Eriauchenius workmani O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1881

Wood, Hannah M. & Scharff, Nikolaj, 2017, A review of the Madagascan pelican spiders of the genera Eriauchenius O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1881 and Madagascarchaea gen. n. (Araneae, Archaeidae), ZooKeys 727, pp. 1-96 : 1

Eriauchenius workmani O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1881 Figs 8, 29

Eriauchenius workmanni O. P.-Cambridge, 1881: 768, pl. 66, fig. 2.

Archaea workmani (O. P.-Cambridge): Simon 1895: 935-937, figs 32, 1005-1006.

Eriauchenius workmanni O. P.-Cambridge: Perez-Gonzalez et al. 2016: 37, fig. 3D.

Taxonomical note.

Originally named Eriauchenius workmanni by Pickard-Cambridge in 1881, but subsequently referred to as Eriauchenius workmani , except for a very recent reference to the original spelling (World Spider Catalogue 2017). Article 33.3.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature states that "when an incorrect subsequent spelling is in prevailing usage and is attributed to the publication of the original spelling, the subsequent spelling and attribution are to be preserved and the spelling is deemed to be a correct original spelling". We here follow the World Spider Catalogue and consider the spelling " workmani " as "prevailing use" and therefore the correct spelling of this species name.

Type material.

Juvenile holotype: Madagascar, T. Workman (examined, deposited in BMNH).

Material described.

1M,1F, MADAGASCAR: Antsiranana, Parc National de Marojejy, Manantenina River, 28.0 km 38° NE Andapa, 14°26.2'S, 49°46.5'E, 450 m, 12-15 Nov 2003, rainforest, general collecting night, B.L. Fisher et al. (CASENT9018947).

Other material examined.

MADAGASCAR: 2F, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Vohiparara, 3.6 km W Ranomafana, 21°14.243'S, 47°23.842'E, 1150 m, 13-14 Jan 2009, primary montane rainforest, with prey, general collecting day and night, C. Griswold, A. Saucedo and H. Wood (USNMENT01377241, USNMENT01377242); 3M,2Juv, Toamasina, Station Forestier, Analamazaotra, administered by Mitsinjo, 0.75 km N Andasibe, 18°55.783'S, 48°24.696'E, 964m, 31 Jan - 03 Feb 2009, primary montane rainforest, hand collected at night in vegetation, C. Griswold, A. Saucedo and H. Wood (USNMENT01377243, USNMENT01377244, USNMENT01377235, USNMENT01377236); 8M,1F,1Juv, Antsiranana, Marojejy Reserve, 8.4 km NNW Manantenina, 14°26'S, 49°45'E, 700 m, 10-16 Nov 1993, C. Griswold, J. Coddington, N. Scharff, S. Larcher, R. Andriamasimanana (CASENT9046573, CASENT9046587, CASENT9046604, CASENT9046581, CASENT9046583, CASENT9010048); 2M,6F,5Juv, Toamasina, Parc National Perinet, nr Andasibe, 18°56'S, 48°24'E, 1000 m, 4-5 Nov 1993, J. Coddington, S. Larcher, C. Griswold, R. Andriamasimanana, and N. Scharff (CASENT9010061, CASENT9046574, CASENT9048501); 1M,1F, Toamasina, Ivoloina Parque Zoologique, 12 km from Tamatave, 18°03'21.6"S, 49°21'32.5"E, 26m, 19 Feb 2003, disturbed rainforest, general collecting night, D. Andriamalala, D. Silva, et al. (CASENT9015765); 2M,1F, Toamasina Res., Analamazaotra, Parc National Andasibe, 23 road km E Moramanga, 18°56'38.2"S, 48°25'03.2"E, 960 m, 16-18 Jan 2003, rainforest, general collecting night, C. Griswold, D. Silva, and D. Andriamalala (CASENT9005234); 2M,2F,1Juv, same as previous except beating vegetation (CASENT9005155); 1M, Antsiranana, Forêt de Binara, 91 km 233° SW Daraina, 13°15'48"S, 49°36'12"E, 650-800 m, 3 Dec 2003, rainforest, general collecting day B.L. Fisher et al. (CASENT9018941); 1M,2F,1Juv, Toamasina, Montagne d’Anjanaharibe, 18.0 km 21° NNE Ambinanitelo, 15°11'18"S, 49°36'54"E, 470 m, 8-12 Mar 2003, EC30 beating low vegetation, rainforest, C. Griswold, B.L. Fisher et al. (CASENT9018909); 3M,2Juvs, same as previous except general collecting, beating and puffing spiders (CASENT9018914); 1F, same as previous except general collecting night (CASENT9018903); 1M,1F, Toamasina, Parc National Masoala, Ambohitsitondroina Mt., Ambanizana, 15°34'9.9"S, 50°00'12.3"E, 650 m, 26 Feb-03 Mar 2003, rainforest, general collecting, camp, D. Andriamalala, D. Silva, et al. (CASENT9015605); 1F, Toamasina, Parc National Masoala, Ambohitsitondroina Mt., Ambanizana, 15°34'9.9"S, 50°00'12.3"E, 600-650 m, 28 Feb 2003, rainforest, general collecting night, D. Andriamalala, D. Silva, et al. (CASENT9015519); 2F,1Juv, Toamasina, Parc National Masoala, Ambohitsitondroina Mt., Ambanizana, 15°34'9.9"S, 50°00'12.3"E, 600-650 m, 01-02 Mar 2003, rainforest, general collecting night, D. Andriamalala, D. Silva, et al. (CASENT9015370, CASENT9015132); 1F, Toamasina, Sahafina forest, 11.4 km W Brickaville, 18°48'52"S, 48°57'43"E, 140 m, 13-14 Dec 2007, rainforest, sifted litter, B.L. Fisher et al. (CASENT9028392); 1M,2Juvs, Toamasina, Ambatovy, 18°51'03"S, 48°19'17"E, 1075 m, 23 Mar 2004, montane rainforest, general collecting, B.L. Fisher et al. (CASENT9018977); 1M,1F, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Vatoharanana River, 4.1 km 231° SW Ranomafana, 21°17'24"S, 47°26'00"E, 1100 m, 27-31 Mar 2003, montane rainforest, EB17 beating low vegetation, C. Griswold, B.L. Fisher et al. (CASENT9018919); 1M, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Vohiparara, 3.6 km W Ranomafana, 21°14.243'S, 47°23.842'E, 1150 m, 13-14 Jan 2009, primary montane rainforest, hand collected at night in vegetation, C. Griswold, A. Saucedo and H. Wood (USNMENT01377237); 1F, same as previous except general collecting day and night (USNMENT01377238); 1M, Toamasina, Station Forestier Analamazaotra, administered by Mitsinjo, 0.75 km N Andasibe, 18°55.783'S, 48°24.696'E, 964m, 31 Jan-3 Feb 2009, primary montane rainforest, general collecting day and night, C. Griswold, A. Saucedo and H. Wood (USNMENT01377239); 1M,5Juvs, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Vatoharanana River, 4.1 km 231° SW Ranomafana, 21°17'24"S, 47°26'00"E, 1100 m, 27-31 Mar 2003, general collecting night, montane rainforest, C. Griswold, B.L. Fisher et al. (CASENT9018968); 1F,2Juvs, same as previous except general collecting, beating and puffing spiders (CASENT9018922); 1M,1F,3Juvs, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Vohiparara, 21°14'S, 47°24'E, 900 m, 5-7 Dec 1993, N. Scharff, S. Larcher, C. Griswold, and R. Andriamasimanana (CASENT9048502, CASENT9010051); 1M,2F, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Talatakely, 21°14.9'S, 47°25.6'E, 15-18 Apr 1998, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, N. Penny, M. Raherilalao, J. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick (CASENT9010050); 1M,2F,2Juvs, Fianarantsoa Parc National Ranomafana, Talatakely, 21°15'S, 47°25'E, 5-7 Dec 1993, N. Scharff, S. Larcher, C. Griswold, and R. Andriamasimanana (CASENT9048504); 1M,1F,5Juvs, same as previous except night collecting (CASENT9012326); 1M,1Juv, Toamasina, Montagne d’Akirindro, 7.6 km 341° NNW Ambinanitelo, 15°17'18"S, 49°32'54"E, 600 m, 17-21 Mar 2003, rainforest, EC30 beating low vegetation, B.L. Fisher, C. Griswold et al. (CASENT9018887); 10 Juvs, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, ca. 21°14.3'S, ca. 47°26.0'E, 800 m, 22 Apr 1998, roadside vegetation near park entrance, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, N. Penny, M. Raherilalao, J. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick (CASENT9048506); 2Juvs, Fianarantsoa, Vohiparara, broken bridge, 21°13.57'S, 47°22.19'E, 3640 ft, 8-15 Nov 2001, rainforest, high altitude, malaise, R. Harin’Hala (CASENT9010479); 1F, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, 2.3 km N Vohiparara village, 21°12.8'S, 47°23.0'E, 1100 m, 24-25 Apr 1998, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, N. Penny, M. Raherilalao, E. Rajeriarison, J. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick (CASENT9010066); 1Juv, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, 2.3 km N Vohiparara village, 21°12.8'S, 47°23.0'E, 1100 m, 28 Apr 1998, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, N. Penny, M. Raherilalao, E. Rajeriarison, J. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick (CASENT9048508); 3F, 2 eggcases, Fianarantsoa Parc National Ranomafana, Talatakely, 21°14.9'S, 47°25.6'E, 19-30 Apr 1998, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, N. Penny, M. Raherilalao, J. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick (CASENT9010063, CASENT9010049, CASENT9010041); 1M, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Talatakely, near Cascade Riana, 21°14.9'S, 47°25.6'E, 19-30 Apr 1998, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, N. Penny, M. Raherilalao, J. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick (CASENT9010059); 2F,6Juvs, 1 eggcase, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Talatakely, 21°14.9'S, 47°25.6'E, 5-18 Apr 1998, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, N. Penny, M. Raherilalao, J. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick (CASENT9010062, CASENT9010055); 2M, same as previous except collected at night (CASENT9010043); 1M,1F, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Talatakely, 21°15'S, 47°25'E, 900 m, 5-7 Dec 1993, N. Scharff, S. Larcher, C. Griswold, and R. Andriamasimanana (CASENT9010064); 1F, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, nr. Talatakely, 21°15'S, 47°25'E, 900 m, 7 Dec 1993, C.E. Griswold (CASENT9010045); 1F, Fianarantsoa, 7 km W Ranomafana, 1100 m, 8-21 Oct 1998, montane rainforest, malaise trap in small clearing, W.E. Steiner (CASENT9010054); 1Juv, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Talatakely, Sakaroa Falls, 21°15'S, 47°26'E, 1050 m, 31 Nov 1998, V.F. lee & K.J. Ribardo (CASENT9048509); 1F, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Talatakely, Belle Vue Trail, 1000 m, 13-22 Apr 1998, E.I. Schlinger (CASENT9012335); 1M, Fianarantsoa, 7 km W Ranomafana, 1100 m, 22-31 Oct 1998, montane rainforest, pyrethrin fogging of dead leaves on fallen trees, W.E. Steiner (CASENT9010057); 5M, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Talatakely, 21.25041°S, 47.41945°E, 900 m, 2-22 Jan 2001, mixed tropical forest, D.H. & K.M. Kavanaugh, R.L. Brett, E. Elsom, F. Vargas (CASENT9003490); 1F,2Juvs, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Vohiparara, 21.24032°S, 47.39399°E, 1150 m, 2-22 Jan 2001, mixed tropical forest, D.H. & K.M. Kavanaugh, R.L. Brett, E. Elsom, F. Vargas (CASENT9003438); 3M,2F, Toamasina, Station Forestier Analamazaotra, administered by Mitsinjo, 0.75 km N Andasibe, 18°55.783'S, 48°24.696'E, 964m, 31 Jan-3 Feb 2009, primary montane rainforest, general collecting day and night, C. Griswold, A. Saucedo and H. Wood (USNMENT01377230, USNMENT01377231, USNMENT01377232); 3M,1F,4Juvs, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Talatakely, 21°14.9'S, 47°25.6'E, 19-30 Apr 1998, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, N. Penny, M. Raherilalao, J. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick (CASENT9012324); 2M,1F,2Juvs, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Talatakely, 21°15'S, 47°25'E, 900 m, 5-7 Dec 1993, N. Scharff, S. Larcher, C. Griswold, and R. Andriamasimanana (CASENT9012325); 1M, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Vohiparara, Piste Touristique, 21°13.6'S, 47°24.0'E, 1000 m, 16-27 Apr 1998, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, N. Penny, M. Raherilalao, E. Rajeriarison, J. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick (CASENT9010058); 2M,8Juvs, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, 2.3 km N Vohiparara village, 21°12.8'S, 47°23.0'E, 1100 m, 18 Apr 1998, C. Griswold, D. Kavanaugh, N. Penny, M. Raherilalao, E. Rajeriarison, J. Ranorianarisoa, J. Schweikert, D. Ubick (CASENT9012323); 1M,1Juv, Toamasina, Res. Analamazaotra, Parc National Andasibe, 23 road km E Moramanga, 18°56'38.2"S, 48°25'03.2"E, 960 m, 16-18 Jan 2003, rainforest, general collecting night, C. Griswold, D. Silva, and D. Andriamalala (CASENT9005571); 1M, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Talatekely forest, 42.3 km 58° NE Fianarantsoa, 21°15'28.0"S, 47°25'21.8"E, 1050 m, 24 Dec 2005-14 Jan 2006, montane rainforest, general collecting, H. Wood, J. Miller, J.J. Rafonomezantsoa, E. Rajeriarison, V. Andriamananony (USNMENT01377233); 1M,2Juvs, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Vatoharanana, 4 km S Ranomafana, 21°17'15.0"S, 47°25'38.5"E, 1100 m, 12 Jan 2009, primary montane rainforest, general collecting day, beating vegetation, A. Saucedo & H. Wood (USNMENT01377234); 1M, Toamasina, Parc National Masoala, 2 hour hike from Tompolo, 39 km SE Maroantsetra, 15°41'35.5"S, 49°58'22.5"E, 450 m, 15-17 Dec 2008, primary montane rainforest, general collecting day, F. Alvarez-Padilla & H. Wood (USNMENT01377225); 1F, Toliara, Parc National Andohahela, Parcelle I, Manangotry, off Rte. 118, 34 km N Taolagnaro, 24°44'35.0"S, 46°51'23.3"E, 670 m, 23 Dec 2008-3 Jan 2009, primary montane rainforest, general collecting day and night, F. Alvarez-Padilla & H. Wood (USNMENT01377226); 1M, Toamasina, Station Forestier Analamazaotra, administered by Mitsinjo, 0.75 km N Andasibe, 18°55.783'S, 48°24.696'E, 964m, 31 Jan– 3 Feb 2009, primary montane rainforest, hand collected at night in vegetation, C. Griswold, A. Saucedo & H. Wood (USNMENT01377227); 1Juv, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Vohiparara, 3.62 km ENE Ranomafana, 21°14'28.7"S, 47°23'65.3"E, 1137 m, 13 Jan 2009, Evergreen secondary rainforest, general collecting, D. Andriamalala, C. Griswold, G. Hormiga, A. Saucedo, N. Scharff and H. Wood (CASENT9048517); 1M,2F, Toliara, Parc National Andohahela, Parcelle I, Manangotry, off Rte. 118, 34 km N Taolagnaro, 24°44'35.0"S, 46°51'23.3"E, 670 m, 23 Dec 2008-3 Jan 2009, primary montane rainforest, general collecting day and night, F. Alvarez-Padilla & H. Wood (USNMENT01377228); 1M,2F,1 eggcase, same as previous except one female with eggcase found on ground under palm frond, and one specimen caught by beating (USNMENT01377229); 9M,4F,3Juvs, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Talatekely forest, 42.3 km 58° NE Fianarantsoa, 21°15'28.0"S, 47°25'21.8"E, 1050 m, 24 Dec 2005-14 Jan 2006, montane rainforest, general collecting day and night, H. Wood, J. Miller, J.J. Rafonomezantsoa, E. Rajeriarison & V. Andriamananony (USNMENT01377220, USNMENT01377221, USNMENT01377222, USNMENT01377223, USNMENT01377224); 1F, 1 eggcase hatched in captivity to ~20 juvs, Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, Vohiparara, Sahamalaotra forest, 41.1 km 54° NE Fianarantsoa, 21°14'19.9"S, 47°23'39.2"E, 1200 m, 26 Dec 2005-14 Jan 2006, montane rainforest, general collecting day, beating vegetation: in clumps of dead dry foliage, H. Wood, J. Miller, J.J. Rafonomezantsoa, E. Rajeriarison & V. Andriamananony (USNMENT01377215); 1F, 1 eggcase hatched in captivity to ~30 juvs, same as previous (USNMENT01377216); 1F, Fianarantsoa, 7 km W Ranomafana, 1100 m, 8-21 Oct 1988, montane rainforest, W.E. Steiner (USNMENT00879974); 1M,2F,2Juvs, Fianarantsoa, 7 km W Ranomafana, 1100 m, 1-7 Nov 1988, W.E. Steiner (USNMENT00879981); 1M,1Juv, Fianarantsoa, 7 km W Ranomafana, 21°12'S, 47°27'E, 1100 m, 1-9 Feb 1990, montane rainforest, W.E. Steiner (USNMENT00879978); 1F, Fianarantsoa, 7 km W Ranomafana, 900 m, 14-19 Mar 1990, W.E. Steiner (USNMENT00879963); 1F, Fianarantsoa, 7 km W Ranomafana, 21°12'S, 47°27'E, 1100 m, 1-7 Nov 1988, W.E. Steiner (USNMENT00879964); 1F, Fianarantsoa, 7 km W Ranomafana, 1100 m, 22-31 Oct 1988, W.E. Steiner (USNMENT00879979); 1F, Fianarantsoa, 7 km W Ranomafana, 21°12'S, 47°27'E, 900 m, 23-28 Feb 1990, W.E. Steiner (USNMENT00879966); 1F, Fianarantsoa, 7 km W Ranomafana, 900 m, 5 Mar 1990, W.E. Steiner (USNMENT00879989); 1F, Fianarantsoa, 7 km W Ranomafana, 900 m, 1-9 Feb 1990, montane rainforest, W.E. Steiner (USNMENT00879972); 1F, Fianarantsoa, 7 km W Ranomafana, 21°12'S, 47°27'E, 900 m, 1-7 Mar 1990, W.E. Steiner (USNMENT00879970); 1F, feeding on Oxyopidae spider, Fianarantsoa, 7 km W Ranomafana, 900 m, 3 Feb 1990, W.E. Steiner (USNMENT00879982).

Diagnosis.

Males and females are considered part of the " workmani group" based on having a single dorsal protuberance on the abdomen (a triangular shaped abdomen). Males of E. workmani are distinguished from all other species by the large bump on the pedipalpal bulbs (see arrow in Fig. 8H). Females are distinguished from E. andriamanelo by lacking the heavily sclerotized “T” shaped structure on the posterior of the bursa, from E. andrianampoinimerina by lacking the strong abdomen markings and by the “neck” having a tilt angle that is less than 80°, and from E. ranavalona by lacking the lime-green abdomen markings. Females are indistinguishable from the remaining " workmani group" species.

Description.

Male (based on CASENT9018947, from Antsiranana, Parc National de Marojejy, Madagascar). Total length 4.27, carapace 1.64 long, 1.36 wide. Abdomen 2.49 long, 1.92 wide, 2.67 high, with a prominent dorsal hump. Carapace tilt angle 75.56°, tilt height (CtH) 4.19, constriction 0.46, head length 1.57, neck length 2.38. CtH divided by carapace length 2.55. Cephalon with AME on a large bulge and 4 post-ocular protrusions on the apex of the cephalon (Fig. 8A), each provided with a short modified spine at the tip. Chelicerae 4.02 long, and with spine (Fig. 8A) 0.30 from base of chelicerae. Femur I 9.29 long. Sternum 1.11 long, 0.57 wide. Carapace, chelicerae, sternum and femora I & II reddish dark brown with many white setae (Fig. 8A). All coxae and legs III & IV yellowish brown. Legs III & IV with darker annulations on femora, tibiae and metatarsi. Abdomen yellowish brown, mottled with brown, and light brown book-lung covers, all covered with many white setae (Fig. 8A). Pedipalpal tegulum of the " workmani group" form), with apical conductor encircling a pit-like cavity (Fig. 8 D–K). Conductor tip is a broad triangular point similar to other " workmani group" species except E. andriamanelo (Fig. 3H). MA with a bifurcation, variably shaped (Fig. 8C, L). Embolus similar to other " workmani group" species, being broad and complex with the sperm duct opening in the middle and sclerotization only at the tip (Fig. 8E, K–L).

Female (based on CASENT9018947, from Antsiranana, Parc National de Marojejy, Madagascar). Total length 4.53, carapace 1.62 long, 1.36 wide. Abdomen 2.88 long, 2.65 wide, 3.59 high, with dorsal hump. Carapace tilt angle 74.48°, tilt height (CtH) 3.90, constriction 0.46, head length 1.47, neck length 2.25. CtH divided by carapace length 2.41. Cephalon as in male. Chelicerae 3.77 long, and with spine 0.35 from base of chelicerae. Tarsus of pedipalps with ventral patch of long thick setae. Femur I 6.15 long. Sternum 1.04 long, 0.60 wide. Colors as in male, but generally darker. Female internal genitalia indistinguishable from other " workmani group" species (Fig. 8B).

Variation.

Total length 3.45-5.27 (males; n=5), 3.89-6.72 (females; n=5); Carapace length 1.37-2.17 (males; n=5), 1.45-2.40 (females; n=5); Femur I 5.09-6.10 times the length of carapace in males (n=5) and 3.75-4.04 times the length of carapace in females (n=5). CtH divided by carapace length 2.19-2.67 in males (n=5), 2.12-2.48 in females (n=5). Average femur I length 9.55 (males; n=5), 6.81 (females; n=5).

Natural history.

Specimens have been collected in montane and lowland rainforest through general collecting, beating vegetation, sweeping, raking, cryptic searching, and among fallen logs and litter at altitudes of 26-1200 m above sea level. Several specimens were collected with eggcases that look similar to eggcases from other " workmani group" species.

Distribution.

Widely distributed in the eastern rainforests of Madagascar from north to south (Fig. 29).

Nomenclatural remarks.

The holotype is a juvenile. We assume it to be the species we are describing because this species is the most widespread common species of the " workmani group". Millot (1948) assumed the same thing.