Blechnum occidentale Linnaeus (1753: 1077)

Dittrich, Vinícius Antonio De Oliveira, Salino, Alexandre & Monteiro, Reinaldo, 2015, The Blechnum occidentale (Blechnaceae, Polypodiopsida) species group in southern and southeastern Brazil, Phytotaxa 231 (3), pp. 201-229 : 219-220

10. Blechnum occidentale Linnaeus (1753: 1077) . Fig. 5D–F

Lectotype (designated by Proctor in Howard 1977): Herb. Linn. n° 1247.1 (LINN-HL1247-1).

Blechnum extensum Fée (1852: 75) . Type:— BRAZIL. Without date, P. Claussen s.n. (holotype P00347413, isotype RB00543234).

Blechnum appendiculatum Willdenow (1810: 410) syn. nov. Type:— VENEZUELA. Distrito Federal: Caracas, without date, F. Bredemeyer s.n. (holotype B-W20038-010).

Blechnum glandulosum Kaulf. ex Link (1822: 462) syn. nov. Type:—described from cultivated material, supposedly from Brazil, leg. Otto s.n. (holotype B200031391).

Blechnum helveolum Fée (1852: 75) . Lectotype (here designated):— BRAZIL. Bahia: without date, Blanchet 2243 ( BM000769831 ; isolectotypes FI, P00627631).

Blechnum meridionale C. Presl in Presl & Presl (1822: 186). Type:— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: without date, Pohl s.n. (holotype not located, isotype NY00149770).

Blechnum mucronatum Fée (1872: 17) . Type:— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro; Tijuca, 24 June 1870, A.F.M. Glaziou 5363 (holotype P00347410, isotypes B200031870, NY00149773, P00347408, P00347409, S0510125, K000633403).

Blechnum occidentale var. lacerata Rosenstock (1907: 94) . Type:— BRAZIL. São Paulo; bei Limeira, Bairro de Pires , without date, A. Ulbricht 107 (holotype not located, isotypes S0510008, US 00067437) .

Blechnum occidentale var. pubirhachis Rosenstock (1907: 94) . Type:— BRAZIL. Santa Catarina: Blumenau, Passo Mansa, 1905, F. Härchen 18.1 (holotype not located, isotypes NY00149777, S0510007).

Plants terrestrial, rarely epipetric; rhizomes erect to decumbent, stoloniferous, the scales mostly bicolorous, linear-lanceolate or narrowly triangular, with a dark central stripe, 3.5–8.0 × 1.0– 1.9 mm at base, margin entire; fronds monomorphic, 12.9–71.9 cm long; stipes 3.2–34.3 cm long, 1.5–2.1 mm diam., especially at the base with tan, concolorous scales, the margin predominantly entire, with few denticles; blade 9.7–37.6 × 2.2–19.8 cm, ovallanceolate, ovate or deltoid, papyraceous to subcoriaceous, truncate at base, without vestigial pinnae, sometimes the pair of proximal pinnae slightly smaller than those immediately above, tapered toward apex, pinnate at base, pinatissect toward apex, glabrous or with multicellular trichomes abaxially on the veins; rachis glabrous or with multicellular, tan, hyaline trichomes; pinnae 10–27 pairs, 1.3–11.0 × 0.8–1.6 cm, reflexed or patent (basal ones), patent or ascending (median ones) or ascending (apical ones), sessile (basal ones), partially (median ones) or fully adnate (apical ones), falcate, apex acute, cuneate or mucronate, glabrous or rarely with trichomes on abaxial costa similar to those of abaxial rachis, basal ones acroscopically auriculate, the auricles usually overlapping the rachis, margins finely denticulate, but often slightly revolute and appearing entire; veins free, simple or 1–4(–5)-bifurcate, with clavate ends before the margin.

Distribution and habitat: — Brazil (Roraima, Amazonas [first record], Pará [first record], Ceará, Pernambuco, Bahia, Mato Grosso, Goiás, Distrito Federal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul); furthermore United States, Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Greater and Lesser Antilles, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Chile and Argentina. Additionally, Sehnem (1968) and Kazmirczak (1999) cite it for the state of Alagoas (although Sehnem considered Blechnum occidentale var. caudata (Cav.) Rosenst. (= B. × caudatum Cav. ) as a synonym of B. occidentale ) and Tryon & Conant (1975) for the state of Acre. The representatives of this taxon inhabit the interior of forests, most often growing along forest edges, trails, roads and rarely on rocks near streams. In the study area, B. occidentale occurs between 40 and 1600 m. It is present in the major forest types of the south and southeast of the country (seasonal deciduous and semideciduous forests, dense and mixed humid forests) besides having records for areas in the Cerrado domain, in the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais. The species is not endangered in Brazil.

Comments: —The holotype of the synonym Blechnum meridionale C.Presl was not found in PR herbarium (Dittrich, personal observation), but there is a duplicate at NY, which is treated here as an isotype.

Linnaeus (1753) confused the epithets “orientale ” and “occidentale ”, correcting the error in a later edition (1762–1763). Proctor (1985) designated Petiver (Pterigraphia Americana: t.3, f. 9, 1712) as lectotype, but his previous selection ( Proctor 1977) takes precedence and supersedes the most recent one. Blechnum occidentale is close to B. austrobrasilianum de la Sota and B. laevigatum Cav. It is also similar to the hybrids B. × caudatum and B. × leopoldense . See under these taxa and in the key the features that differentiate them from B. occidentale . The holotype of Blechnum extensum at P is a mixed collection: the plant on the left side is B. occidentale , the other plants are B. polypodioides Raddi. The description by Fée (1852) matches B. occidentale , and the isotype at RB is composed only by plants corresponding to this taxon. Blechnum appendiculatum Willd. is often treated as a species distinct from B. occidentale for possessing abaxial rachis with glandular trichomes. In this study, we found a nearly continuous gradation in specimens from glabrous to few hairs to many hairs, indicating that this can be treated as the same taxon without any discontinuity between these variations. Furthermore, in Mexico and Central America Mickel & Smith (2004) state that glandular forms (corresponding with the description of Blechnum appendiculatum ) grow at higher elevations (900–2550 m in Mexico) than non-glandular forms ( B. occidentale , 50–900 m in Mexico), but the same seems not to happen in Brazil. Sehnem (1968) also treated individuals of this taxon under the name Blechnum distans sensu Sehnem (not Blechnum distans C. Presl ). Kazmirczak (1999) states that Tryon & Conant (1975) cite B. occidentale for the state of Amazonas, but these authors cite the species only for Acre, not for Amazonas.

Selected specimens examined: — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Alto Caparaó, Parque Nacional do Caparaó, estrada entre o alojamento e o Vale Verde , 01 September 1996, V.C. Souza et al. 12094 ( ESA) ; Antônio Carlos , 26 April 1982, L. Krieger s.n. ( CESJ 19022 — mixed with Blechnum austrobrasilianum de la Sota ) ; Barbacena, Futuro Distrito Industrial de Barbacena , 21°13’15.64”S, 43°44’36.24”W, ca. 1180 m, 09 December 2002, V.A.O. Dittrich & A. Salino 1263 ( HRCB) ; Arinos / Formoso, bacia do Rio Piratinga , 28 September 2000, A. Salino 5717 ( BHCB) ; Belo Horizonte, Barreiro, Área da Copasa , 13 September 1996, A. Salino 2799 ( BHCB) ; Belo Vale, Fazenda Boa Esperança , 13 July 1999, G.C. Castro s.n. ( BHCB 68178 ) ; Caeté, Serra da Piedade , ca. 1600 m, 14 June 1997, A. Salino 3137 ( BHCB) ; Camanducaia , 20 August 2001, V.A.O. Dittrich et al. 942 ( HRCB) ; Carangola, Faz. São Sebastião , 20°44’S, 42°00’W, 700 m, 10 March 1988, L.S. Leoni 67 ( GFJP) ; Caratinga, Estação Biológica de Caratinga , 12 December 1995, A. Salino 2413 ( BHCB) ; Conceição do Mato Dentro, Parque Natural Municipal do Ribeirão do Campo , 19°04’20”S, 43°32’23”W, 06 August 2003, A. Salino & R.C. Mota 8856 ( BHCB, HRCB) ; Diamantina , 1200 m, 16 May 1931, Y. Mexia 5856 ( BM, P) ; Frutal, Serra do Marimbondo, Rodovia BR-153, ca. 22 km de Frutal , Fazenda Chapadão , ca. 20°02’S, 48°56’W, ca. 650 m, 22 January 1996, M.R. Pietrobom-Silva 2502 ( MBM, SJRP) ; Gurinhatã, Serra do Lajeado, Rodovia BR-364, ca. 10 km do trevo de Gurinhatã , ca. 19°12’S, 49°47’W, ca. 620 m, 25 January 1966, M.R. Pietrobom-Silva 2795 ( MBM, SJRP) ; Itambé do Mato Dentro, Fazenda do Caixão , 08 March 2000, R.C. Mota 183 ( BHCB) ; Jacuí, ca. 24 km de Jacuí, na estrada Guaxupé-Jacuí , 02 January 1994, V.C. Souza et al. 5042 ( ESA) ; Juiz de Fora , 09 July 1971, L. Krieger s.n. ( CESJ 10770 ) ; Jequeri / Canaã, área da Usina de Cachoeira Grande , 28 September 1997, A. Salino 3491 ( BHCB, HRCB) ; Leopoldina, Quintais de Leopoldina , without date, without collector ( OUPR 5768 ) ; Mariana, Serra do Frazão, na estrada Mariana-Santa Bárbara , 25 August 2000, A. Salino 5654 ( BHCB) ; Nova Lima, Estação Ecológica de Catarina , 20°04’10”S, 44°00’07”W, 08 November 2001, L.C.R.S. Teixeira et al. 17 ( HRCB — mixed with Blechnum austrobrasilianum de la Sota ) ; Ouro Preto, Águas Férreas , 1934, J. Badini s.n. ( OUPR 10137 — mixed with Blechnum austrobrasilianum de la Sota ) ; Ponte Nova, margem do Rio Doce , 1939, J. Badini s.n. ( OUPR 10462 ) ; Rio Pomba , June 1909, without collector ( OUPR 5792 ) ; Pouso Alegre, Fazenda Remonta, perto da represa João Rodrigues , 23 July 1969, J.P.P. Carauta 911 ( PACA) ; Rio Casca, área de inundação da Usina Hidrelétrica de Jurumirim, às margens do Rio Casca , 03 February 1998, A. Salino 3937 ( BHCB) ; Santa Rita de Jacutinga, Rio Bananal , 03 March 1987, L. Krieger s.n. ( CESJ 21387 ) ; São Sebastião do Paraíso, Fazenda Fortaleza , 20 April 1945, A.C. Brade 17972 & A. Barbosa ( RB) ; Serro, distrito de Milho Verde, Lago Azul , 26 February 2000, A. Salino & P.O. Morais 5108 ( BHCB — collection mixed with Blechnum × caudatum ) ; Tombos, Usina , 26 August 1942, H.L. Mello Barreto 1935b ( RB) ; Viçosa, Agricultural College land, 03 July 1930, Y. Mexia 4836 ( HBR) ; Serra da Moeda, 12 April 1996, A. Salino 2710 ( BHCB). Espírito Santo: Castelo, Parque Estadual Mata das Flores, 20°35’54.2”S, 41° 10’36.6”W, 260 m, 24 June 2008, A. Salino et al. 13522 ( BHCB) ; Pancas, Pontões Capixabas , 19°14’04.6”S, 40°52’39.3”W, 665 m, 19 May 2008, A. Salino et al. 13434 ( BHCB) ; Santa Teresa, Rio Saltinho , 300 m, 07 June 2001, L. Kollmann et al. 3831 ( MBML) ; Sooretama, Reserva Biológica de Sooretama, 19°04’16”S, 40°07’33.2”W, 40 m, 11 May 2008, A. Salino et al. 13314 ( BHCB). Rio de Janeiro: Angra dos Reis , 27 July 1959, G.M. Felippe 4 ( SPF) ; Mangaratiba, estrada velha para Muriqui , 22 September 1975, H.P. Bautista 193 ( RB) ; Parati, Trilha para o Pico do Cuscuzeiro , próximo à divisa com o estado de São Paulo, 07 August 2001, V.A.O. Dittrich et al. 900 ( HRCB) ; Rio de Janeiro, Vila da Floresta, base da Serra Carioca, lado sudeste, 80–100 m, 22 October 1967, J.P.P. Carauta 463 ( PACA). São Paulo: Analândia , Serra do Cuscuzeiro , ca. 900 m, 25 October 1987, A. Salino 158 ( SJRP) ; Botucatu, cachoeira da Marta, 700 m, E.F. Santos & G.Q. Cordeiro 7 ( SJRP) ; Brotas, Mata do Viveiro Municipal , 11 January 1992, A. Salino 1258 ( BHCB) ; Campos do Jordão , 05–20 February 1937, P. Campos Porto 3079 ( RB) ; Espírito Santo do Pinhal, Morro da Pedra do Ovo , ca. 22°12’S, 46°44’W, 14 November 1986, A. Salino 63 ( UEC) ; Itirapina, Estação Ecológica de Itirapina , 22°10–14’S, 47°51–56’W, 705 m, 10 December 2003, V.A.O. Dittrich & J.S. Leme 1309 ( HRCB) ; José Bonifácio, Fazenda Crixas, divisa com Nova Aliança , 20 June 1992, M.R. Pietrobom-Silva & C.E. Rodrigues Jr. 210 ( MBM) ; Mirassol, Instituto Penal Agrícola, Reserva Biológica , ca. 20°48’S, 49°31’W, ca. 550–600 m, 25 April 1996, M.R. Pietrobom-Silva 3239 ( MBM) ; Monte Alto, Serra Anhumas , ca. 20°22’S, 48°28’W, 03 June 1995, M.R. Pietrobom-Silva 1808 ( MBM) ; Natividade da Serra, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Núcleo Santa Virgínia , trilha do Pico do Corcovado , 23°26’57”S, 45°11’36”W, 800–1150 m, 01 November 2001, A. Salino et al. 7815 ( BHCB) ; São José do Rio Preto, Talhados, Estrada Boiadeira de Talhados , 01 May 1992, M.R. Pietrobom-Silva & C.E. Rodrigues Jr. 167 ( MBM) ; São Sebastião, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, sítio Urucurana , trilha do Escorrega às margens do rio Una , 23°42’43”S, 45°42’29”W, 130 m, 21 April 2000, A. Salino et al. 5354 ( ESA) ; Sete Barras, Parque Estadual Intervales, Base de Saibadela , trilha do Rio , 15 December 2000, V.A.O. Dittrich 834 ( HRCB) ; Teodoro Sampaio, Parque Estadual do Morro do Diabo , ca. 22°32’S, 52°11’W, ca. 400–600 m, 13 January 1995, M.R. Pietrobom-Silva 1515 ( SJRP) ; Ubatuba, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Núcleo Picinguaba , trilha do Jatobá , 23°20’26”S, 44°50’13”W, 40 m, 02 May 2001, A. Salino et al. 6682 ( BHCB). Paraná: Candói , Cachoeira Tia Chica , Rio Jordão , margem direita, 02 December 1993, S.M. Silva s.n. ( UPCB) ; Foz do Iguaçu, Parque Nacional do Iguaçu, Cataratas , 200 m, 10 November 1963, E. Pereira & G.G. Hatschbach 7822 ( MBM, PACA) ; Palmas, Solais , 10 June 1987, J.T. Motta et al. 899 ( MBM) ; Paranaguá, Ilha do Mel , 01 August 1953, G. Tessmann s.n. ( MBM 68998 ) ; Três Barras do Paraná, estreito do Rio Guarani, 22 February 1993, S.M. Silva s.n. ( BHCB 31482 ). Santa Catarina: Lages, Alto da Serra , Encruzilhada, 19 April 1962, R. Reitz & R.M. Klein 12564 ( HBR). Rio Grande do Sul: Bento Gonçalves, povoado de Monte Belo, 28 July 1962, O.R. Camargo 3696 ( PACA) ; Canela, Linha São Paulo-Canastra , 28 March 1989, S. Diesel s.n. ( PACA 69995 ) ; Derrubadas, Parque Estadual do Turvo , 08 July 1982, R.M. Bueno 32, 33 ( ICN) ; Dois Irmãos , 26 August 1935, A. Sehnem 3391 ( PACA) ; Esmeralda , 19 September 1982, R.M. Bueno s.n. ( ICN 88306 ) ; Farroupilha, Rio das Antas , Linha Jacinto , 06 August 1962, O.R. Camargo 3683 ( PACA — collection mixed with B. × leopoldense (Dutra) V.A.O. Dittrich & Salino ) ; Gramado, Rio Caí , 14 December 1981, H.H. Hornung s.n. ( ICN 51829 ) ; Maquiné, vale do rio Maquiné, próximo à Barra do Ouro , 150 m, 01 February 1952, G.F.J. Pabst 10185 ( PACA) ; Marcelino Ramos, without date, J. Dutra 102a ( ICN — mixed with B. × caudatum Cav. ) ; Montenegro, Linha São Pedro, 16 June 1953, 400 m, A. Sehnem 6473 ( MBM, PACA) ; Porto Alegre, Morro Santana , 09 September 1962, O.R. Camargo 3774 ( PACA) ; Salvador do Sul, 450 m, 21 April 1947, A. Sehnem 2755 ( PACA) ; Santa Cruz do Sul, Trombudo , 04 January 1980, J.L. Waechter 1526 ( ICN) ; Santa Maria do Herval, arredores da cascata de Sta. Maria do Herval , 13 December 1958, A. Backes 114 ( ICN) ; São Leopoldo, Fazenda São Borja , 50 m, 20 May 1941, A. Sehnem 961 ( PACA) ; Sapiranga, Amaral Ribeiro, 05 July 1949, B. Rambo 42378 ( RB). Amazonas : without date, J.W.H. Traill 1353 (K). Pará : Monte Alegre , rio Maicuru , 00°55’00”S, 54°26’00”W, 29 July 1981, J.J. Strudwick et al. 3736 ( INPA) .

Figures

FIGURE 5.A–C. Blechnum × leopoldense:A. Habit. B. Part of a pinna showing venation. C. Rhizome scale. D–F. Blechnum occidentale: D. Habit. E. Sterile basal pinnae. F. Fertile basal pinnae. (A–C from J. Dutra 651, ICN; D–F from D.S. Pifano 34, CESJ).