Phoneutria keyserlingi ( F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 )

Bertani, Rosana Martins Rogério, 2007, The non-Amazonian species of the Brazilian wandering spiders of the genus Phoneutria Perty, 1833 (Araneae: Ctenidae), with the description of a new species, Zootaxa 1526, pp. 1-36 : 8-10

Phoneutria keyserlingi ( F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897)

( Figs 6 , 10 , 14 , 18 , 25 , 29 , 33 , 37 , 41 , 45 , 49 , 53 , 57 , 61 , 68 )

Ctenus ferus (Perty) . Keyserling 1891: 145 (misidentification; F.O. Pickard-Cambridge 1897).

Ctenus keyserlingii F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897: 53 , 55, 59, 64, 76, 81, plate 3, fig. 2c.

Phoneutria keyserlingi (F.O. Pickard-Cambridge) . Bücherl 1969b:157; Schiapelli and Gerschman de Pikelin 1973: 32 (as junior synonym of P. fer a); Eickstedt 1981: 118, figs 2, 4, 6, 8–10 (revalidated); Simó and Brescovit 2001: 73 (as junior synonym of P. nigriventer ); Platnick 1989: 503; Platnick 1993: 677; Platnick 1998: 615.

Material examined

Holotype of Ctenus keyserlingi F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 : female, Rio de Janeiro [22º54'10”S 42º12'27”W, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil], von Ihering ( BMNH 1890.7.1.2918). Not examined (photographs provided by BMNH).

Other material examined: BRAZIL: São Paulo: Ana Dias, 24°18’S, 47°04’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 242); 1ɗ ( IBSP 243); 1Ψ ( IBSP 3273); Bertioga, 23°51’S, 46°08’W, 1ɗ 1Ψ ( IBSP 2904); 1Ψ ( IBSP 14117); 1ɗ ( IBSP 20457); Biritiba-Mirim, 23°34’S, 46°02’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2945); Boracéia, 22°11’S, 48°46’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 1359); 1Ψ ( IBSP 2187); Cananéia, 25°00’S, 47°55’W, 1ɗ, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2494); 1ɗ ( IBSP 2594); 1Ψ ( IBSP 3466); Caraguatatuba, 23°37’S, 45°24’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 1601); 1ɗ 1Ψ ( IBSP 2946); 1Ψ ( IBSP 4573); Guarujá, 23°59’S, 46°15’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 2841); 1ɗ ( IBSP 28283), Ilha Santo Amaro, 1Ψ ( IBSP 1074); Iguape, 24°42’S, 47°33’W, 1ɗ, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2857); 1Ψ ( IBSP 3740); 1ɗ ( IBSP 11852); 1ɗ ( IBSP 14107); Ilha dos Alcatrazes, 24°06’S, 45°41’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 37), 1ɗ, 1Ψ ( IBSP 40), 1Ψ ( IBSP 52), 1Ψ ( MZSP 8941), 1ɗ ( IBSP 78873); Ilhabela, 23°46’S, 45°21’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 56); 1Ψ ( IBSP 2176); 1Ψ ( IBSP 3804); 1Ψ ( IBSP 4575); 1ɗ, 1Ψ ( IBSP 34905); 1ɗ ( IBSP 38295); Ilha de Búzios, 23°48’S, 45°08’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 10282); Ilha do Cardoso, 25°07’S, 47°58’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 14395); Ilha Porchat, 23°58’S, 46°22’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 2098); 1Ψ ( IBSP 2103); Ilha da Queimada Grande, 24°29’S, 46°41’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 25), 1Ψ ( IBSP 1187), 1Ψ ( IBSP 1189), 1Ψ ( IBSP 14098), 1Ψ ( IBSP 78875); Itanhaem, 24°10’S, 46°47’W, 1ɗ, 1Ψ ( IBSP 1837); 1ɗ 1Ψ ( IBSP 2275); Itariri, 24°17’S, 47°10’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2091); 1Ψ ( IBSP 2093); Itatinga (Usina Hidrelétrica de Itatinga), 23°06’S, 48°36’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 28444); Juquiá, 24°19’S, 47°38’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2184); 1ɗ, 1Ψ ( IBSP 36399); Miracatu, 24°16’S, 47°27’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2223); 1ɗ, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2497); 1Ψ ( IBSP 2593), Biguá, 1ɗ ( IBSP 2094), Biguazinho, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2163); Mongaguá, 24°05’S, 46°37’W, 1ɗ, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2385); Pedro de Toledo, 24°16’S, 47°13’W, 2Ψ ( IBSP 2331); 1ɗ, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2947); Peruíbe, 24°19’S, 46°59’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 1750); 1ɗ, 1Ψ ( IBSP 1912); 1ɗ ( IBSP 2735); Praia do Camburi, 23°21’S, 45°21’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2267); 1Ψ ( IBSP 3508); Praia Grande, 24°00’S, 46°24’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2144); 1Ψ ( IBSP 2700); Santos, 23°57’S, 46°20’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 664); 1Ψ ( IBSP 691); São Sebastião, 23°45’S, 45°24’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 236); 2ɗ ( IBSP 871); 1ɗ ( IBSP 977); 1Ψ ( IBSP 1846); 1Ψ ( IBSP 2080); 1ɗ ( IBSP 2199); 1ɗ ( IBSP 2475); 1ɗ ( IBSP 3446); 1Ψ ( IBSP 5871); 1Ψ ( IBSP 14057); 1ɗ ( IBSP 14113); 1Ψ ( IBSP 14115); 1Ψ ( IBSP 20327); Sete Barras, 24°23’S 47°55’W, 1ɗ, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2138); 1ɗ 1Ψ ( IBSP 2847); 2ɗ 1Ψ ( IBSP 27424); Ubatuba, 23°26’S, 45°04’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 65); 1Ψ ( IBSP 1602); 1ɗ, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2128); 2Ψ ( IBSP 2146); 1Ψ ( IBSP 2233); 2ɗ ( IBSP 2523); 1Ψ ( IBSP 2727); 1Ψ ( IBSP 3510); 1ɗ ( IBSP 3634); 1ɗ ( IBSP 3659); 1Ψ ( IBSP 3750); 1Ψ ( IBSP 4576); 1ɗ ( IBSP 27966); 1ɗ ( IBSP 37814); 1ɗ, 1Ψ ( IBSP 37790). Rio de Janeiro: Angra dos Reis, 23°00’S, 44°19’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 3585); 1ɗ, 2Ψ ( IBSP 3774); 1ɗ ( IBSP 4564); 1ɗ ( IBSP 4567); 2Ψ ( IBSP 4570); 1ɗ ( IBSP 4751); Goiabal, 2Ψ ( IBSP 3006); Ilha Marambaia, 23°04’S, 43°58’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 28227); Itatiaia, 22°29’S, 44°33’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 34987); Mendes, 22°31’S, 43°43’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 922); Nova Friburgo, 22°16’S, 42°31’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2856); Parati, 23°13’S, 44°42’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 4566); 1Ψ ( IBSP 27275); Piraí, Serra das Araras, 22°37’S, 43°53’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 14114); Rio de Janeiro, 22°54’S, 43°12’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 1476); São Pedro da Aldeia, 22°50’S, 42°06’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 2166). Paraná: Morretes, 25°28’S, 48°50’W, 1ɗ, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2555); 1ɗ ( IBSP 7334); Paranaguá, 25°31’S, 48°30’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2240). Santa Catarina: no exact locality, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2135); Balneário Barra do Sul, 26°27’S, 48°36’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 15362); Corupá, 26°25’S, 49°14’W, 1ɗ 1Ψ ( IBSP 511); Florianópolis, 27°35’S, 48°32’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 4913); 1ɗ ( IBSP 5053); 1ɗ ( IBSP 9991); Porto Belo, 27°09’S, 48°33’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 4636).

Diagnosis

Phoneutria keyserlingi is most similar to P. nigriventer and P. eickstedtae sp. nov. Females can be distinguished by having the epigyne ventrally elevated, laminar epigynal lateral guides ( Fig. 14 ) and the epigynal lateral field with a grooved area close to the copulatory opening ( Fig. 18 ), whereas in the similar species the epigyne is flat, the guides are cylindrical ( Fig. 13 ) and the epigynal lateral field has the area close to the copulatory opening not grooved ( Fig. 17 ). Males differ by the wide and curved embolus ( Figs 25 , 29 ) and by the elevated prolateral marginal keel ( Fig. 37 ), whereas the embolus is straight and narrow and the prolateral marginal keel is weakly elevated in P. nigriventer ( Fig. 36 ) and P. eickstedtae sp. nov. ( Fig. 39 ).

Redescription

Female and male were redescribed in detail by Eickstedt (1981). In addition:

Female

Epigyne. Epigynal lateral field with deeply grooved area close to copulatory openings ( Fig. 18 ).

Chelicerae. Yellowish to red ( Fig. 45 ).

Pedipalps. Tibia dorsally dark brown with yellow longitudinal median band, tarsus dark brown ( Fig. 45 ).

Opisthosoma. Dorsally yellowish to brownish with pairs of black dots longitudinally in the median region, or, less frequently, with pairs of lighter spots ( Fig. 49 ); ventrally brownish to orange ( Figs 53 , 57 ).

Male

Pedipalps. Tibia shorter than cymbium; embolus strongly curved, prolateral marginal keel elevated ( Fig. 37 ); tegulum base as wide as the median region ( Figs 25 , 29 ).

Remarks

Schiapelli and Gerschman de Pikelin (1973) considered P. keyserlingi a junior synonym of P. f e r a. Eickstedt (1981) reinstated it as valid species following the examination of the holotype and specimens from the southern and south-eastern Brazilian coast. She based her decision on diagnostic characters of the genitalia, in particular the curved embolus of the male pedipalp and the laminar lateral guides of the female epigyne. Simó and Brescovit (2001) considered P. keyserlingi a junior synonym of P. n i g r i v e n t e r arguing that the epigynal lateral guides should not be used as diagnostic character, because their shape is highly variable in other ctenids. In this study we found that P. keyserlingi females consistently have laminar epigynal lateral guides ( Figs 6 , 14 ) and the epigynal lateral field, close to the copulatory opening, is deeply grooved ( Fig. 18 ). This agrees with the wide, strongly sclerotised and curved embolus of the male pedipalp ( Fig. 37 ). On the other hand, P. nigriventer females always have cylindrical epigynal lateral guides ( Figs 5 , 13 ) and the epigynal lateral field close to the copulatory opening is shallow ( Fig. 17 ). Males have a narrow and straight embolus ( Fig. 36 ) which agrees with female genitalia shape, suggesting a possible mechanical incompatibility between the copulatory organs of P. keyserlingi and P. nigriventer . Based on these distinct and consistent differences we consider P. keyserlingi a valid species and consequently propose removing it from synonymy with P. n i g r i v e n - ter.

Figures

FIGURES 68. Records of non-Amazonian Phoneutria species.

FIGURES 5 – 8. Phoneutria spp., epigyne, ventral view; 5, P. nigriventer from São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 62); 6, P. keyserlingi from Ilha da Queimada Grande, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 25); 7, P. p e r t y i from Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (IBSP 3141); 8, P. eickstedtae sp. nov. from Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil (IBSP 29335). Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURES 9 – 12. Phoneutria spp., epigyne, dorsal view; 9, P. nigriventer from São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 62); 10, P. keyserlingi from Ilha da Queimada Grande, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 25); 11, P. p e r t y i from Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (IBSP 3141); 12, P. eickstedtae sp. nov. from Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil (IBSP 29335). Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURES 13 – 16. Phoneutria spp., scanning electron micrographs of epigyne, ventral view; 13, P. nigriventer from São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 78877); 14, P. keyserlingi from Ilha da Queimada Grande, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 78875); 15, P. p e r t y i from Domingos Martins, Espírito Santo, Brazil (IBSP 78876); 16, P. eickstedtae sp. nov., holotype, from Peixe, Tocantins, Brazil (IBSP 70406). Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURES 17 – 18. Phoneutria spp., scanning electron micrographs of epigyne lateral view; 17, P. nigriventer from São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 78877); 18, P. keyserlingi from Ilha da Queimada Grande, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 78875). Arrows indicate area close to the copulatory opening.

FIGURES 24 – 27. Phoneutria spp., left male pedipalp, ventral view; 24, P. nigriventer from Tuparendi, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (IBSP 14108); 25, P. keyserlingi from Ilha da Queimada Grande, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 28410); 26, P. p e r - tyi from Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (IBSP 3027); 27, P. eickstedtae sp. nov. from São Domingos, Goiás, Brazil (IBSP 35020). Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURES 28 – 31. Phoneutria spp., scanning electron micrographs of left male pedipalp, ventral view,; 28, P. nigriventer from Mairiporã, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 78874); 29, P. keyserlingi from Ilha dos Alcatrazes, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 78873); 30, P. p ertyi from Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (IBSP 2843); 31, P. eickstedtae sp. nov., paratype, from Peixe, Tocantins, Brazil (IBSP 71058). Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURES 32 – 35. Phoneutria spp., left male pedipalp, expanded bulb, prolateral view; 32, P. nigriventer from Tuparendi, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (IBSP 14108); 33, P. keyserlingi from Ilha da Queimada Grande, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 28410); 34, P. p e r t y i from Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (IBSP 3027); 35, P. eickstedtae sp. nov. from São Domingos, Goiás, Brazil (IBSP 35020). Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURES 36 – 39. Phoneutria spp., embolus of left male pedipalp, ventral view; 36, P. nigriventer from Tuparendi, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (IBSP 14108); 37, P. keyserlingi from Ilha da Queimada Grande, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 28410); 38, P. p e r t y i from Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (IBSP 3027); 39, P. eickstedtae sp. nov. from São Domingos, Goiás, Brazil (IBSP 35020). Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURES 40 – 43. Phoneutria spp., scanning electron micrographs of RTA of left male pedipalp, dorsal view; 40, P. nigriventer from Mairiporã, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 78874); 41, P. keyserlingi from Ilha dos Alcatrazes, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 78873); 42, P. p e r t y i from Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (IBSP 2843); 43, P. eickstedtae sp. nov. from Peixe, Tocantins, Brazil (IBSP 71058). Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURES 44 – 47. Phoneutria spp., colour pattern of pedipalps and chelicerae; 44, P. nigriventer, female, from Mairiporã, São Paulo, Brazil; 45, P. keyserlingi, female, from Ilha dos Alcatrazes, São Paulo, Brazil; 46, P. p e r t y i, male, from Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil; 47, P. eickstedtae sp. nov., female, from Peixe, Tocantins, Brazil. Photographs: R. Bertani.

FIGURES 48 – 51. Phoneutria spp., dorsal colour pattern; 48, P. nigriventer, female, from São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; 49, P. keyserlingi, female, from Ilha dos Alcatrazes, São Paulo, Brazil; 50, P. p e r t y i, female, from Linhares, Espírito Santo, Brazil; 51, P. eickstedtae sp. nov., female, from Peixe, Tocantins, Brazil. Photographs: R Bertani.

FIGURES 52 – 55. Phoneutria spp., defensive display; 52, P. nigriventer, female, from Mairiporã, São Paulo, Brazil; 53, P. keyserlingi, female, from Ilha dos Alcatrazes, São Paulo, Brazil; 54, P. p e r t y i, male, from Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil; 55, P. eickstedtae sp. nov., female, from Peixe, Tocantins, Brazil. Photographs: R Bertani.

FIGURES 56 – 59. Phoneutria spp., ventral colour pattern of opisthosoma; 56, P. nigriventer, female, from Mairiporã, São Paulo, Brazil; 57, P. keyserlingi, female, from Ilha dos Alcatrazes, São Paulo, Brazil; 58, P. p e r t y i, immature female, from Linhares, Espírito Santo, Brazil; 59, P. eickstedtae sp. nov., female, from Peixe, Tocantins, Brazil. Photographs: R Bertani.

FIGURES 60 – 61. Phoneutria spp., immature spiders, ventral colour pattern of opisthosoma; 60, P. nigriventer, from Atibaia, São Paulo, Brazil; 61, P. keyserlingi, from Itanhaém, São Paulo, Brazil. Photographs: R Bertani.