following characters: antennula narrowly separated by rostrum, buccal cone obscuring antennal bases, pleopods rami all simple, without folds or thickened ridges, pereonites 4–7 slightly decrease in width towards one side, slightly asymmetrical, lateral margins slightly constrict in hunched side, relatively wide pleon, with lateral gaps between pleonites makes it fit with the new genus Glyptothoa . Interspecific characters are listed in table 2.

Distribution: Known only from the type locality, Escape Reef, northern Great Barrier Reef ( Bruce 1990).

Host: Known only from the type host Myripristis violaceus (= Myripristis violacea Bleeker, 1851 ) ( Bruce 1990).

Glyptothoa caudata ( Schioedte and Meinert, 1884) View in CoL comb. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E456CE5B-EE7C-44AC-8C0E-C27F6B8BC49C ( Fig. 21 View Fig )

Lironeca caudata Schioedte and Meinert 1884: 860–862 View in CoL , plate 33, figs. 1–2.

Elthusa caudata Bruce 1990: 254 View in CoL .

Remarks: Glyptothoa caudata ( Schioedte and Meinert, 1884) comb. nov. initially described as Lironeca caudata by Schioedte and Meinert (1884), based on a non-ovigerous female holotype (RMNH. CRUS.I.68) (see fig. 21), collected from Japan, without host data. Later Bruce (1990) provisionally transferred it to the genus Elthusa along with 19 other species of Lironeca . Based on the type specimen and the original description, it is clear that it perfectly fits with the new genus, and we transfer it in combination with the new genus.

Distribution: Japan ( Schioedte and Meinert 1884).

Host: Unknown.