Phoneutria pertyi ( F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 )

Bertani, Rosana Martins Rogério, 2007, The non-Amazonian species of the Brazilian wandering spiders of the genus Phoneutria Perty, 1833 (Araneae: Ctenidae), with the description of a new species, Zootaxa 1526, pp. 1-36 : 11-13

Phoneutria pertyi ( F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897)

( Figs 7 , 11 , 15 , 26 , 30 , 34 , 38 , 42 , 46 , 50 , 54 , 58 , 68 )

Ctenus rufibarbi s (Perty). Keyserling 1881: 576, plate 16, fig. 22 (misidentification; F.O. Pickard-Cambridge 1897). Ctenus pertyi F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897: 76 , 80.

Phoneutria pertyi (F.O. Pickard-Cambridge) . Eickstedt 1981: 97, 99–100; Simó and Brescovit 2001: 72 (as junior synonym of P. nigriventer ); Platnick 1989: 503; Platnick 1993: 677; Platnick 1998: 615.

Material examined

Syntypes of Ctenus pertyi F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 : two females, Nova Friburgo [22o16’55”S 42o51’32”W, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil] ( BMNH 1915.3.5.7771.72). Not examined (photographs provided by BMNH).

Other material examined: BRAZIL: Bahia: Itamaraju, 17°02’S, 39°31’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 26722). Espírito Santo: Domingos Martins, 20°21’S, 40°39’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 36355), 1ɗ ( IBSP 14297), 1ɗ ( IBSP 14119), 1Ψ ( IBSP 78876); São Mateus, 18°42’S, 39°51’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 12867), 1ɗ ( IBSP 12919), 1ɗ ( IBSP 12651), 1Ψ ( IBSP 16521), 1Ψ ( IBSP 12692); Vitor Hugo, 20°25’S 40°49’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 16267). Minas Gerais: Juiz de Fora, 21°45’S, 43°21’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2574), 1ɗ ( IBSP 4801), 1Ψ ( IBSP 14129); Mariana, 20°22’S, 43°24’W, 1ɗ ( IBSP 27942), 1Ψ ( IBSP 27941), 1Ψ ( IBSP 27940), 2ɗ, 2Ψ ( IBSP 33061). Rio de Janeiro: Nova Friburgo, 22°16’S, 42°31’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 3402), 1Ψ ( IBSP 3157), 1Ψ ( IBSP 2970), 1Ψ ( IBSP 2142), 2Ψ ( IBSP 4688), 1Ψ ( IBSP 3314), 1Ψ ( IBSP 3392), 1Ψ ( IBSP 2125), 1Ψ 1ɗ ( IBSP 2718), 1ɗ ( IBSP 2843), 1ɗ ( IBSP 3027), 1Ψ ( IBSP 3141), 1Ψ ( IBSP 3142), 1Ψ ( IBSP 3154), 1ɗ ( IBSP 3391), 1Ψ ( IBSP 4577); Petrópolis, 22°30’S 43°10’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 2849), 1Ψ ( IBSP 4797), 1Ψ ( IBSP 31874), 1Ψ, 1ɗ ( IBSP 36206); Teresópolis, Serra dos Órgãos, 22°24’S, 42°57’W, 1Ψ ( IBSP 11890), 1Ψ ( IBSP 31972).

Diagnosis

Phoneutria pertyi is most similar to P. nigriventer and P. eickstedtae sp. nov. Females differ by having several basal sulci in the epigynal lateral apophysis ( Fig. 15 ), whereas these are absent in P. n i g r i v e n t e r ( Fig. 13 ) and reduced in P. eickstedtae sp. nov. ( Fig. 16 ). Males have the pedipalp tibia longer or similar in length to the cymbium and the apex of embolus curved and hook-like in shape ( Figs 26 , 30 ), in contrast P. nigriventer and P. eickstedtae sp. nov. in which the tibia is shorter than the cymbium and the embolus is straight ( Figs 36, 39 ).

Redescription

Female (based on IBSP 3141 from Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)

Dimensions. Total length 25.20; prosoma oval, length 12.95, width 9.33; opisthosoma length 11.97, width 10.40; clypeus height 0.85.

Eyes. Eye diameter, ALE 0.3, PLE 0.55, AME 0.45, PME 0.5; Eye interdistances, AME-AME 0.5, PME- PME 0.4, ALE-ALE 0.3, PLE-PLE 2.1, AME-ALE 0.45, PME-PLE 0.6, AME-PME 0.35, PME-ALE 0.4; MOQ length 1.4, anterior width 1.4, posterior width 1.45

Legs. Leg formula I, IV, II, III; measurements: I—femur 14.29, patella 6.10, tibia 12.99, metatarsus 11.56, tarsus 3.58, total length 48.52; II—12.60, 5.64, 11.27, 10.50, 3.31, 43.32; III—10.58, 5.26, 7.97, 8.34, 2.98, 35.13; IV—13.36, 4.91, 10.90, 13.84, 3.83, 46.84; spination: I and II—tibia: v 2-2 -2-2-2, p 0, d 0, r 0; metatarsus: v 2-2 -2, p 1, d 0, r 1; tarsus: v 0, p 0, d 0, r 0; III—tibia: v 2-2 -2, p 1-1, d 1-1-1, r 1-1; metatarsus: v 2-2 -2, p 0, d 0, r 0; tarsus: v 0, p 0, d 0, r 0; IV—same as leg III, except metatarsus: v 2-2 -2-2, p 1-1-1, d 0, r 1-1-1-1; and, tarsus: v 2, p 0, d 0, r 0; tarsi I–IV with paired pectinate claws with 4 teeth and 1 denticle.

Pedipalps. Tibia length 3.78, width 1.33; tarsus length 4.63, width 1.20.

Epigyne. Triangular; apically with several sulci; epigynal lateral field wide and sinuous; epigynal middle field convex from one third of its tip to posterior edge; epigynal lateral guides cylindrical and slightly oblique to half of the epigyne length; epigynal lateral apophysis wide, with many narrow basal sulci ( Figs 7 , 15 ); retrolateral area of spermathecae with basal projection ( Fig. 11 ).

Colouration. Dorsal shield of prosoma red-brown with golden setae ( Fig. 50 ); ocular area with light gray setae and dark brown oblique band from PLE to anterior dorsal shield of prosoma edge; light yellow setae between AME and PLE ( Fig 46 ). Chelicerae dark brown with golden-yellow and white setae ( Fig. 46 ). Sternum light brown. Pedipalp tibia dorsally brown with golden longitudinal median band, retrolateral face with a white band and between these two bands and a brown band, prolateral face with dense yellow scopulae ( Fig. 46 ). Legs I–IV yellowish-brown. Opisthosoma dorsally golden, with pairs of dark spots longitudinally in the median region ( Fig 50 ); ventrally yellowish-brown with or without transverse dark brown band close to the epigastric furrow and with four more conspicuous white lines in the posterior opisthosoma half; area close to the spinnerets with two lateral dark brown bands ( Figs 54 , 58 ).

Va r ia ti o n. Chelicerae yellowish to reddish; opisthosoma dorsally yellowish-brown to light brown with pairs of black dots longitudinally in the median region, or with pairs of lighter spots; ventrally light yellow to brown with or without a transverse dark brown band close to epigastric furrow. Immature spiders of same colour pattern as adults.

Male (based on IBSP 3027 from Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)

Dimensions. Total length 23.85; prosoma oval, length 13.62, width 10.45; opisthosoma length 10.13, width 6.69; clypeus height 0.75.

Eyes. Eye diameter, ALE 0.3, PLE 0.5, AME 0.45, PME 0.5; eye interdistances AME-AME 0.4, PME- PME 0.35, ALE-ALE 0.3, PLE-PLE 2.2, AME-ALE 0.35, PME-PLE 0.25, AME-PME 0.3, PME-ALE 0.3; MOQ length 1.35, anterior width 1.3, posterior width 1.4.

Legs. Leg formula I, IV, II, III.;measurements: I—femur 15.98, patella 6.40, tibia 16.18, metatarsus 16.40, tarsus 5.68, total length 60.64; II—15.21, 6.17, 14.41, 14.15, 5.27, 55.21; III—11.76, 5.35, 9.99, 10.64, 3.87, 41.61; IV—15.42, 5.68, 13.60, 18.22, 4.67, 57.59; leg spination: I and II—tibia: v 2-2 -2-2-2, p 1-1, d 1- 1-1, r 1-1; metatarsus: v 2-2 -2, p 1, d 0, r 1; tarsus: v 0, p 0, d 0, r 0; III—tibia: v 2-2 -2, p 1-1, d 1-1-1, r 1-1; metatarsus: v 2-2 -2, p 1-1-1, d 0, r 1-1-1; tarsus: v 0, p 0, d 0, r 0; IV – same as leg III, except metatarsus: v 2- 2 -2-2, p 1-1-1, d 0, r 1-1-1-1; and tarsus: v 2, p 0, d 0, r 0; tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi of legs I–IV with dense ventral scopulae; tarsi I–IV with paired pectinate claws with 11 teeth and 1 denticle.

Pedipalp. Tibia, length 4.71, width 1.34; cymbium, length 4.58, width 2.67; embolus tip strongly curved ( Fig. 26 ), its prolateral marginal keel pronounced ( Fig. 38 ); sperm duct simple, curved closed to the embolus base ( Fig 26 ); tegulum as wide at base as at the median region, slightly convex, base round, projecting retrolaterally and with slight projection at the median region; median tegular apophysis as wide as long; prolateral sulcus wide ( Figs 26 , 30 ); retrolateral tibial apophysis short and with truncated tip ( Fig 42 ).

Colouration. As female, except cymbium brown with white setae ( Figs 46 , 50 , 54 , 58 ).

Remarks

In her revisionary work, Eickstedt (1981) confirmed the validity of P. pertyi after examining the holotype and other specimens from the type locality. Subsequently, Simó and Brescovit (2001) synonymised P. p e r t y i with P. nigriventer arguing that characters presented in the original description such as the equal length of legs I and IV and the lack of an anterior truncation of the epigyne were not of diagnostic value. They also perceived that (p. 73) "the morphology of the epigynum of the holotype of this species corresponds with P. nigriventer ". In contrast, we consider P. pertyi a valid species based on the distinct morphology of male and female genitalia: males, unlike P. nigriventer , have the embolus tip with an accentuated curvature, the tegulum is as wide at its base as at the median region, and the median tegular apophysis is as wide as long, with the sperm duct curved close to the embolus base ( Figs 26 , 30 ). The epigyne of females have a convex middle field, the epigynal lateral apophyses are wide with many narrow basal sulci ( Figs 7 , 15 ), and the spermathecae have a retrolateral projection ( Fig. 11 ). The wide epigynal lateral apophyses with basal sulci are features found also in the Amazonian species of Phoneutria , suggesting close affinities with these species. Additionally, immature spiders do not change their colour during development, in contrast to both P. n i g r i v e n t e r and P. keyserlingi .

Distribution

Atlantic rainforest in Brazil, from the extreme southeast of the State of Bahia, eastern parts of Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo and northwestern Rio de Janeiro ( Fig. 68 ).

Figures

FIGURES 68. Records of non-Amazonian Phoneutria species.

FIGURES 5 – 8. Phoneutria spp., epigyne, ventral view; 5, P. nigriventer from São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 62); 6, P. keyserlingi from Ilha da Queimada Grande, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 25); 7, P. p e r t y i from Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (IBSP 3141); 8, P. eickstedtae sp. nov. from Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil (IBSP 29335). Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURES 9 – 12. Phoneutria spp., epigyne, dorsal view; 9, P. nigriventer from São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 62); 10, P. keyserlingi from Ilha da Queimada Grande, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 25); 11, P. p e r t y i from Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (IBSP 3141); 12, P. eickstedtae sp. nov. from Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil (IBSP 29335). Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURES 13 – 16. Phoneutria spp., scanning electron micrographs of epigyne, ventral view; 13, P. nigriventer from São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 78877); 14, P. keyserlingi from Ilha da Queimada Grande, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 78875); 15, P. p e r t y i from Domingos Martins, Espírito Santo, Brazil (IBSP 78876); 16, P. eickstedtae sp. nov., holotype, from Peixe, Tocantins, Brazil (IBSP 70406). Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURES 24 – 27. Phoneutria spp., left male pedipalp, ventral view; 24, P. nigriventer from Tuparendi, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (IBSP 14108); 25, P. keyserlingi from Ilha da Queimada Grande, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 28410); 26, P. p e r - tyi from Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (IBSP 3027); 27, P. eickstedtae sp. nov. from São Domingos, Goiás, Brazil (IBSP 35020). Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURES 28 – 31. Phoneutria spp., scanning electron micrographs of left male pedipalp, ventral view,; 28, P. nigriventer from Mairiporã, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 78874); 29, P. keyserlingi from Ilha dos Alcatrazes, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 78873); 30, P. p ertyi from Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (IBSP 2843); 31, P. eickstedtae sp. nov., paratype, from Peixe, Tocantins, Brazil (IBSP 71058). Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURES 32 – 35. Phoneutria spp., left male pedipalp, expanded bulb, prolateral view; 32, P. nigriventer from Tuparendi, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (IBSP 14108); 33, P. keyserlingi from Ilha da Queimada Grande, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 28410); 34, P. p e r t y i from Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (IBSP 3027); 35, P. eickstedtae sp. nov. from São Domingos, Goiás, Brazil (IBSP 35020). Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURES 36 – 39. Phoneutria spp., embolus of left male pedipalp, ventral view; 36, P. nigriventer from Tuparendi, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (IBSP 14108); 37, P. keyserlingi from Ilha da Queimada Grande, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 28410); 38, P. p e r t y i from Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (IBSP 3027); 39, P. eickstedtae sp. nov. from São Domingos, Goiás, Brazil (IBSP 35020). Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURES 40 – 43. Phoneutria spp., scanning electron micrographs of RTA of left male pedipalp, dorsal view; 40, P. nigriventer from Mairiporã, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 78874); 41, P. keyserlingi from Ilha dos Alcatrazes, São Paulo, Brazil (IBSP 78873); 42, P. p e r t y i from Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (IBSP 2843); 43, P. eickstedtae sp. nov. from Peixe, Tocantins, Brazil (IBSP 71058). Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURES 44 – 47. Phoneutria spp., colour pattern of pedipalps and chelicerae; 44, P. nigriventer, female, from Mairiporã, São Paulo, Brazil; 45, P. keyserlingi, female, from Ilha dos Alcatrazes, São Paulo, Brazil; 46, P. p e r t y i, male, from Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil; 47, P. eickstedtae sp. nov., female, from Peixe, Tocantins, Brazil. Photographs: R. Bertani.

FIGURES 48 – 51. Phoneutria spp., dorsal colour pattern; 48, P. nigriventer, female, from São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; 49, P. keyserlingi, female, from Ilha dos Alcatrazes, São Paulo, Brazil; 50, P. p e r t y i, female, from Linhares, Espírito Santo, Brazil; 51, P. eickstedtae sp. nov., female, from Peixe, Tocantins, Brazil. Photographs: R Bertani.

FIGURES 52 – 55. Phoneutria spp., defensive display; 52, P. nigriventer, female, from Mairiporã, São Paulo, Brazil; 53, P. keyserlingi, female, from Ilha dos Alcatrazes, São Paulo, Brazil; 54, P. p e r t y i, male, from Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil; 55, P. eickstedtae sp. nov., female, from Peixe, Tocantins, Brazil. Photographs: R Bertani.

FIGURES 56 – 59. Phoneutria spp., ventral colour pattern of opisthosoma; 56, P. nigriventer, female, from Mairiporã, São Paulo, Brazil; 57, P. keyserlingi, female, from Ilha dos Alcatrazes, São Paulo, Brazil; 58, P. p e r t y i, immature female, from Linhares, Espírito Santo, Brazil; 59, P. eickstedtae sp. nov., female, from Peixe, Tocantins, Brazil. Photographs: R Bertani.