Plumupheniida Maronna, Miranda, Peña Cantero, Barbeitos & Marques, 2016

Castro Mendonça, Luana M., Parisotto Guimarães, Carmen R. & Haddad, Maria A., 2022, Taxonomy and diversity of hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) of Sergipe, Northeast Brazil, Zoologia (e 21032) 39, pp. 1-65 : 32-37

Suborder Plumupheniida Maronna, Miranda, Peña Cantero, Barbeitos & Marques, 2016 Aglaopheniidae Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890 Aglaophenia latecarinata Allman

Fig. 16A–B

Synonyms available at: Calder (1997). Aglaophenia perpusilla Allman, 1877: 48 , pl. 29, figs 5–7. Aglaophenia late-carinata Allman, 1877: 55 , – Vannucci Mendes,

1946, – Vannucci, 1949, 1951a, – Maÿal, 1983 [incorrect original spelling]. Aglaophenia perforata – Vannucci, 1951b [polyp]; Aglaophenia minuta –Maÿal, 1973 [polyp].

Description: Colonies erect, up to 9.1 cm high, arising from a creeping hydrorhiza. Stem monosiphonic, unbranched, divided into two regions, a basal one varying in length with few nematothecae, without apophysis or hydrocladia, separated from the distal region by an internode with nematothecae. Cauline nematothecae short, tubular, with a small aperture. The distal region of stem carrying hydrocladia inserted in apophysis separated by internodes. Internodes composed of apophysis carrying one hydrocladium and four nematothecae, one inferior, one front-lateral situated in the hydrocladial apophysis, and a pair of small, sac-shaped, axillary ones. Perisarc thick in the stem basal portion, becoming thinner distally and in the hydrocladia. Apophysis short, with a cone-shaped mamelon that gives rise to a hydocladium alternately, with spaces between them. Hydrocladia unbranched, 1–5 mm high, arising from angles of 97.9–124.1° from the stem. Hydrocladial internodes are composed of one hydrotheca directed upwards, one median inferior nematotheca, and one pair of lateral ones. The internode portion opposite to the hydrothecae with two prominent internal septa, one parallel to the intrathecal septa, a second parallel to the lateral nematothecae, and a third one, less prominent, between the other two. Hydrothecae near each other, cylindrical, 259–274 µm high, 152–166 µm wide, adnate to the hydrocladium along almost all its length, with distal portion free. Abcaulinar hydrothecal wall convex in the basal portion and almost straight distally, intrathecal septa prominent, straight or slightly oblique, extending from the adcaulinar portion to the abcaulinar one. Hydrothecal margin with nine cusps, one median, and eight laterals (four on each side). Adcaulinar median cusps are large, sharp, extending from the intrathecal septa to the hydrothecal margin. The first and last pair of cusps beginning in the abcaulinar region, shorter and thinner than the other ones. Intermediate pair of cusps larger and rounded. Inferior median nematothecae tubular, adnate to the hydrothecae by their abculinar basal portion, with most of its length free distally and aperture circular. Lateral nematothecae tubular, adnate basally to the internode and laterally to the hydrothecal wall, curved upward, following the hydrothecae format, surpassing the hydrothecal margin, with a circular aperture. Corbulae oval in form, 1482–1655 µm high, 98–124 µm width, with long and elongated extremities, arising from the stem at the basal region, just before the hydrocladial insertion, 1–3 per colony. Each corbula composed of a basal hydrotheca and a nonfragmented rachis, with ribs formed by nematothecae.

Material examined:PCS – abundant colonies with corbulae from the dry and rainy seasons. CZUFS CNI-00011; CNI-00151; CNI-00152; CNI-00153.

Stations: PCS – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 16 e 18.

Bottom: gravel, sand, and mud.

Distribution: Brazil – Ceará ( Marques et al. 2006, Shimabukuro 2007), Fernando de Noronha ( Pires et al. 1992, Amaral et al. 2009), Paraíba (Felipe F. Campos unpub. data), Pernambuco ( Oliveira et al. 2009, abstract), Alagoas (Maximiliano M. Maronna unpub. data), Bahia ( Grohmann et al. 2003, 2016), Espírito Santo ( Vannucci 1951b, Grohmann et al. 1997, 2003), Rio de Janeiro ( Vannucci Mendes 1946, Vannucci 1951a, Nogueira et al. 1997, Miranda et al. 2015), São Paulo ( Vannucci Mendes 1946, Vannucci 1951a, Oliveira et al. 2006, Cunha and Jacobucci 2010, Oliveira and Marques 2011, Silveira and Morandini 2011, Marques et al., 2013, Miranda et al. 2015), Paraná ( Vannucci Mendes 1946, Miranda et al. 2015, Maria A. Haddad unpub. data), and Santa Catarina ( Miranda et al. 2011, 2015, Bouzon et al. 2012). World distribution – records from the Altantic (western and estern), Indian, and Pacific (western) oceans ( Calder 1997).

Remarks: Colonizing algae, Anthozoa ( Carijoa sp. ), Bryozoa, and the hydroids Hincksella formosa , Sertularelloides cylindritheca , Synthecium tubithecum , Thyroscyphus marginatus , and T. ramosus . Autoepizoism was observed, with small stems of A. latecarinata colonizing bigger stems of A. rhynchocarpa .

Aglaophenia rhynchocarpa Allman, 1877 Fig. 16D, E

Synonyms available from: Calder (1997) and Galea (2013). Aglaophenia rhynchocarpa Allman, 1877: 40 , pl. 23, figs 5–8.

Description: Colonies erect, up to 3.8 cm high, arising from a creeping hydrorhiza. Stem monosiphonic, unbranched, separated into two regions, one basal with nematothecae, without apophysis or hydrocladia, articulated with a distal region. Distal region carrying hydrocladia inserted in apophysis and separated by internodes. Internodes composed of apophysis carrying hydrocladium and also by a pair of axillar nematothecae and one inferior nematotheca. Perisarc thick at the basal portion of the stem, becoming thinner distally and at the hydrocladium. Apophysis short, with a mamelon, giving rise to a hydrocladium alternately, with short spaces between them. Hydrocladia unbranched, 929–2643 µm high, arising in angles of 127.7–143.2° from the stem. Hydrocladia divided into internodes; each with a hydrotheca directed upward, one median inferior nematotheca and a pair of laterals ones. Cauline nematothecae tubular, short, with a short aperture. The posterior region with a hydrotheca in each internode, four internal septa, the first positioned at the hydrothecal base, the second parallel to an intrathecal septum base, the third located between the second and the fourth, and the fourth at the base of lateral nematothecae. Hydrothecae next to each other, cylindrical, moderately elongated, 271–184 µm high, 135–170 µm wide, adnate to the hydrocladium along almost all their length, with a distal free portion. Abcaulinar hydrothecal wall convex at the basal portion, concave in the median portion and almost straight distally, intrathecal septum prominent, oblique, extending itself in the adcaulinar portion to the abcaulinar one. Hydrothecal margin with nine cusps, one median, and eight laterals (four on each side). Median abcaulinar cusps long, in the shape of a horn, directed to the exterior and surpassing the hydrothecae. First pair of abcauline cusps posterior to the median ones, short and sharp, not too large, second pair long, larger and sharper, third pair longer, larger and sharper than the first and second ones, and the last pair with short, thin, and sharp cusps. Inferior median nematothecae tubular, adnate to the abcaulinar wall in the basal portion of the hydrothecae, with the distal part of their length free, aperture circular. Lateral nematothecae tubular, adnate basally to the internode and laterally to the hydrothecal wall, curved up, following the hydrothecal form, not reaching its margin, aperture circular. Corbulae elongate, 2652–4501 µm high, 465–880 µm wide, composed of one basal hydrotheca and one unbranched rachis, carrying several processes in the form of spines and ribs formed by nematothecae. Corbulae arising from the stem, between hydrocladia, one to five per colony.

Material examined: PCS – abundant colonies with corbulae from the dry and rainy seasons. CZUFS CNI-00012; CNI-00155; CNI-00156.

Stations: PCS – 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17.

Bottom: gravel, sand, and mud.

Distribution: Brazil – Arquipélago do São Pedro e São Paulo ( Amaral et al. 2000), Alagoas (Maximiliano M. Maronna unpub. data), Bahia and Espírito Santo ( Grohmann et al. 2003), Rio de Janeiro ( Grohmann et al. 2011), and Paraná ( Miranda et al. 2015). World distribution – Western and Eastern Atlantic ( Calder 1997).

Taxonomic remarks: Young colonies differ from the older ones by the size of the inferior median nematotheca, the younger ones being smaller than the adults; besides that, the hydrotheca is shorter and the intrathecal septa are not as angular as in the older colonies.

Remarks:Colonizing algae, Anthozoa ( Carijoa sp. ), Bryozoa, and the hydroids Hincksella formosa , Sertularelloides cylindritheca , Tridentata marginata , Thyroscyphus marginatus , and T. ramosus . Autoepizoism observed, with small stems of A. rhynchocarpa colonizing bigger stems for the same species and A. latecarinata .

Gymnangium allmani (Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890) Fig. 16H

Synonyms available from: Galea (2013).

Halicornaria allmani Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890: 277 (new name; not pl. 6 fig. 23 = Gymnangium sp. ).

Halicornaria pennatula – Maÿal, 1983: 8, fig. 14 (not Sertularia pennatula Ellis and Solander, 1786 ).

Gymnangium longicaudum – Migotto et al., 2002 [polyp].

Description: Colonies stolonal, up to 3.6 cm high. Stems without hydrorhiza in the samples. Stem monosiphonic, unbranched, straight or slightly curved back, divided into two regions, a basal one with lateral nematothecae and apophysis without hydrocladium, and a distal one with hydrocladia carrying hydrothecae. Distal regions with internodes are composed of a short apophysis that carries a hydrocladium and nematothecae. Internode apophyses disposed alternately in successive internodes. Hydrocladia 10–13 mm high, arising from angles of 109.1–127.7 ° at the stem and divided into several internodes by oblique nodes. Each internode is composed of a hydrotheca and three nematothecae, two laterals, and a median one. Hydrothecae cylindrical, short, 185–208 µm high, 171–193 µm wide, curved to the exterior, adnate to the hydrocladium along almost all their length, with a short distal extremity free. Intrathecal septa prominent, extending itself from the abcaulinar margin to half of the hydrothecae, never approaching or achieving the adcaulinar margin. Hydrothecal margin thin, with a pair of short rounded and sharp cusps, curved to the adcaulinar margin. Median nematothecae tubular, long, surpassing the hydrothecal margin, curving to the hydrothecae, becoming less wide slightly from the base to the distal portion, aperture circular. Lateral nematothecae short, funnel-shaped, not reaching the hydrothecal margin, aperture excavated, almost like a spoon. Gonothecae in the form of an inverted cone, 552–668 µm high, 535–591 µm wide, larger in the distal portion, rounded at the basal portion, arising from the stem, in the frontal region, between hydrocladia. Up to seven gonothecae per colony, each with a single egg.

Material examined: PCS – few colonies, one of them with gonothecae, from the dry and rainy seasons. CZUFS CNI-00013; CNI-00158; CNI-00159.

Station: PCS – 2, 8, 11, 12.

Bottom: mud.

Distribution: Brazil – Pernambuco ( Maÿal 1983), Espírito Santo ( Grohmann et al. 2003), and Rio de Janeiro ( Nogueira et al. 1997, Miranda et al. 2015). World distribution – the species seems to be exclusive to Western Atlantic, with records from the Caribbean region and Brazilian coast ( Calder 1997, Galea 2013).

Remarks: unknown substrate.

Lytocarpia tridentata (Versluys, 1899) Fig. 16G

Synonyms available from: Migotto (1996) and Oliveira et al.

(2016). Aglaophenia tridentata Versluys, 1899: 47 . Aglaophenia contorta Nutting, 1900: 96 , – Vannucci Mendes, 1946:

583, – Vannucci, 1951a, 1951b, Maÿal, 1973.

Description: Material fragmented, the longest fragment of the stem with 8.7 cm. Colonies erect, stem monosiphonic, unbranched, divided into two regions, a basal one without hydrothecae, nematothecae or hydrocladia, separated from the distal region by oblique hinges. Perisarc thick in stem and thinner in the hydrocladia and hydrothecae. Distal portion with internodes divided by transverse nodes not so visible. Each internode with a hydrocladium and nematothecae. Subsequent internodes with hydrocladium arising alternately. Hydrocladium arising from the stem in angles of 135–159 °, divided into internodes each one with one hydrotheca and three nematothecae, two laterals and one median. Hydrocladia 8–13 mm long. Posterior hydrothecal region of each internode with two internal septa, one arising as a continuation of the intrathecal septa and the second just below the insertion of the lateral nematothecae. Hydrothecae tubular, with the distal portion larger, 243–271 µm high, 140–164 µm maximum width. Hydrothecal margin smooth, with three cusps, two lateral short and one medial prominent, curved to the internal portion at the hydrothecal margin. Intrathecal septa generally short, beginning in the adcauline portion of the hydrothecae and reaching half or beyond, but never achieving the abcaulinar margin. Median nematothecae tubular, larger at the base, becoming thinner in the distal portion, basal portion adnate to the hydrothecae and free in the rest of its length, positioned almost in 90º from the stem, aperture spoon-shaped. Lateral nematothecae tubular with the distal portion curved up, surpassing the hydrothecal margin, adnate at base to the hydrocladium and at the lateral portion to the hydrothecae.

Material examined: PCS – few infertile colonies from the dry and rainy seasons. CZUFS CNI-00161; CNI-00162.

Stations: PCS – 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18.

Bottom: gravel, sand, and mud.

Distribution: Brazil – Ceará ( Marques et al. 2006), Espírito Santo ( Grohmann et al. 2003), Rio de Janeiro ( Migotto 1996, Grohmann et al. 2003), and São Paulo ( Migotto 1996, Silveira and Morandini 2011).World distribution – exclusive to Atlantic Ocean, with records to Gulf of Mexico, Colombia, and Brazil ( Invemar 2018, Obis 2019).

Remarks: unknown substrate.

Macrorhynchia philippina Kirchenpauer, 1872 Fig. 16C, F

Synonyms available from: Calder (1991).

Macrorhynchia philippina Kirchenpauer, 1872: 19 .

Aglaophenia philippina Kirchenpauer, 1872: 45 , text-fig. p. 17, pl. 1, fig. 26, pl. 2, figs 26a, b, pl. 7, fig. 26.

Aglaophenia urens Kirchenpauer, 1872: 46 , pl. 1, fig. 27, pl. 2, fig. 27, pl. 7, fig. 27.

Agalophenia perforata Kirchenpauer, 1872: 25 [nomen dubium] [not Aglaophenia perforata Allman, 1885 ].

Description: Colonies erect, up to 8 cm high, arising from a creeping hydrorhiza. Stem composed by one main axis, with nematothecae and hydrocladia inserted alternately. Stem with a basal region without hydrocladia, with nematothecae, separated from the distal region by an oblique node, followed by several internodes, also separated by oblique nodes. Each internode carries two nematothecae and one hydrocladium arising from an apophysis alternately. Hydrocladia unbranched, 3–7 mm high, divided into internodes, arising from the stem in angles of 127.7–143.9 °. Each internode carries a hydrotheca and three nematothecae, two laterals, and one median. Hydrothecae tubular, 222–243 µm high, 151–156 µm maximum width, with the basal region larger, distal region curving to the exterior, adnate to the hydrocladium along almost all their length. Intrathecal septa prominent, V-shaped, arising from the adcaulinar portion of the hydrothecae, curved to the internal portion of the hydrothecae reaching half of it. Hydrothecal margin with sharp cusps in the median region and a pair of lateral small ones. Median nematothecae long, tubular, adnate to the hydrotheca and hydrocladium at the basal portion, free in the rest of its length, generally not reaching the hydrothecal margin. Lateral nematothecae tubular, long, aperture spherical, adnate to the hydrotheca along the basal portion and the free portion turned up, curving outward, surpassing the hydrothecal margin.

Material examined: PCS – two infertile colonies from the rainy season; VB – four infertile colonies from the dry season; SE – two infertile colonies, one from dry and the other from rainy season. CZUFS CNI-00057; CNI-00164; CNI-00165; CNI-00166.

Stations: PCS – 9, 10; VB – C1P56, C2P12, C2P34, C3P34; SE – C1P34, C2P12.

Bottom: mud.

Distribution: Brazil – Pernambuco ( Calder and Maÿal 1998), Alagoas (Maximiliano M. Maronna unpub. data), Bahia ( Agassiz and Hart 1870, Vannucci 1951a, Kelmo et al. 2003), Espírito Santo ( Vannucci 1951a), Rio de Janeiro ( Nogueira et al. 1997, Miranda et al. 2015), São Paulo ( Vannucci Mendes 1946, Vannucci 1951a, Migotto 1996, Oliveira et al. 2006, Oliveira and Marques 2011, Silveira and Morandini 2011, Marques et al. 2013, Fernandez et al. 2015, Miranda et al. 2015), Paraná ( Miranda et al. 2015, Alaja-Batista et al. 2020), and Santa Catarina ( Miranda et al. 2011, 2015, Bouzon et al. 2012). World distribution – circumglobal in tropical and subtropical continental regions ( Migotto 1996, Calder 1997, Watson 2002).

Remarks: Mainly colonizing the plates but also on Corydendrium parasiticum .

Figures

Figure 16. (A-B) Aglaophenia latecarinata: (A) general view of a stem with two corbulae (red arrows); (B) detail of a hydrocladium; (C, F) Macrorhynchia philippina: (C) general view of a stem; (F) detail of two hydrocladia; (D-E) Aglaophenia rhynchocarpa: (D) general view of a stem with a corbula (red arrow); (E) detail of two hydrocladia; (G) Lytocarpia tridentata: detail of a stem with several hydrocladia; (H) Gymnangium allmani: detail of a stem with several hydrocladia and two gonothecae (red arrows).