Augochloropsis (Paraugochloropsis) viridula (Smith) Portman & Arduser & Lane & Cariveau, 2022

Portman, Zachary M., Arduser, Mike, Lane, Ian G. & Cariveau, Daniel P., 2022, A review of the Augochloropsis (Hymenoptera, Halictidae) and keys to the shiny green Halictinae of the midwestern United States, ZooKeys 1130, pp. 103-152 : 103

Augochloropsis (Paraugochloropsis) viridula (Smith) stat. nov.

Augochlora viridula Smith, 1853: 81 ♂. Holotype: ♂ USA, New York, Trenton Falls [NHMUK 014024971]. Images examined by ZP and MA. Online record: https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/10fb10b0-58d6-448c-b1b8-d3807ca35e0e (Labels read "Type / H.T. [label is circular with red border] // B.M. TYPE / HYM / 14.a.1232 // B.M. TYPE / HYM. / augochlora / viridula / smith 1853 // viridula / Type Sm // Ent. Club. / 44-12. // NHMUK 014024971 [label with QR code]").

Augochlora lucidula Smith, 1853: 81 ♀ (syn. Patton 1879). Holotype: ♀ North America. Images examined by ZP and MA. Online record: https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/9195d66b-dde0-4554-a11e-8352601fa232 (Labels read "Type / H.T. [label is circular with red border] // B.M. TYPE / HYM / 14.a.1233 // B.M. TYPE / HYM / augochlora / lucidula / Smith 1853 // lucidula / Type Sm. // Ent. Club. / 44-12 // NHMUK 014024972 [label with QR code]").

Halictus (Augochlora) viridissimus Viereck, 1910: 688 (proposed replacement name for Augochloropsis viridula Smith, preoccupied in Halictus ).

Augochlora viridula (in Robertson 1895: taxonomy; Robertson 1902: key; Cockerell 1905: taxonomy).

Augochloropsis cuprea (in Sandhouse 1937 [in part]: key; Lovell 1942: key).

Augochloropsis viridula (in Dreisbach 1945: key).

Augochloropsis metallica (Fabricius) (in Eickwort 1969: generic revision, description of genitalia and other features).

Augochloropsis (Paraugochloropsis) metallica fulgida (in Mitchell 1960: key, redescription; Hurd 1979: catalog; Moure and Hurd 1987: catalog; Gibbs 2017: biology).

Augochloropsis (Paraugochloropsis) fulgida (in Stephenson et al. 2018: checklist; Camilo et al. 2018: checklist; Decker et al. 2020: checklist).

Diagnosis.

Both sexes of Augochloropsis viridula can be recognized primarily by the lack of a thickened hair fringe on T1 and T2; the hairs that are present along the margin are slender and the same size and width as the rest of the hairs on the terga (Fig. 15B ). This is in contrast to the females of Augochloropsis metallica which have the fringe hairs noticeably thickened (Fig. 15A ). In addition, the terga of Augochloropsis viridula are more shining and sparsely punctured, and this is most apparent on T1 and T2, with punctures on T2 separated by at least 2-4 puncture widths on T2 (Figs 14I , 16I ). In contrast, Augochloropsis metallica has the punctures on T1 and T2 closer together (punctures typically separated by 1-2 puncture widths on T2) and the interspaces between the punctures have slight tessellation, though they are still somewhat shining (Figs 14H , 16H ).

Augochloropsis viridula can be separated from Augochloropsis humeralis by its less developed pronotal flange, which is weak and forms an obtuse angle in Augochloropsis viridula (Figs 14F , 16F ) compared to extensive and forming a right angle in Augochloropsis humeralis (Figs 14D , 16D ), and Augochloropsis viridula has the terga smooth and shining (Figs 14I , 16I ), compared to heavily tessellate and dull in Augochloropsis humeralis (Figs 14G , 16G ).

Augochloropsis viridula can be separated from Augochloropsis anonyma and Augochloropsis fulgida by the relative lack of black hairs on the metasoma, having at most a few scattered black hairs on the apical terga (Fig. 14I ), compared to copious black hairs over most of the terga in Augochloropsis anonyma and Augochloropsis fulgida (Fig. 23C, D ).

Biology.

Augochloropsis viridula is a polylectic ground-nester. Nesting and sociality were documented by Gibbs (2017) [as Augochloropsis metallica fulgida ]. Gibbs (2017) found a nest with two females, one of which had undeveloped ovaries and could have been a worker, suggesting that this bee may be primitively eusocial, however more work is needed to understand the degree of sociality of this species.

Range.

Augochloropsis viridula occurs throughout the eastern United States (Fig. 21B ). It does not spread as far west as Augochloropsis metallica (see Fig. 21A ), and recent surveys (2009 to present) by MSA and co-workers in Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska have found Augochloropsis viridula only on the extreme eastern margins of these states, while Augochloropsis metallica has been found throughout these states and further to the west. Mitchell records it [as Augochloropsis metallica fulgida ] extending south to Florida, though we have not evaluated material from the purported southernmost portion of the range.

Comments.

This species has historically been referred to as Augochloropsis metallica fulgida sensu Mitchell (1960). However, after examination of the holotype of Augochloropsis fulgida (Fig. 23 ), we found that it does not match the species concept used by Mitchell (1960) for Augochloropsis metallica fulgida . As a result, we resurrect the name Augochloropsis viridula (Smith), which was previously used by Robertson (1902) and Dreisbach (1945). Augochloropsis fulgida is reinstated as a separate species (see remarks for that species).

The species-level (rather than subspecies-level) recognition of Augochloropsis metallica and Augochloropsis viridula (previously classified as Augochloropsis metallica metallica and Augochloropsis metallica fulgida , respectively, by Mitchell (1960)) is supported by multiple characters, including the hair fringe on T2 (see Fig. 15A, B ), difference in the degree of punctures and tessellation, the male terminalia, and differences in the extent of range. In particular, the male terminalia are distinct, with Augochloropsis metallica having the gonostyli more expanded (Fig. 20F, G ), the gonocoxites more parallel-sided (Fig. 20F, G ), the lateral arms of S4 more straight (Fig. 20H ), and the lateral apodemes of S7 wider (Fig. 20J ), in comparison, Augochloropsis viridula have the gonostyli narrower (Fig. 20K, L ), the gonocoxites diverging apically (Fig. 20K, L ), the lateral arms of S4 more curved (Fig. 20M ), and the lateral apodemes of S7 narrower (Fig. 20O ). The shape of S8 (Fig. 20I, N ) appears to be too variable to be useful as a splitting character.

That Augochloropsis viridula (Smith) and Augochloropsis lucidula (Smith) were different sexes of the same species was recognized by Patton (1879), Robertson (1895), and Cockerell (1905). However, both names were synonymized under Augochloropsis cuprea (along with Augochloropsis anonyma ) by Sandhouse (1937). The name Augochloropsis viridula was then correctly applied by Dreisbach (1945). Mitchell (1960) clearly did not consider Augochloropsis viridula and Augochlora lucidula conspecific as he considered Augochloropsis viridula a junior synonym of Augochloropsis metallica metallica and Augochloropsis lucidula a junior synonym of Augochloropsis metallica fulgida . Moure (1960) considered both Augochloropsis viridula and Augochlora lucidula junior synonyms of Augochloropsis metallica . Here, after examination of the primary types, we agree with the interpretation of Patton (1879) and Robertson (1895) in considering Augochloropsis viridula and Augochloropsis lucidula as both conspecific and a true species.

In the generic revision of augochlorine bees by Eickwort (1969), the subspecies of Augochloropsis metallica were not recognized. However, the illustrations of the genitalia and other characters are clearly of Augochloropsis viridula (rather than Augochloropsis metallica ) based on the apically diverging lateral margins of the gonostyli.

Material examined.

USA: Alabama: Hale Co.: [MASR]. Arkansas: Lawrence Co.: [MASR]; Monroe Co.: [MASR]; White Co.: [MASR]; Woodruff Co.: [MASR]. Georgia: Catoosa Co.: [MASR]. Illinois: Carroll Co.: [MASR]; Jasper Co.: [MASR]; Madison Co.: [MASR]; Marion Co.: [MASR]; Ogle Co.: (41.8751, -89.3474): 1 ♀ [NACH], 1 Jul 2017, B. Bruninga-Socolar leg., net, Parthenium integrifolium ; (41.896, -89.3461): 1 ♀ [NACH], 13 Jun 2017, B. Bruninga-Socolar leg., net, Trifolium pratense ; Randolph Co.: [MASR]; Williamson Co.: [MASR]. Indiana: Lake Co.: Indiana Dunes NP, Miller woods (41.6057, -87.2644): 1 ♀ [IDNP], 23 Aug 2019, McGill leg., blue pan. Iowa: Clayton Co.: [MASR]; Jasper Co.: [MASR]; Pottawattamie Co.: [MASR]; Story Co.: Ames (42.016, -93.624): 2 ♀ [UMSP], 16 Jun 1930, B.A. Haws leg., Swept from sweet clover. Kansas: Johnson Co.: [MASR]; Linn Co.: [MASR]. Maine: Knox Co.: (44.04, -69.04): 1 ♀ [OSUC], 15 Jul 1956, D.J. Borror leg. Michigan: Cheboygan Co.: (45.48, -84.49): 1 ♀ [OSUC], date unknown, C.H. Kennedy leg.; Gladwin Co.: [MASR]. Minnesota: Anoka Co.: Bunker Hills Regional Park (45.2143, -93.2797): 1 ♀ [EERC], 24 Jun 2016, J. Gardner leg., net, Crepis tectorum ; Cedar Creek Nat. Hist. (45.402673, -93.202601): 1 ♂ [UMSP], 1 Aug 1991, C.C. Reed leg.; Cedar Creek Natural History Area (45.402673, -93.202601): 1 ♀ [UMSP], 10 May 1993; Rum River Cent. Reg. Pk. (45.28686656, -93.37669731): 1 ♀ [EERC], 12 Jun 2015, E. Evans leg., net, Rosa arkansana ; Rum River Cent. Reg. Pk. (45.2883, -93.38): 2 ♀ [EERC], 12 Jun 2015, E. Evans leg., net, Zizia aurea ; Rum River Cent. Reg. Pk. (45.2907, -93.3811): 7 ♀ [EERC], 12 Jun 2015, E. Evans leg., net, Amorpha fruticosa ; Anoka/Isanti Co.: Cedar Creek Natural History Area (45.402673, -93.202601): 1 ♀ [UMSP], 17 Sep 2004; Blue Earth Co.: Gilfillan Lake WMA (44.21091, -93.8494): 1 ♀ [MNDNR], 3 Oct 2016, net, Symphyotrichum lanceolatum ; Maple River WMA (43.979867, -94.042629): 1 ♂ [MNDNR], 14 Aug 2015, net, Solidago altissima ; Carver Co.: Schneewind WMA (44.80941, -93.82892): 1 ♀ [MNDNR], 8 Aug 2018, net, Melilotus alba ; Schneewind WMA (44.80952, -93.82793): 1 ♀ [MNDNR], 16 Jul 2018, bowl; Chisago Co.: Wild River SP (45.5215, -92.7309): 1 ♀ [MNDNR], 22 Jun 2020, N. Gerjets leg., pantrap; Douglas Co.: StaffansonTNC (45.81606, -95.74604): 1 ♀ [CNBL], 5 Jun 2018, G. Pardee leg., net, Z. aptera ; 1 ♀ [CNBL], 5 Jun 2018, I. Lane leg., net, Z. aptera ; Fillmore Co.: (43.7, -92.2): 1 ♀ [UMSP], 24 May 1937, G. Kohls leg.; Goodhue Co.: Frontenac (44.53, -92.351): 1 ♀ [UMSP], 29 May 1930, C.E. Michel leg.; Spring Creek Prairie SNA (44.55522, -92.59502): 1 ♂ [MNDNR], 11 Aug 2017, net, Asclepias verticillata ; Goodhue/Wabasha Co.: E Frontenac, Lake Pepin (44.53, -92.351): 1 ♀ [UMSP], 29 May 1941, M.W. Wing leg.; Frontenac, Lake Pepin (44.53, -92.351): 1 ♀ [UMSP], 29 May 1941, M.W. Wing leg., net; Hennepin Co.: (44.9, -93.4): 1 ♀ [UMSP], 27 May 1922, A.A. Nichol leg.; Crow-Hassan Park Reserve (45.2018, -93.6311): 1 ♀ [MNDNR], 25 Aug 2015, bowl; Minnesota Valley National Wildlife Refuge (44.79892, -93.38589): 1 ♀ [MNDNR], 17 Jul 2017, net, Solanum dulcamara ; St Bonifacius: 6 Mile Marsh (44.9113, -93.71958): 1 ♀ [CNBL], 28 Jul 2018, Z. Portman leg., net, M. alba ; St Bonifacius: 6 Mile Marsh (44.9121, -93.7217): 1 ♀ [CNBL], 5 Jun 2020, Z. Portman leg., net, Z. aurea ; Houston Co.: (43.67, -91.5): 3 ♀ [UMSP], 21 May 1938, H.E. Milliron leg.; (43.68, -91.47): 2 ♀ [UMSP], 23 May 1936, C.E. Michel leg.; 4 ♀ [UMSP], 23 May 1936, D. Murray leg.; 1 ♀ [UMSP], 23 May 1936, O. Elster leg.; 3 ♀ [UMSP], 23 May 1936, R. Cottrell leg.; 1 ♀ [UMSP], 22 May 1937, H.S. Telford leg.; 2 ♀ [UMSP], 24 May 1937, C.E. Michel leg.; 1 ♀ [UMSP], 20 May 1938, P. Nicholson leg.; 3 ♀ [UMSP], 21 May 1938, C.E. Michel leg.; 2 ♀ [UMSP], 21 May 1938, H.E. Milliron leg.; 1 ♀ [UMSP], 21 May 1938, R. Anderson leg.; 1 ♀ [UMSP], 22 May 1938, R. Anderson leg.; 1 ♀ [UMSP], 21 Jun 1938, C.E. Michel leg.; 1 ♀ [UMSP], 26 May 1940, I. Tarshie leg.; Beaver Crk. Valley St. Park (43.642, -91.581): 2 ♀ [UMSP], 4 Jul 1973, Malaise trap; Eitzen (43.51, -91.46): 1 ♀ [UMSP], 23 May 1936; Mississippi Bluff, 1-2 m N State Line (43.524, -91.28): 1 ♀ [UMSP], 30 May 1941, J.H. Hughes leg.; 1 ♀ [UMSP], 27 May 1950; 1 ♀ [UMSP], May 1957; Mississippi Bluffs 1 mi N. New Albin, Ia. (43.514, -91.279): 1 ♀ [UMSP], 29 May 1960; Mound Prairie SNA (43.76248, -91.42277): 1 ♀ [MNDNR], 26 Jun 2017, bowl; S.E. tip of county (43.52, -91.29): 1 ♀ [UMSP], 24 May 1935, H. Dodge leg.; Winnebago Cr. Vy., 2-4 m NE Eitzen (43.541, -91.415): 1 ♀ [UMSP], 27 Jun 1956; Isanti Co.: Cedar Creek Natural History Area (45.402673, -93.202601): 1 ♀ [UMSP], 1 Aug 1985; 2 ♀ [UMSP], 21 May 1987, Rubus sp; 1 ♂ [UMSP], 30 Sep 1992; 1 ♀ [UMSP], 1 Sep 1993; 2 ♀ [UMSP], 27 Jul 1994; 1 ♂ [UMSP], 17 Sep 1994; 1 ♀ [UMSP], 19 Aug 2000; 1 ♀ [UMSP], 19 Aug 2001; Jackson Co.: Des Moines River SNA (43.79222, -95.09111): 6 ♀ [MNDNR], 6 Jun 2016, bowl; Kanabec Co.: Rice Creek WMA (45.7389, -93.2044): 1 ♀ [MNDNR], 30 Jun 2020, D. Drons leg., net, Rhus glabra ; Kandiyohi Co.: Brenner (45.4006, -95.2462): 1 ♀ [CNBL], 7 Jun 2018, G. Pardee leg., net, Z. aptera ; Brenner Lake WPA (45.39926, -95.24568): 2 ♀ [MNDNR], 6 Jul 2016, bowl; Nelson (45.35289989, -95.11923718): 1 ♀ [CNBL], 26 Jun 2017, R. Tucker leg., net, Cirsium arvense ; 1 ♀ [CNBL], 4 Jun 2018, I. Lane leg., net, Z. aurea ; 3 ♀ [CNBL], 4 Jun 2018, S. Marconie leg., net, Z. aurea ; 1 ♀ [CNBL], 4 Jun 2018, T. Eicholz leg., net, Z. aurea ; Rudningen (45.32725, -95.17902): 1 ♀ [CNBL], 26 Jun 2017, C. Herron-Sweet leg., net, Achillea millefolium ; Le Sueur Co.: Dove Lake WMA (44.22547, -93.7065): 1 ♀ [MNDNR], 1 Sep 2017, net, So. Sp; Kasota Prairie SNA (44.26502, -94.00384): 1 ♀ [MNDNR], 6 May 2017, bowl; Lyon Co.: Glynn Prairie SNA (44.2637757, -95.69623097): 1 ♀ [UMSP], 20 Jul 2017, N. Pennarolla, J. Leone leg., bowl; Mille Lacs Co.: Kunkel WMA (45.5741, -93.6623): 1 ♀ [MNDNR], 24 Jun 2020, D. Drons leg., pantrap; Princeton (45.571, -93.578): 1 ♀ [UMSP], 3 Oct 1994, A. Johnson leg.; Murray Co.: (44.0709, -95.5718): 1 ♀ [CNBL], 29 Jun 2019, Bee Bowls; Olmsted Co.: Oronoco Prairie SNA (44.14002349, -92.48913144): 1 ♀ [MNDNR], 13 Sep 2013, bowl; Pine Co.: Chengwatana State Forest (45.819, -92.7864): 1 ♂ [MNDNR], 16 Jul 2020, N. Gerjets leg., net, Veranicastrum virginicum ; St. Croix SP (45.9543, -92.5799): 1 ♀ [MNDNR], 25 Aug 2020, N. Gerjets leg., net, So. Sp.; Pope Co.: Glacial Lakes State Park (45.541, -95.531): 1 ♂ [UMSP], 25 Jul 1973, Malaise trap; Ramsey Co.: Bald Eagle Otter Lk. Reg. Pk. (45.09588474, -93.0494575): 1 ♀ [EERC], 5 Sep 2015, E. Evans leg., bowl trap; Battle Creek Reg. Pk. (44.9346, -93.0141): 1 ♀ [EERC], 10 Jun 2015, J. Gardner leg., net, Cornus sericea ; Battle Creek Reg. Pk. (44.93505, -93.015467): 2 ♀ [EERC], 27 May 2015, J. Gardner leg., net, Geranium maculatum ; Battle Creek Regional Park (44.9345, -93.013): 1 ♀ [EERC], 17 May 2016, E. Evans leg., bowl trap; Battle Creek Regional Park (44.94, -93.001): 2 ♀ [EERC], 8 Jun 2016, J. Gardner leg., net, Ru. Allegheniensis; Roseville, 3035 Fairview Avenue N (45.03262, -93.17757): 1 ♀ [UMSP], 5-7 Sep 2014, R.W. Holzenthal leg.; St Anthony Park (44.98, -93.2): 1 ♀ [UMSP], Jun year unknown; Redwood Co.: Cedar Mountain SNA (44.50489, -94.89886): 12 ♀ [MNDNR], 6 Jul 2016, bowl; Renville Co.: Morton Outcrops SNA (44.5501, -94.9902): 1 ♀ [MNDNR], 6 Jul 2016, bowl; 1 ♀ [MNDNR], 18 Jul 2016, bowl; Sherburne Co.: Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge (45.4973, -93.6851): 1 ♀ [EERC], 10 Jun 2016, E. Evans leg., net, R. arkansana ; Uncas Dunes SNA (45.42750645, -93.69554017): 1 ♀ [MNDNR], 11 Jun 2013, net; Stearns Co.: Avon Hills Forest SNA (45.63589, -94.50259): 1 ♂ [MNDNR], 13 Sep 2018, net, So. altissima ; St. Cloud (45.44, -94.16): 2 ♀ [UMSP], 25 May 1968; 1 ♂ [UMSP], 30 Jul 1968; Stevens Co.: Freeman WMA (45.46042, -95.97334): 1 ♀ [MNDNR], 21 Jun 2015, net, R. sp; Verlyn Marth Memorial Prairie SNA (45.7451, -96.00017): 3 ♀ [MNDNR], 6 Jul 2016, bowl; Swift Co.: Rice WPA (45.34486541, -95.32010344): 1 ♀ [UMSP], 26 Jun 2016, N. Pennarolla, J. Leone leg., bowl; Wabasha Co.: Reads Landing (44.402, -92.08): 1 ♀ [UMSP], 22 Jun 1934, C.E. Michel leg.; Washington Co.: (45.04, -92.89): 1 ♀ [UMSP], 9 May 1959; Afton State Park (44.846, -92.789): 1 ♀ [CRC], 11 Sep 1992, C.C. Reed leg., net; Arcola Bluffs SAC (45.1209, -92.7509): 1 ♀ [CNBL], 31 May 2018, K. Friedrich leg., vac, G. maculatum ; 1 ♀ [CNBL], 14 Jun 2018, K. Friedrich leg., vac, Erigeron philadelphicus ; Big Marine Park Res. (44.2014, -92.8796): 6 ♀ [EERC], 7 Jun 2016, J. Gardner leg., net, R. woodsii ; Lost Valley Prairie SNA (44.80086892, -92.81775955): 1 ♀ [MNDNR], 13 Sep 2013, bowl; Lost Valley SNA (44.802885, -92.823067): 1 ♀ [UMSP], 19 Sep 1990, C.C. Reed leg.; 1 ♀ [CRC], 19 Sep 1990, C.C. Reed leg., net; 1 ♀ [UMSP], 28 Jul 1992, C.C. Reed leg.; St. Croix Savanna SNA (45.00322082, -92.78344361): 1 ♀ [MNDNR], 16 Sep 2013, bowl; St. Croix Savanna SNA (45.00540834, -92.78347343): 1 ♀ [MNDNR], 13 Sep 2013, bowl; St. Croix Savanna SNA (45.006475, -92.785823): 1 ♀ [UMSP], 5 Aug 1994, C.C. Reed leg., Monarda fistulosa ; Winona Co.: Great River Bluffs SP (43.93895, -91.4113): 1 ♀ [MNDNR], 19 Aug 2017, bowl; Wright Co.: Lake Maria SP (45.31787, -93.93487): 1 ♀ [MNDNR], 6 May 2017, bowl. Mississippi: Bolivar Co.: Cleveland (33.741, -90.742): 1 ♀ [UMSP], 21 Apr 1937, R.W. Dawson leg. Missouri: Atchison Co.: [MASR]; Barry Co.: [MASR]; Barton Co.: [MASR]; Benton Co.: [MASR]; Bollinger Co.: [MASR]; Callaway Co.: [MASR]; Camden Co.: [MASR]; Crawford Co.: [MASR]; Dallas Co.: [MASR]; Dent Co.: [MASR]; Douglas Co.: [MASR]; Franklin Co.: [MASR]; Greene Co.: [MASR]; Grundy Co.: [MASR]; Harrison Co.: [MASR]; Jackson Co.: [MASR]; Jasper Co.: [MASR]; Jefferson Co.: [MASR]; Johnson Co.: [MASR]; Laclede Co.: [MASR]; Lafayette Co.: [MASR]; Lewis Co.: [MASR]; Lincoln Co.: [MASR]; Macon Co.: [MASR]; Madison Co.: [MASR]; Mercer Co.: [MASR]; Monroe Co.: [MASR]; Montgomery Co.: [MASR]; Pemiscot Co.: [MASR]; Pettis Co.: [MASR]; Putnam Co.: [MASR]; Randolph Co.: [MASR]; Ray Co.: [MASR]; Reynolds Co.: [MASR]; Saline Co.: [MASR]; Shannon Co.: [MASR]; St. Francis Co.: [MASR]; St. Louis Co.: [MASR]; Ste. Genevieve Co.: [MASR]; Stoddard Co.: [MASR]; Taney Co.: [MASR]; Warren Co.: [MASR]. New York: Tompkins Co.: Ithaca (42.442, -76.501): 1 ♀ [OSUC], 27 Aug 1950, J. Cillie leg. North Carolina: Sampson Co.: Ivanhoe (34.58, -78.25): 1 ♀ [UMSP], 3 May 1945, T.B. Mitchell leg. Ohio: Champaign Co.: (40.13, -83.77): 1 ♂ [OSUC], 24 Jul 1954; 1 ♀ [OSUC], 8 Jun 1994, N.F. Johnson leg., Malaise trap; Delaware Co.: (40.27, -83.01): 1 ♀ [OSUC], 2 Aug 1942, R.W. Strandtmann leg.; Fairfield Co.: (39.75, -82.63): 1 ♀ [OSUC], 16 Jun 1994, A. Sharkov leg.; Franklin Co.: (39.97, -83.01): 1 ♂ [OSUC], 21 Aug 1942; 1 ♀ [OSUC], 18 Jun 1952; Greene Co.: [MASR]; (39.69, -83.89): 1 ♀ [OSUC], 6 Jun 1956, J.N. Knull leg.; 1 ♀ [OSUC], 20 Jun 1957, J.N. Knull, D.J. Knull leg.; Hocking Co.: (39.49, -82.48): 1 ♀ [OSUC], 10 May 1935, R.C. Osburn leg.; 1 ♀ [OSUC], 14 Jun 1943, R.C. Osburn leg.; 1 ♀ [OSUC], 23 May year unknown, J.N. Knull, D.J. Knull leg.; 1 ♀ [OSUC], 14 Jun year unknown, R.C. Osburn leg.; Jackson Co.: (39.01, -82.61): 1 ♀ [OSUC], 9 Aug 1942, R.W. Strandtmann leg.; Lawrence Co.: (38.6, -82.52): 1 ♂ [OSUC], 8 Aug 1942, R.W. Strandtmann leg.; Logan Co.: (39.54, -82.41): 1 ♀ [UMSP], 16 Jul 1930, J. Patton leg.; Lucas Co.: [MASR]; (41.68, -83.47): 1 ♀ [OSUC], 19 May 2003, M. Arduser leg., Lupinus perennis ; Ottawa Co.: Catawba Island (41.579, -82.836): 1 ♀ [OSUC], 27 Jun 1902, J.G. S. leg.; Put-in-Bay (41.649, -82.816): 1 ♀ [OSUC], 20-30 Jun 1924; 1 ♀ [OSUC], 14 Jul 1935, R.C. Osburn leg.; 1 ♀ [OSUC], 22 Aug 1941, R.C. Osburn leg.; 1 ♀ [OSUC], date unknown, C.H. Kennedy leg.; Paulding Co.: Charloe (41.131, -84.434): 1 ♀ [OSUC], 12 May 1951, H.F. Price leg.; Scioto Co.: (38.82, -82.99): 1 ♀ [OSUC], 6 Aug 1942, R.W. Strandtmann leg.; 1 ♀ [OSUC], 9 Jun 1943, J.N. Knull, D.J. Knull leg.; Summit Co.: Ira (41.182, -81.585): 1 ♀ [OSUC], date unknown, J.S. Hine leg.; Vinton Co.: (39.25, -82.49): 1 ♀ [OSUC], 20 Jun 1901; Williams Co.: Bryan (41.472, -84.553): 2 ♀ [OSUC], date unknown. Tennessee: Davidson Co.: Nashville: [MASR]. Wisconsin: Burnett Co.: (43.5, -88.71): 1 ♀ [UMSP], M. Sabourin leg.; Crawford Co.: Barnum (43.218, -90.839): 1 ♀ [UMSP], 2 Aug 1922, A.M. Holmquist leg.; Dane Co.: Madison (43.094, -89.321): 1 ♀ [OSUC], 25 Jun 1916; La Crosse Co.: [MASR]; Oconto Co.: Lakewood (45.3, -88.523): 1 ♀ [UMSP], 15 Jul 1948, H.E. Milliron leg.; Polk Co.: Tewksbury SACN (45.3031, -92.7312): 1 ♀ [CNBL], 25 May 2017, K. Friedrich leg., vac, Barbarea vulgaris ; 2 ♀ [CNBL], 8 Jun 2017, K. Friedrich leg., vac, Ru. Sp.; 1 ♀ [CNBL], 4 Jun 2018, K. Friedrich leg., vac, Ru. Sp. Canada: Ontario: Middlesex Co.: London: [MASR].

Figures

Figure 14. Augochloropsis female characters A Augochloropsis humeralis face B Augochloropsis metallica face C Augochloropsis viridula face D Augochloropsis humeralis well-developed, 90 - degree pronotal flange indicated by red arrow E Augochloropsis metallica obtuse pronotal flange indicated by red arrow F Augochloropsis viridula obtuse pronotal flange indicated by red arrow G Augochloropsis humeralis metasoma H Augochloropsis metallica metasoma I Augochloropsis viridula metasoma. Scale bars: 1 mm (A-F); 2 mm (G-I).

Figure 15. Augochloropsis female T 2 hair fringes A Augochloropsis metallica with thickened hairs B Augochloropsis viridula with unthickened, slender hairs C Augochloropsis sp. (likely undescribed species from Eastland, Texas) with intermediate hairs. Note the specimens in A and B have their metasomas stretched out, revealing the brown basal part of the tergum that is normally hidden under the preceding tergum; this was done to increase contrast of the hairs and make the differences clearer. Scale bars: 1 mm, all images at the same scale.

Figure 16. Augochloropsis male characters A Augochloropsis humeralis face B Augochloropsis metallica face C Augochloropsis viridula face D Augochloropsis humeralis well-developed, 90 - degree pronotal flange indicated by red arrow E Augochloropsis metallica obtuse pronotal flange indicated by red arrow F Augochloropsis viridula obtuse pronotal flange indicated by red arrow G Augochloropsis humeralis metasoma H Augochloropsis metallica metasoma I Augochloropsis viridula metasoma. Scale bars: 1 mm (A-F); 2 mm (G-I).

Figure 20. Augochloropsis male terminalia A Augochloropsis humeralis dorsal genitalia B Augochloropsis humeralis ventral genitalia C Augochloropsis humeralis S 4 D Augochloropsis humeralis S 8 E Augochloropsis humeralis S 7 F Augochloropsis metallica dorsal genitalia G Augochloropsis metallica ventral genitalia H Augochloropsis metallica S 4 I Augochloropsis metallica S 8 J Augochloropsis metallica S 7 K Augochloropsis viridula dorsal genitalia (note the gonobase was torn off) L Augochloropsis viridula ventral genitalia M Augochloropsis viridula S 4 N Augochloropsis viridula S 8 O Augochloropsis viridula S 7. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 21. Map of specimens examined for this study A Augochloropsis metallica B Augochloropsis viridula. Due to the limited geographic focus of our study, the easternmost extents of the ranges are relatively incomplete.

Figure 23. Augochloropsis fulgida holotype female A lateral view B head C rear dorsal view D metasoma. Scale bars: 5 mm (A); 1 mm (B). Images provided by Dr. Joseph Monks (NHMUK).