Indonthophagus, Kabakov, 2006

Ziani, Stefano, 2024, Historical and morphological review of the subgenus Indonthophagus Kabakov, 2006 of Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Onthophagini), Insecta Mundi 2024 (38), pp. 1-42 : 31-32

Key to Palaearctic Indonthophagus

1. Species relatively large (from 7.5 to 10.0 mm). Dorsal surface completely dark metallic blue or dark metallic green, glossy, without distinct isodiametric microreticulation ( Fig. 11a ). Females with clypeofrontal carina extended from eye to eye. Pakistan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh.................................................................. [ O. spinifex ( Fabricius, 1781) ]

— Species relatively small (from 3.0 to 8.0 mm). Dorsal surface usually without strong metallic lustre, at most present only on head and pronotum. At least elytra always with distinct isodiametric microreticulation. Females with clypeofrontal carina more or less wide, but never extended from eye to eye .................................................................................... 2

2. Elytra yellow ochre, usually with dark brown symmetrical V-shaped spots ( Fig. 8a ); first interstria brown along entire length. Length 3.0 to 6.0 mm. Egypt, Eastern Africa; Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, Iran,

Afghanistan, Pakistan, India....................................... O. nitidulus Klug, 1845

— Elytra monochromatic dark brown, dark red or bronzed, at most with basal or apical red spots..... 3

3. Head and pronotum with strong cupreous or greenish metallic lustre ( Fig. 4a ). Pronotal punctuation strongly impressed and large, larger than elytral striae punctures. Females: pronotum with an anterolateral tubercle, sometime hardly distinguishable, on either side, a little behind frontal margin, anteromedian gibbosity usually bilobate or divided in two. Length 5.0 to 7.5 mm. Pakistan, India, Nepal....................................................... O. ensifer Boucomont, 1914

— Head and pronotum without strong metallic lustre. Pronotal punctation as large as elytral stria punctures or a slightly smaller. Females: pronotum with a single anteromedian gibbosity, sometimes very slightly developed.................................................................... 4

4. Major males: pronotum with an anterolateral tubercle, on each side ( Fig. 6a ); horn arising clearly in front of eyes, adjacent to clypeofrontal carina. Length 6.0 to 8.0 mm. Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal............................................................ O. mopsus ( Fabricius, 1792)

— Major males: pronotum without anterolateral tubercles; horn arising between eyes, or at most in line with eyes anterior edge, not adjacent to clypeofrontal carina............................... 5

5. Major males: base of cephalic horn broader than or as broad as clypeofrontal carina ( Fig. 3a ); dorsal surface of horn rugose-punctate on basal half, with some setae laterally. Length 4.0 to 6.5 mm. Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya; Yemen.................................... O. aeneopiceus d’Orbigny, 1902

— Major males: base of cephalic horn more or less shorter than clypeofrontal carina; dorsal surface of horn simply punctate, completely hairless.................................................... 6

6. Major males: base of cephalic horn clearly shorter than clypeofrontal carina ( Fig. 12a ). Medium males, with horn not reaching pronotal hind margin: pronotum with a barely appreciable antero-median narrow groove. Females: occipital carina as long as or shorter than clypeofrontal carina ( Fig. 12c ). Pronotal punctures more deeply impressed, subequal in size to punctures of elytral striae. Length 6.0 to 8.0 mm. Myanmar, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Taiwan....... O. hastifer van Lansberge, 1885

— Major males: base of cephalic horn slightly shorter than clypeofrontal carina ( Fig. 12b ). Medium males, with horn not reaching pronotal hind margin: pronotum with a deep wide antero-median hollow. Females: occipital carina clearly broader than clypeofrontal one, almost reaching inner margin of eyes ( Fig. 12d ). Pronotal punctures slightly impressed, smaller than punctures of elytral striae. Length 7.0 to 8.0 mm. Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan....... O. turbatus Walker, 1858

Figures

Figure 3. Onthophagus (Indonthophagus) aeneopiceus d’Orbigny, 1902 [major ♂: Yemen, Ibb gov.]. 3a) Dorsal habitus. 3b) Parameres, lateral view. 3c) Parameres, dorsal view. 3d) Endophallus. AcS: accessory endophallites. LC: lamella copulatrix. Rs: raspulae. Photos by A. Degiovanni, edited by G. Fiumi [from Ziani and Keith (2023)].

Figure 4. Onthophagus (Indonthophagus) ensifer Boucomont, 1914 [major ♂: India, Tamil Nadu st.]. 4a) Dorsal habitus. 4b) Parameres, lateral view. 4c) Parameres, dorsal view. 4d) Endophallus. AcS: accessory endophallites. LC: lamella copulatrix. Rs: raspula. Photos by A. Degiovanni, edited by G. Fiumi.

Figure 6. Onthophagus (Indonthophagus) mopsus (Fabricius, 1792) [major ♂: Pakistan, Islamabad Capital Territory]. 6a) Dorsal habitus; 6b) Parameres, lateral view. 6c) Parameres, dorsal view. 6d) Endophallus. AcS: accessory endophallites. LC: lamella copulatrix. Rs: raspulae. Photos by A. Degiovanni, edited by G. Fiumi.

Figure 8. Onthophagus (Indonthophagus) nitidulus Klug, 1845 [major ♂: Yemen, Abyan gov.]. 8a) Dorsal habitus. 8b) Parameres, lateral view. 8c) Parameres, dorsal view. 8d) Endophallus. AcS: accessory endophallites. LC: lamella copulatrix. Rs: raspulae. Photos by A. Degiovanni, edited by G. Fiumi.

Figure 11. Onthophagus (incertae sedis) spinifex (Fabricius, 1781) [major ♂: Pakistan, Capital Territory].11a) Dorsal habitus. 11b) Parameres, lateral view.11c) Parameres, dorsal view.11d) Endophallus. AcS: accessory endophallites. LC: lamella copulatrix. Photos by A. Degiovanni, edited by G. Fiumi.

Figure 12. Head from above:12a) Onthophagus (Indonthophagus) hastifer von Lansberge, 1914 [major ♂: Taiwan, Pingtung]. 12b) Onthophagus (Indonthophagus) turbatus Walker, 1858 [major ♂: India, Arunachal Pradesh st.]. 12c) Onthophagus (Indonthophagus) hastifer von Lansberge, 1914 [♀: Taiwan, Pingtung]. 12d) Onthophagus (Indonthophagus) turbatus Walker, 1858 [♀: Pakistan, Islamabad Capital Territory]. Photos by A. Degiovanni, edited by G. Fiumi.