Phoneutria nigriventer ( Keyserling, 1891 )

Bertani, Rosana Martins Rogério, 2007, The non-Amazonian species of the Brazilian wandering spiders of the genus Phoneutria Perty, 1833 (Araneae: Ctenidae), with the description of a new species, Zootaxa 1526, pp. 1-36 : 5-8

Phoneutria nigriventer ( Keyserling, 1891)

( Figs 5 , 9 , 13 , 17 , 24 , 28 , 32 , 36 , 40 , 44 , 48 , 52 , 56 , 60 , 68 )

Ctenus nigriventer Keyserling, 1891: 144 , plate 4, fig. 98. Strand 1910: 296 –298; Petrunkevitch 1911: 475; Roewer 1955: 653.

Ctenus nigriventroides Strand, 1907 . Strand 1916: 129 –130 (misidentification; Simó & Brescovit 2001).

Ctenus rufichelis Mello-Leitão, 1917: 97 , figs 15–16; Roewer 1955: 654; Eickstedt 1981: 106–109 (synonymy established in Bücherl 1968).

Ctenus paca Mello-Leitão, 1922: 41 . Roewer 1955: 653; Eickstedt and Lucas 1969: 75 (synonymy established in Bücherl 1968).

Phoneutria nigriventer (Keyserling) . Mello-Leitão 1936: 15 –17, 599, plate 1, fig. 36, plate 3, figs 34–35; Bonnet 1958: 3621; Schiapelli and Gerschman de Pikelin 1966: 675 –682; Eickstedt 1981: 106–117, figs 1, 3, 5, 7–10; Platnick 1989: 503; Platnick 1993: 677; Platnick 1998: 615.

Phoneutria rufichelis: Mello-Leitão 1936: 15 ; Bonnet 1958: 3622.

Phoneutria paca ( Mello-Leitão) : Mello-Leitão 1936: 15, 18; Bonnet 1958: 3620.

Material examined

Holotype of Ctenus nigriventer Keyserling, 1891 : female, Rio Grande [32º02'06”S, 52º05'55”W, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil], von Ihering ( BMNH 1890.7.1.2914). Not examined (photographs provided by BMNH).

Holotype of Ctenus rufichelis Mello-Leitão, 1917 : male, São João Del Rei, [21°08’08”S, 44°15’42W”, Minas Gerais, Brazil]. Not examined (presumed lost; Eickstedt 1981).

Holotype of Ctenus paca Mello-Leitão, 1922 : immature female, São Paulo [23°32’51”S, 46°38’10”W, São Paulo, Brazil], 1921, E. Garbe ( MZSP 11.053, former 537A).

Other material examined. ARGENTINA: Missiones: Puerto Yguacú, 25°00’S, 55°00’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 27621). BRAZIL: Mato Grosso do Sul: Anaurilândia, Usina Hidrelétrica Sérgio Motta, 22°11’S, 52°43’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 23441), 1ɗ ( IBSP 23484), 2Ψ ( IBSP 23498), 1Ψ ( IBSP 29554), 1ɗ ( IBSP 39497); Bataguassú (Usina Hidrelétrica Sérgio Motta), 21°42’S, 52°25’W, 2Ψ ( IBSP 38822), 1ɗ ( IBSP 38872), 2Ψ ( IBSP 39461); Bonito, 21°07’S, 56°28’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 4910); Paranaíba, 19°40’S, 51°11’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 1947), 1Ψ ( IBSP 3742), 1Ψ ( IBSP 6810), 1ɗ ( IBSP 6813), 1Ψ ( IBSP 14071), 3Ψ ( IBSP 14126), 2Ψ ( IBSP 14127), 1Ψ ( IBSP 14244); Santa Rita do Rio Pardo, Usina Hidrelétrica Sérgio Motta, 21°18’S, 52°49’W, 2Ψ ( IBSP 37654), 1ɗ, 1Ψ ( IBSP 37873). Goiás: Ipameri, 17°43’S, 48°09’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 3761). Distrito Federal: Brasília, 15°46’S, 47°55’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2804), 1ɗ ( UNB 3013), 1ɗ ( UNB 3545). Minas Gerais: Arceburgo, 21°21’S, 46°56’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 4754); Barbacena, 21°13’S, 43°46’W, 2Ψ ( IBSP 2164); Barão de Cocais, 19°56’S, 43°29’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2296), 1ɗ, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2476); Bocaina de Minas, Mirantão, 22°15’S, 44°29’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 14066), 1Ψ ( IBSP 4749); Botelhos, 21°38’S, 46°23’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2466); Camanducaia, 22°45’S, 46°08’W, 1Ψ, 1ɗ ( IBSP 2165), 1Ψ ( IBSP 2662), 1Ψ ( IBSP 3580); Cambuí, 22°36’S, 46°03’W, 2ɗ ( IBSP 1766); Campo Florido, 19°45’S, 48°34’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 2634); Estiva, 22°27’S, 46°01’W, 1ɗ, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2793); Extrema, 22°51’S, 46°19’W, 1Ψ, 1ɗ ( IBSP 2426), 1ɗ ( IBSP 3451), 1ɗ ( IBSP 41286); Frutal, 20°01’S, 48°56’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 3152); Iguatama, 20°10’S, 45°42’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 1921); Juatuba, Área de Preservação de Serra Azul, 19°57’S, 44°20’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 35835); Ouro Fino, 22°16’S, 46°22’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 2932), 1Ψ ( IBSP 14302); Passa Vinte, 22°12’S, 44°14’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2472); Passos, 20°43’S, 46°36’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2114); Paraisópolis, 22°33’S, 45°46’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2933); Poços de Caldas, 21°47’S, 46°33’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 2220), 1ɗ ( IBSP 27179); Pouso Alegre, 22°13’S, 45°56’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2859); Santa Bárbara, 19°57’S, 43°24’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 714); Sapucaia Mirim, 22°44’S, 45°44’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 24089); São Roque de Minas, Parque Nacional da Canastra, 20°08’S, 46°39’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 39866); Uberaba, 19°44’S, 47°55’W, 2Ψ ( IBSP 2573), 1ɗ ( IBSP 2729); Uberlândia, 18°55’S, 48°16’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 238). São Paulo: Agudos, 22°28’S, 48°59’W, 2ɗ ( IBSP 206); Alumínio, 23°32’S, 47°15’W, 2Ψ ( IBSP 2278); Andradina, 20°53’S, 51°22’W, 1ɗ( IBSP 1571); Apiaí, 24°30’S, 48°50’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2511); Assis, 22°39’S, 50°24’W, 1ɗ( IBSP 2852), 1ɗ ( IBSP 2084); Atibaia, 23°07’S, 46°33’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2415); Bananal Paulista, 22°41’S, 44°19’W, 1ɗ( IBSP 2069); Bebedouro, 20°56’S, 48°28’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 2480); Bento de Abreu, 21°16’S, 50°48’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 2229); Botucatu, 22°53’S, 48°26’W, 2Ψ ( IBSP 2272); Bragança Paulista, 22°57’S, 46°32’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 27279); Buri, 23°47’S, 48°35’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2335); Buritizal, 20°11’S, 47°42’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2319), 1Ψ ( IBSP 2332); Caieiras, 23°21’S, 46°44’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 169); Cajamar, 23°21’S, 46°52’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 33122); Cajuru, Sampaio Moreira, 21°16’S, 47°18’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 214); Campinas, 22°54’S, 47°03’W, 3ɗ ( IBSP 2545); Campo Limpo Paulista, 23°12’S, 46°47’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 178); Capivari, 22°59’S, 47°30’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 2640); Dourado, 22°06’S, 48°19’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 2271); Embu, 23°38’S, 46°51’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 3161); Guararema, 23°24’S, 46°02’W, 1ɗ, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2227), 1ɗ ( IBSP 36379); Guaratinguetá, 22°48’S, 45°11’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2413); Guarulhos, 23°27’S, 46°32’W, 3ɗ ( IBSP 29636); Ibiúna, 23°39’S, 47°13’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2595); Itapeva, 23°58’S, 48°52’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 2487); Itatiba, 23°00’S, 46°50’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2568), 1Ψ ( IBSP 27813); Itu, 23°15’S, 47°17’W, 1ɗ( IBSP 27278); Jacareí, 23°18’S, 45°57’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 1389); Júlio Mesquita, 22°00’S, 49°47’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 2648); Juquitiba, 23°55’S, 47°04’W, 1ɗ, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2360), 1ɗ 1Ψ ( IBSP 2628); Lindóia, 22°31’S, 46°39’W, 2 Ψ ( IBSP 2626); Mairiporã, 23°19’S, 46°36’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 78874); Matão, Silvânia, 21°36’S, 48°21’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 164); Miracatu, 24°16’S, 47°27’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2194), 1Ψ ( IBSP 2196), 1ɗ ( IBSP 1192); Nazaré Paulista, 23°10’S, 46°23’W, 2Ψ ( IBSP 2341); Pindamonhangaba, 22°55’S, 45°27’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 27272); Piracicaba, 22°43’S, 47°38’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 73), 2ɗ ( IBSP 28282); Porto Feliz, 23°12’S, 47°31’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 2939); Porto Ferreira, 21°51’S, 47°28’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 566); Porto Primavera, 21°32’S, 51°58’W, 2ɗ, 1Ψ ( IBSP 37776); Promissão, Usina Hidrelétrica de Promissão, 21°32’S, 49°51’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 28436); Rinópolis, 21°43’S, 50°43’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 915), 1ɗ ( IBSP 4231); Rio Claro, 22°24’S, 47°33’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 10571), 1ɗ ( IBSP 10578), 1ɗ ( IBSP 10580), 1ɗ ( IBSP 20988); Rio Grande da Serra, 23°44’S, 46°23’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2246); Santa Cruz das Palmeiras, 21°49’S, 47°14’W, 1ɗ, 1Ψ ( IBSP 1715); Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, 22°53’S, 49°37’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 170); Santana do Parnaíba, 23°26’S, 46°55’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 20473); Santo André, 23°39’S, 46°32’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 28275); São Bento do Sapucaí, 22°41’S, 45°43’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2948); São Bernardo do Campo, 23°41’S, 46°33’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2378); São Lourenço da Serra, 23°51’S, 46°56’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 27277), 1ɗ, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2720), 1ɗ ( IBSP 27965); São Paulo, 23°32’S, 46°38’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 14), 2Ψ ( IBSP 61), 1Ψ ( IBSP 62), 1Ψ ( IBSP 66), 1Ψ ( IBSP 79), 1Ψ ( IBSP 83), 1Ψ ( IBSP 85), 1ɗ ( IBSP 91), 1Ψ ( IBSP 128), 1Ψ ( IBSP 196), 1Ψ ( IBSP 216), 1Ψ ( IBSP 773), 1Ψ ( IBSP 969), 1ɗ, 1Ψ ( IBSP 1128), 1ɗ ( IBSP 2182), 1Ψ ( IBSP 2260), 2Ψ ( IBSP 2317), 1Ψ ( IBSP 3164), 1ɗ ( IBSP 14063), 1Ψ ( IBSP 20469), 1ɗ ( IBSP 27290), 1ɗ ( IBSP 27967), 1Ψ ( IBSP 78877); Represa Guarapiranga, Ilha dos Eucaliptos, 23°44’S, 46°44’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 36145); Serra da Cantareira, 23°20’S, 46°41’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 2633); Sete Barras, 24°23’S, 47°55’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2949); Tambaú, 21°42’S, 47°16’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2268); Tapiraí, 23°57’S, 47°30’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2566); Valinhos, 22°58’S, 46°59’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 2942). Espírito Santo: Santa Teresa, 19°56’S, 40°36’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 2359). Rio de Janeiro: Barra Mansa, 22°32’S, 44°10’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2263), 2Ψ ( IBSP 2567), 1ɗ ( IBSP 4736), 1Ψ ( IBSP 11860), 1ɗ ( IBSP 11888); Barra do Piraí, 22°28’S, 43°49’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2291), Vargem Alegre, 22°30’S, 43°55’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2276); Engenheiro Paulo Frontin, Morro Azul, 22°32’S, 43°40’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 975); Itatiaia, 22°29’S, 44°33’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2787); Resende, 22°28’S, 44°26’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2493); Rio Bonito, 22°42’S, 42°36’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 2288); Volta Redonda, 22°31’S, 44°06’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 17551). Paraná: Apucarana, 23°33’S, 51°27’W, 2Ψ ( IBSP 2180), 1Ψ ( IBSP 2416); Balsa Nova, 25°35’S, 49°38’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 1070); Boa Vista da Aparecida, Flor da Serra, 25°26’S, 53°24’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 21366), 1Ψ ( IBSP 21392), 1Ψ ( IBSP 21368); Campina Grande do Sul, 25°18’S, 49°03’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2943); Candói/Mangueirinha, Usina Hidrelétrica de Segredo, 25°56’S, 52°10’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 11552), 1ɗ, 2Ψ ( IBSP 11553), 1ɗ ( IBSP 11588), 1Ψ ( IBSP 11562), 1Ψ ( IBSP 11590), 1ɗ, 2Ψ ( IBSP 11600), 5Ψ ( IBSP 11608), 2ɗ, 4Ψ ( IBSP 11627), 1ɗ, 5Ψ ( IBSP 11628), 1Ψ ( IBSP 11631), 3ɗ, 2Ψ ( IBSP 11703); Curitiba, 25°25’S, 49°16’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 440), 1ɗ ( IBSP 489), 1Ψ ( IBSP 3418), 1Ψ ( IBSP 3609), 1ɗ ( IBSP 4734), 2Ψ ( IBSP 35890), 1Ψ ( IBSP 38182); Cruzeiro do Iguaçú, 25°36’S, 53°07’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 21365); Guarapuava, 25°23’S, 51°27’W, 3Ψ, 2ɗ 1 juv. ( IBSP 4919); Pinhão, Usina Hidreléterica da Foz do Areia, Bacia do Rio Piqueri, Serra dos Dourados, 25°41’S, 51°39’W, 2Ψ ( IBSP 10028), 2Ψ ( IBSP 10029), 2ɗ, 2Ψ ( IBSP 10500), 3ɗ, 3Ψ ( IBSP 10533), 4Ψ, 1ɗ ( IBSP 10561), 3Ψ ( IBSP 10562); Foz do Iguaçu, 25°32’S, 54°35’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 34983); Itaperuçú, 25°13’S, 49°20’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 1109); Jaguariaíva, 24°15’S, 49°42’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2343), Parque Estadual do Cerrado, 24°09’S, 50°18’W, 2Ψ ( IBSP 24144); Telêmaco Borba, Monte Alegre, 24°19’S, 50°36’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2724); Laranjeiras do Sul, Usina Hidrelétrica Salto Santiago, 25°24’S, 52°24’W, 7Ψ ( IBSP 14294); Mallet, 25°52’S, 50°49’W, 3Ψ ( IBSP 2674); Paranavaí, 23°04’S, 52°27’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 3635); Ponta Grossa, 25°05’S, 50°09’W, 2Ψ ( IBSP 2430), 1Ψ ( IBSP 3685); Porto Rico, 22°46’S, 53°16’W, 1ɗ, 2Ψ ( IBSP 2479); Rio Azul, 25°43’S, 50°47’W, 3Ψ ( IBSP 2446); Rio Negro, 26°06’S, 49°47’W, 2Ψ ( IBSP 2680), 1Ψ ( IBSP 2897); Rolândia, 23°18’S, 51°22’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 1505); Tijucas do Sul, Lagoa, 25°55’S, 49°11’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 39067); União da Vitória, 26°13’S, 51°05’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 1125). Santa Catarina: Capinzal, 27°20’S, 51°36’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2237); Corupá, 26°25’S, 49°14’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 204), 1Ψ ( IBSP 509), 1Ψ ( IBSP 510); Ibicaré, 27°05’S, 51°21’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2191). Rio Grande do Sul: Santa Cruz do Sul, 29°43’S, 52°25’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 207), 1Ψ ( IBSP 78), 2Ψ ( IBSP 72), 1Ψ ( IBSP 98); Porto Alegre, 30°01’S, 51°13’W, 1ɗ, 1Ψ ( IBSP 516), 1Ψ ( IBSP 1724); Tuparendi, 27°45’S, 54°28’W, 2Ψ ( IBSP 5052), 1ɗ ( IBSP 14108). URUGUAY: Montevidéu: Montevidéu, 35°00’S, 56°00’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 627).

Diagnosis

Phoneutria nigriventer is most similar to P. keyserlingi , P. pertyi and P. eickstedtae sp. nov. Females have a flat epigyne ( Fig. 13 ) and an epigynal lateral field with the area close to the copulatory opening not grooved ( Fig. 17 ), in contrast to P. keyserlingi , which has an elevated epigyne and the epigynal lateral field with the area close to the copulatory opening grooved ( Fig 18 ). From the other two species, females differ by the flat epigynal middle field and the lack of basal sulci in the epigynal lateral apophysis ( Fig. 13 ), in contrast to the convex epigynal middle field and epigynal lateral apophysis with sulci present ( Figs 15–16 ). Additionally, P. nigriventer females differ from the similar species by the uniform black ventral opisthosoma ( Fig. 56 ). Males of P. nigriventer differ from P. keyserlingi and P. pertyi by the straight embolus with weakly pronounced prolateral keel ( Fig. 36 ). From P. eickstedtae sp. nov. they differ by the very narrow embolus base, which is much wider in P. eickstedtae sp. nov. ( Fig. 39 ).

Redescription

Female and male were redescribed in detail by Eickstedt (1981). In addition:

Female

Epigyne. Lateral epigynal fields with area close to the copulatory openings not grooved ( Fig. 17 ).

Chelicerae. Dark brown with red setae ( Fig. 44 ).

Pedipalps. Tibiae dorsally dark brown with a longitudinal light brown median band, retrolateral face with a light brown band and prolateral face with a brown band; tarsus dorsally dark brown ( Fig. 44 ).

Opisthosoma. Dorsally yellow-brown to dark brown, with or without pairs of lighter spots longitudinally in the median region and these with or without black dots on the posterior border ( Fig. 48 ); ventrally uniform black to dark brown ( Figs 52 , 56 ).

Male

Pedipalps. Tibia shorter than cymbium; embolus with weakly pronounced, narrow prolateral marginal keel, ( Fig. 36 ); tegulum long and its base narrower than the median region ( Figs 24 , 28 ).

Opisthosoma. Ventrally brown to orange, otherwise colour pattern as female.

Va ri a ti on

Opisthosoma of immature spiders ventrally orange with wide transverse black band close to the epigastric furrow ( Fig. 60 ). In females, the dark band grows in size after each moult, until covering the whole ventral surface. In males, the orange colour remains or changes to brown in adults, but never to black.

Remarks

Ctenus luederwaldti Mello-Leitão, 1927 is currently listed as junior synonym of P. n i g r i v e n t e r (Eickstedt 1981; Platnick 2007). The holotype of this species is an immature specimen from Blumenau (26º55'S 49º03'W, Santa Catarina, Brazil) collected in 1924 by Luederwaldt (MZSP 940) (examined). The ventral pattern of the specimen is severely faded and therefore it is not possible to establish whether this species should be considered valid or is a junior synonym of either P. nigriventer or P. keyserlingi . The specimen was collected in an area where both P. nigriventer and P. keyserlingi occur. Therefore, we remove P. luederwaldti from its synonymy with P. n i g r i v e n t e r and consider it a nomen dubium.

Distribution

Brazil (states of Minas Gerais, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul), in the Atlantic rainforest or in forest fragments of the Cerrado; northern Argentina; introduced to Uruguay ( Capocasale 1984; Simó 1984) ( Fig. 68 ).

Figures

FIGURES 68. Records of non-Amazonian Phoneutria species.

FIGURES 5 – 8. Phoneutria spp., epigyne, ventral view; 5, P. nigriventer from São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 62); 6, P. keyserlingi from Ilha da Queimada Grande, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 25); 7, P. p e r t y i from Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (IBSP 3141); 8, P. eickstedtae sp. nov. from Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil (IBSP 29335). Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURES 9 – 12. Phoneutria spp., epigyne, dorsal view; 9, P. nigriventer from São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 62); 10, P. keyserlingi from Ilha da Queimada Grande, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 25); 11, P. p e r t y i from Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (IBSP 3141); 12, P. eickstedtae sp. nov. from Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil (IBSP 29335). Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURES 13 – 16. Phoneutria spp., scanning electron micrographs of epigyne, ventral view; 13, P. nigriventer from São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 78877); 14, P. keyserlingi from Ilha da Queimada Grande, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 78875); 15, P. p e r t y i from Domingos Martins, Espírito Santo, Brazil (IBSP 78876); 16, P. eickstedtae sp. nov., holotype, from Peixe, Tocantins, Brazil (IBSP 70406). Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURES 17 – 18. Phoneutria spp., scanning electron micrographs of epigyne lateral view; 17, P. nigriventer from São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 78877); 18, P. keyserlingi from Ilha da Queimada Grande, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 78875). Arrows indicate area close to the copulatory opening.

FIGURES 24 – 27. Phoneutria spp., left male pedipalp, ventral view; 24, P. nigriventer from Tuparendi, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (IBSP 14108); 25, P. keyserlingi from Ilha da Queimada Grande, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 28410); 26, P. p e r - tyi from Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (IBSP 3027); 27, P. eickstedtae sp. nov. from São Domingos, Goiás, Brazil (IBSP 35020). Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURES 28 – 31. Phoneutria spp., scanning electron micrographs of left male pedipalp, ventral view,; 28, P. nigriventer from Mairiporã, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 78874); 29, P. keyserlingi from Ilha dos Alcatrazes, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 78873); 30, P. p ertyi from Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (IBSP 2843); 31, P. eickstedtae sp. nov., paratype, from Peixe, Tocantins, Brazil (IBSP 71058). Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURES 32 – 35. Phoneutria spp., left male pedipalp, expanded bulb, prolateral view; 32, P. nigriventer from Tuparendi, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (IBSP 14108); 33, P. keyserlingi from Ilha da Queimada Grande, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 28410); 34, P. p e r t y i from Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (IBSP 3027); 35, P. eickstedtae sp. nov. from São Domingos, Goiás, Brazil (IBSP 35020). Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURES 36 – 39. Phoneutria spp., embolus of left male pedipalp, ventral view; 36, P. nigriventer from Tuparendi, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (IBSP 14108); 37, P. keyserlingi from Ilha da Queimada Grande, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 28410); 38, P. p e r t y i from Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (IBSP 3027); 39, P. eickstedtae sp. nov. from São Domingos, Goiás, Brazil (IBSP 35020). Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURES 40 – 43. Phoneutria spp., scanning electron micrographs of RTA of left male pedipalp, dorsal view; 40, P. nigriventer from Mairiporã, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 78874); 41, P. keyserlingi from Ilha dos Alcatrazes, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 78873); 42, P. p e r t y i from Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (IBSP 2843); 43, P. eickstedtae sp. nov. from Peixe, Tocantins, Brazil (IBSP 71058). Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURES 44 – 47. Phoneutria spp., colour pattern of pedipalps and chelicerae; 44, P. nigriventer, female, from Mairiporã, São Paulo, Brazil; 45, P. keyserlingi, female, from Ilha dos Alcatrazes, São Paulo, Brazil; 46, P. p e r t y i, male, from Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil; 47, P. eickstedtae sp. nov., female, from Peixe, Tocantins, Brazil. Photographs: R. Bertani.

FIGURES 48 – 51. Phoneutria spp., dorsal colour pattern; 48, P. nigriventer, female, from São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; 49, P. keyserlingi, female, from Ilha dos Alcatrazes, São Paulo, Brazil; 50, P. p e r t y i, female, from Linhares, Espírito Santo, Brazil; 51, P. eickstedtae sp. nov., female, from Peixe, Tocantins, Brazil. Photographs: R Bertani.

FIGURES 52 – 55. Phoneutria spp., defensive display; 52, P. nigriventer, female, from Mairiporã, São Paulo, Brazil; 53, P. keyserlingi, female, from Ilha dos Alcatrazes, São Paulo, Brazil; 54, P. p e r t y i, male, from Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil; 55, P. eickstedtae sp. nov., female, from Peixe, Tocantins, Brazil. Photographs: R Bertani.

FIGURES 56 – 59. Phoneutria spp., ventral colour pattern of opisthosoma; 56, P. nigriventer, female, from Mairiporã, São Paulo, Brazil; 57, P. keyserlingi, female, from Ilha dos Alcatrazes, São Paulo, Brazil; 58, P. p e r t y i, immature female, from Linhares, Espírito Santo, Brazil; 59, P. eickstedtae sp. nov., female, from Peixe, Tocantins, Brazil. Photographs: R Bertani.

FIGURES 60 – 61. Phoneutria spp., immature spiders, ventral colour pattern of opisthosoma; 60, P. nigriventer, from Atibaia, São Paulo, Brazil; 61, P. keyserlingi, from Itanhaém, São Paulo, Brazil. Photographs: R Bertani.