Hydroides dirampha Mörch, 1863

Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, McCANN, Linda D., Keppel, Erica & Ruiz, Gregory M., 2017, The fouling serpulids (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from United States coastal waters: an overview, European Journal of Taxonomy 344, pp. 1-76 : 28-30

Hydroides dirampha Mörch, 1863

Figs 4D , 5

Hydroides (Eucarphus) dirampha Mörch, 1863: 379 , pl. 11, fig. 10 (type locality: St. Thomas, Lesser Antilles, Caribbean).

Hydroides (Eucarphus) benzoni Mörch, 1863: 380 , pl. 11, fig. 11 (type locality: Bahia, Brazil; on the gastropod Purpura haemastoma , now Stramonita haemastoma ( Linnaeus, 1767)) .

Hydroides (Eucarphus) cumingii navalis Mörch, 1863: 379 (type locality: New Zealand).

Eupomatus lunulifer Claparède, 1870: 181–182 (type locality: Gulf of Naples, Italy; hull of a vessel in refit).

Eucarphus serratus Bush, 1910: 495–496 (type locality: Bermuda).

Hydroides malleophorus Rioja, 1942: 126–130 , figs 7–14 (type locality: Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexican Pacific; on rocks).

Hydroides (Eucarphus) cumingii – Ehlers 1905: 70–72 (Oahu, Hawaii; harbor).

Hydroides sp. – Treadwell 1914: 226, pl. 12, fig. 48 (Hawaii; yacht bottom).

Hydroides lunulifera – Monro 1933: 1082 (Colon, Atlantic side of Panama; on pier pilings). — Edmonson & Ingram 1939: 268–271 (Kaneohe Bay and Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii; pier fouling). — Edmonson 1944: 3–16 (Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii; fouling experiments; 0–4 m). — Rioja1961: 310– 311 (Antón Lizardo Beach, Veracruz, eastern Mexico; on ascidians). — Straughan 1969: 232 (Oahu, Hawaii, samples from 1929 to 1968; intertidal to 1.5 m). — Nelson-Smith 1967: 31, fig. 16 ( Panama Canal). — Lakshmana Rao 1969: 5–6, pl. 3, figs a–g (Visakhapatnam and Madras, now Chennai, India; harbours).

Hydroides dirampha – Zibrowius 1971: 705 –707, figs 6–9 ( Italy, Bermudas, Florida, Lesser Antilles, Veracruz, eastern Mexico, Panama, Venezuela, Brazil, South Africa, Java, Hawaii and New Zealand; intertidal to 90 m; on scleractinian corals Cladocora arbuscula (Le Sueur, 1820) and Astrangia sp.; on pier and hull of boat). — Long 1974: 28 (Oahu, Hawaii; 9–36 m; fouling plates). — Bailey-Brock 1976: 77 –78 (Oahu Island and Hawaii Island; reef flats, epifauna of mobile substrata (mollusks and crustaceans), boat harbors and lagoons and reef slope). — Imajima 1978: 54 –56, fig. 3a–j (Ō-shima Island; intertidal); 1979: 168–169 (Kushimoto Harbour, southern Japan; on rope). — Dueñas 1981: 100, fig. 30A–F (Cartagena Bay, Colombia; on cement wall and plastic tubes related to shrimp culture ponds). — Bailey-Brock 1987: 420 (Hawaii). — Zibrowius 1992: 91 (discussion about its origin in tropical American Atlantic). — Bastida-Zavala 1993: 35 (Gulf of California: Caimancito Beach, La Paz Bay, Baja California Sur; rocks and sand). — Perkins 1998: 95 (checklist of shallow-water polychaetes of Florida). — Dueñas 1999: 14 (Cartagena Bay, Colombia). — Díaz-Díaz & Liñero-Arana 2001: 12 –13 (Cariaco Gulf, Venezuela; PVC dock pilings).

Hydroides diramphus – Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000b: 845 –846, figs 2a–d (San Juan de Ulúa, Veracruz, eastern Mexico; 1–1.5 m; on wall with vermetids, oysters and ascidians). — Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002: 161 –164, figs 34A–P, 36 ( Bermuda, Veracruz, eastern Mexico, Cura ҫao, Atlantic Panama, Venezuela and Brazil; intertidal to 23 m; on Rhizophora , salinity: 31– 37‰); 2003: 83–86, fig. 10A–L (southern California, Hawaii and Baja California Sur, Mexican Pacific; intertidal to 1 m; on pier piling and rocks on sand). — Rodríguez-Valencia 2004: 520 (Petacalco Bay, Guerrero, southern Mexican Pacific; 3–21 m). — Çinar 2006: 226, fig. 3A–C (as NIS from eastern Levantine coast of Turkey). — Bastida-Zavala 2008: 25, fig. 6G (Hawaii, southern California and Sinaloa, Mexican Pacific; intertidal to 2 m). — Carlton & Eldredge 2009: 61 –62 (Hawaii; invasion history). — Ben-Eliahu & ten Hove 2011: 17 –19, figs 4, 5A–C ( Israel, Egypt, Suez Canal and Red Sea; 0.3–10 m; on algae ( Digenea C. Agardh ), sponges, mollusks ( Brachidontes pharaonis (P. Fischer, 1870) , Crenatula picta (Gmelin, 1791) , and Pinctada radiata (Leach, 1814)) , rocks, artificial substrates such as a barge, tin can, rubber fenders, iron frames and ship hulls). — Tovar-Hernández et al. 2012: 14 –15 (Gulf of California: Guaymas, Sonora); 2014: 388, 390, fig. 2g (Gulf of California: Guaymas, Sonora, and La Paz, Baja California Sur). — Sun et al. 2015: 20 –21, fig. 5a–b (New South Wales, Queensland and Western Australia; 0.5–11.8 m; on sand bottom, rocks, cement and wooden pilings, fouling plates and ship hulls). — Bastida-Zavala et al. 2016: 418 –419, figs 4, 11E (Mexican Pacific: Baja California Sur and Oaxaca; intertidal to 1 m; in marinas and harbors, fouling).

Material examined

150 specimens: JX (6) Aug. 2001, IR (78) Aug. 2005, BB (5) Aug. 2004, CC (19) Sep. 2002, SD (41) Aug. 2000, HI (1) Aug. 2006.

Additional material

Four specimens: UMAR-Poly 63, 4 specimens (Hawaii inter-island cargo barge, HF-023, hull fouling community roughly two years old; barge only operates in Hawaii, coll. S. Godwin).

Diagnosis

Sometimes this species is gregarious. Tube white, with 2–3 longitudinal ridges, with transverse ridges, with or without peristome rings; but not alveoli. Opercular peduncle smooth, white. Opercular funnel with 25–39 radii with pointed tips ( Fig. 4D ); verticil with 11–17 spines, straight, with tip T-shaped

and flattened, with one basal internal spinule, without external and lateral spinules or wings ( Fig. 4D ). Special collar chaetae with two pointed-elongate teeth and smooth distal blade.

Taxonomic remarks

While formerly considered to be native to the Caribbean ( Zibrowius 1992; Ben-Eliahu & ten Hove 2011), Hydroides dirampha may actually be native to the tropical eastern Pacific ( Sun et al. 2015). Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove (2002) recorded the species from the Caribbean, at both undisturbed and polluted sites, while Rioja (1942) and Bastida-Zavala (1993) recorded the species from the Mexican Pacific, only at undisturbed sites, but close to harbors (Mazatlán and La Paz, respectively). Recent surveys in the Mexican Pacific ( Tovar-Hernández et al. 2012, 2014; Bastida-Zavala et al. 2016), found H. dirampha frequently in marinas and harbors. Hydroides dirampha has been in Hawaii for at least 120 years ( Ehlers 1905), and in southern California for 100 years ( Treadwell 1914). Thus, molecular analyses of the different world-wide populations are needed to solve the problem of the origin of this species. In this work, Hydroides dirampha is considered a cryptogenic species.

Ecology

Intertidal to sublittoral (36 m). In subtropical and tropical marine and brackish waters; salinities of 31–37‰ ( Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002); on reef flats, epifauna of mobile substrata (mollusks and crustaceans), boat harbors and lagoons and reef slope ( Bailey-Brock 1976); also on the gastropod Stramonita haemastoma , algae Digenea , sponges, the bivalves Brachidontes pharaonis , Crenatula picta , and Pinctada radiata , the scleractinian corals Cladocora arbuscula and Astrangia sp. ( Zibrowius 1971), rocks, Rhizophora , and artificial substrates such as boat hulls, barges and ships, ropes, wood dock pilings, buoys, PVC plates, tin cans, rubber fenders and iron frames ( Claparède 1870; Treadwell 1914; Long 1974; Imajima 1979; Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000b; Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002; Ben-Eliahu & ten Hove 2011).

Distribution

Circum(sub)tropical. Caribbean Sea, Bermuda, Gulf of Mexico, Brazil, Hawaii, southern California, Mexican Pacific, Panama, Mediterranean, Suez Canal, South Africa, India, Java, Hong Kong, Philippines, Australia, New Zealand, southern Japan and Marshall Islands ( Mörch 1863; Claparède 1870; Treadwell1914; Fauvel1932; Day1967; Zibrowius1971; Imajima1978; Bastida-Zavala&ten Hove2002, 2003; Çinar 2006; Bastida-Zavala 2008; Ben-Eliahu & ten Hove 2011; Bailey-Brock et al. 2012; Sun et al. 2012, 2015). In this work, Hydroides dirampha was found abundantly on fouling plates from the Indian River, Florida, and San Diego, California; and occasionally from Jacksonville and Biscayne Bay, Florida, Corpus Christi, Texas, and Oahu, Hawaii ( Fig. 5 ). This species extends its northward range from Veracruz, eastern Mexico ( Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002) to Corpus Christi, Texas (940 km).

Figures

Fig. 4. Serpulids from United States fouling plates. Hydroides bispinosa. A. Operculum, from Biscayne Bay, Florida (SERC-118756). – H. cf. brachyacantha. B. Operculum, Pensacola Bay, Florida (SERC- 92415). – H. dianthus. C. Operculum, Corpus Christi, Texas (SERC-87878RB). – H. dirampha. D. Operculum, Biscayne Bay, Florida (SERC-118709). – H. elegans. E. Operculum, San Diego, California (SERC-04075R). – H. floridana. F. Operculum, Corpus Christi, Texas (SERC-87968). – H. gracilis. G. Operculum, San Diego, California (SERC-34585R). – H. longispinosa. H. Operculum, Oahu, Hawaii (SERC-19654). – H. parva. I. Operculum, Biscayne Bay, Florida (SERC-118709). – H. sanctaecrucis. J. Operculum, Tampa Bay, Florida (SERC-66920R).

Fig. 5. Distribution of serpulids (Hydroides spp.) from United States fouling plates (closed symbols) and literature records (open symbols).