Lepidonotus caeruleus Kinberg, 1856

De Assis, Jose Eriberto, de Brito, Rafael Justino, Christoffersen, Martin Lindsey & de Souza, Jose Roberto Botelho, 2015, A catalogue of the scaleworm genus Lepidonotus (Polynoidae, Polychaeta) from South America, with two new records for Brazilian waters, ZooKeys 533, pp. 63-98 : 66

4. Lepidonotus caeruleus Kinberg, 1856

Lepidonotus caeruleus Kinberg, 1856: 384 (off Rio de Janeiro-Brazil), 1858: 13-14, pl. 4: fig. 16, pl. 10, fig. 51.- Baird 1865: 183.- Grube 1876: 61.- Seidler 1924: 69.- Hartman 1939: 108-109.- Nonato and Luna 1970a: 63 (Alagoas, 19-35 m); 1970b: 66-67, pl. 1: figs 8-14 (Alagoas, 19-35 m).- Rullier and Amoureux 1979: 152 (Alagoas and Bahia).- Morgado and Amaral 1981: 93 ( São Paulo, in bryozoan colonies).- Amaral and Nonato 1982: 25.- Salazar-Vallejo 1996: 15.- Duarte and Nalesso 1996: 142 ( São Paulo, in colonies of Zygomycale parishii ).- Morgado and Tanaka 2001: 178 ( São Paulo; in colonies of Schizoporella errata ).- Berlandi et al. 2012: 282 (off Espírito Santo State, rhodolith beds).- De Assis et al. 2012: 17 ( Paraíba).- Cunha et al. 2013: 146 (off Bahia).

Polynoe caerulea .- Quatrefages 1866: 224.

Lepidonotus caeloris .- Moore 1903: 412-414, pl. 23: fig. 12 (Japan, 115-280 m), 1906: 546-547, pl. 36: figs 36-37 (Alaska); 1908: 331 (Alaska and Pacific Canada), 1910: 333-334 (California).- Essenberg 1918: 184 (Alaska to California, 53-932 m).- Hartman and Reish 1950: 5 (Oregon).- Díaz-Castaneda and Rodríguez-Villanueva 1998: 12 (Pacific Mexico).

Polynoe caelora .- Izuka 1912: 23-25, fig. (Japan).

Lepidonotus caelorus .- Treadwell 1914: 182 (California).- Chamberlin 1918: 174 (California).- Berkeley 1923: 213 (Pacific Canada).- Hartman 1939: 44, 1944: 244 (California).- Rioja 1941: 680 (Pacific Mexico), 1947: 199 (Pacific Mexico).- Berkeley and Berkeley 1942 (Alaska).- Pettibone 1953: 15-16, pl. 1: figs 1-8; pl. 2: figs 9-19 (Washington and Oregon 7.3-256 m, with Volsella modiolus , Balanus nubilis , on tube of Neosabella [as Sabellaria ] cementarium , in calcareous tubes of Dodecaceria " pacifica " ).- Reish 1968: 100 (California).

Lepidonotus coelorus .- Treadwell 1937: 141 (California).- Berkeley and Berkeley 1942: 187 (Pacific Canada), 1948: 9-10, figs 6-7 (Pacific Canada).- Pequegnat 1964: 278 (California).

Lepidonotus caerulus .- Berkeley and Berkeley 1941: 20 (California).

Holotype.

ZUEC-POL 2919.

Type locality.

off Rio de Janeiro-Brazil.

Distribution.

Western Pacific from Japan. Eastern Pacific from Alaska to California. Southwestern Atlantic from Paraíba to São Paulo. 7.3-932 m (Figure 1).

Biology.

The species occurs in colonies of the sponge Zygomycale parishii (Bowerbank, 1875), in colonies of the bryozoan Schizoporella errata (Waters, 1879), on tubes of sabellariid Neosabellaria cementarium (Moore, 1906), in tubes of cirratulid Dodecaceria " pacifica " , with the barnacle Balanus nubilis (Darwin, 1854), and the mussel Volsella modiolus . In rhodolith beds.

Remarks.

Lepidonotus caeruleus presents a wide distribution. Futher studies are required to enable us to understand if it is a cryptogenic species, because there are no studies to show that it represents a species complex, and its origin was not determined.