Calvariopsis, Ruta, 2019

Ruta, Rafał, 2019, Calvariopsis gen. nov., a new genus of Neotropical Scirtidae (Coleoptera: Scirtoidea), Zootaxa 4604 (1), pp. 1-41 : 3-9

Genus Calvariopsis gen. nov.

( Figs 1–15 , 17 –18, 20–27)

Type species: Calvariopsis yanayacuense sp. nov., by present designation.

Diagnosis. Head strongly transverse, eyes not protuberant, subantennal grooves wide and deep, antennae filiform, antennomere 1 wide, with sharp anterior edge, labrum narrow, prosternal process elongate, lanceolate with rounded or subtriangular apical portion, mesoventral process as long as wide to transverse. Mesoventrite and basal portion of metaventrite with sphaerical cuticular structures ( Fig. 3C ), apical portions of female elytra often with excitators. Hind legs not saltatorial, femora not swollen. Penis elongated, with distinct parameroids and well developed trigonium. Tegmen elongate, U-shaped, parameres free or fused in apical portion. Tergite VIII with various modifications of apical margin. Bursa with single sclerite of species-specific shape.

Description. Male. Body oval, TL 1.7–3.6 mm, strongly convex, usually brown to black, in some species with contrasting orange and brown or black pattern, covered with brownish, suberect setae, punctation of dorsum not granulate.

Head ( Figs 3B, E ) small, wider than long; eyes large, oval, not protuberant, finely facetted; tempora relatively short, distance from posterior margin of eye to occipital ridge ca. 1/2 diameter of the eye, strongly converging basally; distance from ventral margin of eye to subgenal ridge small, equal to ca. 1/6 diameter of the eye when observed from ventral side; supraantennal ridges not elevated, joined mesally to clypeal margin; frons slightly convex; subantennal grooves deep, ventrally reaching subgenal ridge; indistinct elevated area runs obliquely between margin of eye and subgenal ridge. Frontoclypeal suture absent; clypeus transverse, ca. 4× wider than long, with straight anterior margin, lateral margins subtly converging posteriorly. Anteclypeus present, shorter than clypeus. Ventral portion of head between subgenal ridges slightly concave, gular area convex, gular ridges well developed. Subgenal ridges well marked, without buttonhole configuration (sensu Zwick 2013b). Antennae filiform, reaching basal portion of elytra; antennomere 1 widest, subcylindrical, slightly flattened, with sharp ridge on anterior margin; antennomere 2 subcylindrical, narrower and ca. 2× shorter than antennomere 1; antennomere 3 very narrow, subconical, ca. 2× shorter than antennomere 2; antennomeres 4–11 slightly widening apically, antennomere 4 slightly longer than antennomeres 5–11, which have similar length. Labrum narrower than clypeus, transverse, ca. 2.0× wider than long, anterior margin slightly emarginated, anterolateral angles rounded. Mandibles ( Figs 4A, D ) symmetrical or subtly asymmetrical, ca. 2× longer than wide at bases, abruptly curved in apical 1/4, apices unidentate, outer margin covered with setae; inner margin of mandibles with sharp ridge and subtriangular denticle; mola smoothly rounded, without spines. Maxillary palpi ( Figs 4B, E ): palpomere 1 narrow, subconical, 2 longer, subcylindrical, 3 longest and widest, subconical, 4 narrower and shorter than 3, subconical. Galea with subparallel sides, slightly shorter than lacinia, with two fan-shaped rows of setae at apex; inner margin of lacinia with straight setae, setae on apical portion curved. Mentum ( Figs 4C, F ) slightly transverse (W/L = 1.4), subtrapezoidal. Ligula narrow at base, widened apically, transversely oval, apical margin membranous, rounded, covered with setae. Labial palpomeres: palpomere 1 long, narrow, palpomere 2 wider, subconical, slightly curved; apical palpomere narrow, subconical, arising subapically from preapical one.

Pronotum small, transverse, narrower than base of elytra, ca. 2× wider than long; lateral carinae almost straight, converging anteriorly; disc convex; anterior margin rounded; anterolateral angles slightly projecting; posterior angles obtuse, well marked; base bisinuate. Prosternum reduced anteriorly; prosternal process narrow, elongate, lanceolate with subtriangular apex, ca. 2.7× longer than wide, covered with delicate setae.

Scutellar shield small, equilaterally triangular, flat, with pointed apex; anterior margin straight. Elytra oval to elongated, distinctly wider at base than base of pronotum; humeri well marked, apices regularly rounded. Epipleura wide at base, as wide as metanepisternum, regularly narrowing to apex. Punctation of elytra irregular, not granulate, punctures of the same sizes, sparse.

Hind wings ( Figs 5A, B ) ca. 2× longer than width; radial cell subtriangular; apical portion of r3 well visible, straight; rp-mp2 arcuate, forming oblique angle with MP 1+2; MP 4 short, joining MP 3 and CuA+AA 1+2; anal field with well marked AP 3. Medial field with 3 free veins; pigmented areas in radial cell, medial, radial, central and apical fields.

Mesoventrite ( Fig. 3C ) small; covered with sphaerical cuticular structures; anterior margin with small coxal rests; mesoventral process with well marked longitudinal suture; anterior portion forming oval, deep fossa for recep- tion of prosternal process; mesoventral process completely separating mesocoxae, very short, ca. 1.2–2.0× shorter than wide, sides subparallel, apex bilobed, touching metaventrite; mesanepisternum subrectangular, impunctate, forming coxal rest for procoxa; mesepimeron smaller, impunctate, subtriangular, strongly narrowed mesally.

Metaventrite ( Figs 3A, D ) moderately long, transverse, convex; basal portion with sphaerical cuticular struc- tures ( Figs 3C, E ); discrimen present in posterior 1/2–2/3; metanepisternum subtrapezoidal, slightly narrowing posteriorly. Metacoxae moderately large, strongly oblique, ca. 3.0× wider than its length, extending laterally to epipleura; metacoxal plate obliquely narrowing, absent in outermost portion. Metendosternite short, lateral furcal arms relatively wide; ventral processes well marked, subtriangular; anterior furcal arms very wide and short.

Legs moderately long, tibiae with paired carinae, without modifications.

Abdomen ( Fig. 6 ) ca. 1.2–1.3× wider than its length, convex; ventrites 1–4 of similar length; ventrite 5 slightly longer, regularly rounded or subtriangular at apex, occasionally deeply emarginated. Ventrites covered with setae with exception of ventrite 1, which lacks setae on lateral portions. Tergite VII with 2 (or more) transverse rows of dense, fringe-like setae ( Fig. 13G ).

Sternite VIII very small, widely U-shaped; sternite IX consisting of paired subtriangular hemisternites or oval plate with single apodeme; tergite VIII with moderately long apodemes as long as apical plate or shorter than apical plate, apical margin with various modifications of diagnostic value (processes, emarginations, denticles, indentations etc.); tergite IX narrower than tergite VIII, with membranous apical portion, apodemes as long as apical portion, curved or diverging. Tegmen reduced, smaller than penis, of two types: either elongated, with setose parameres fused at apex or shorter, U-shaped with free parameres. Penis symmetrical, dorsoventrally flattened, in some species curved in lateral view; trigonium elongated, pointed at apex, parameroids narrow, apices rounded, slightly longer or slightly shorter than trigonium.

Female. TL 1.9–3.7. Apical portion of elytra often with excitators (sensu Ruta 2008)—presumably excretory structures connected with exocrine glands. Hind wings functional, fully developed. Sternite VIII ( Fig. 10I ) elongate, Y-shaped, with single apodeme, apex with sparse setae. Tergite VIII very long; apical portion subtrapezoidal, with sparse setation on apical margin; apodemes long, several times longer than apical portion. Ovipositor long; branchlets absent; gonocoxites either strongly sclerotized, widely triangular, not covered with setae, gonostyli arising subapically, with two tufts of setae at apex ( Fig. 10F ) or gonocoxites narrower, membranous, with gonostyli arising from apex ( Fig. 10K ). Apex of gonostylus with tuft of setae. Bursa membranous, with single sclerite present. Bursal sclerite oval to rod-like, with small subconical or digitiform outgrowth directed posterad.

Biology. In most cases only general data on collecting circumstances is available. Individuals of Calvariopsis yanayacuense sp. nov. were observed in great numbers on trees densely covered by lichens on the edges of Andean cloud forest in Napo province, Ecuador ( Fig. 19 ).

Etymology. Combination of the genus name Calvarium and the Greek word ópsis (όψις) meaning appearance, view. Reference to the similarity to the genus Calvarium Pic. Gender : feminine.

Figures

FIGURE 1. Calvariopsis gen. nov., dorsal view. A) C. borowieci sp. nov., male; B) C. borowieci sp. nov., female; C) C. four- gassiense sp. nov., male; D) C. panamense sp. nov., male; E) C. peruviana sp. nov., Dept. Cusco, male; F) C. peruviana sp. nov., Callanga, male; G) C. peruviana sp. nov., Dept. Junín, male; H) C. picta sp. nov., Callanga, male; I) C. pittieri sp. nov., male; J) C. pittieri sp. nov., female; K) C. sculptipenne (Pic, 1931), female; L) C. venezuelense sp. nov., male; M–O) C. yanay- acuense sp. nov., males; P) C. yanayacuense sp. nov., female; Q) C. bituberculata sp. nov., male; R) C. brasiliense (Pic, 1916), male; S) C. brasiliense, female; T) C. guyanense sp. nov., male; U) C. kawense sp. nov., male; V) C. nana sp. nov., male; W) C. saopaulense sp. nov., male; X) C. wittmeri sp. nov., male; Y) C. sp., Bolivia, female. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 2. Calvariopsis gen. nov., females, dorsal view.A) C. sp., Colombia; B) C. sp., Costa Rica; C) C. sp., Ecuador; D) C. sp., Ecuador; E) C. sp., French Guiana; F) C. sp., Panama; G) C. sp., Paraguay; H) C. sp., Peru. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 3. Calvariopsis gen. nov., SEM images of morphological details, A–C) Calvariopsis yanayacuense sp. nov.; D–F) Calvariopsis bituberculata sp. nov. A, D) ventral portion; B, E) head and prosternum; C) mesoventrite, sphaerical cuticular structures are marked with an arrow; F) apical portion of ventrite 5.

FIGURE 4. Calvariopsis gen. nov., mouthparts.A–C) C. yanayacuense sp. nov.; D–F) C. sp., group II, female (French Guiana). A, D) mandible; B, E) maxilla; C, F) labium.

FIGURE 5. Calvariopsis gen. nov., wing. A) C. yanayacuense sp. nov.; B) C. bituberculata sp. nov.

FIGURE 6. Calvariopsis yanayacuense sp. nov., abdomen, tergites and ventrites.

FIGURE 7. Calvariopsis gen. nov., group I, females, apical portion of elytra, SEM images of excitators. A) C. borowieci sp. nov.; B) C. sp., Costa Rica; C–D) C. sculptipenne (Pic); E–F) C. yanayacuense sp. nov.

FIGURE 8. Calvariopsis gen. nov., group I (A, C, E–F) and group II (B, D), females, apical portion of elytra, excitators. A) C. pittieri; B) C. brasiliense, an arrow indicates patch of modified setae; C) C. sp., Colombia, Gorgona Island; D) C. sp., Ecuador, an arrow indicates patch of modified setae; E) C. sp., Paraguay; F) C. sp., Peru.

FIGURE 9. Calvariopsis borowieci sp. nov., male. A) penis; B) apex of penis; C) tegmen; D) sternite IX; E) tergite VIII; F) tergite IX. Scale bar = 0.25 mm.

FIGURE 10. Calvariopsis gen. nov., female genitalia, ascl—anterior portion of bursal sclerite, bsa—bursa, bsl—bursella, gla—gland, oscl—outgrowth of bursal sclerite, pscl—posterior portion of bursal sclerite, scl—bursal sclerite. A–C) C. borowieci sp. nov.; D) C. pittieri sp. nov.; E–H) C. yanyacuense sp. nov.; I–K) C. brasiliense (Pic), specimen from Sao Paulo; L–M) C. brasiliense (Pic), specimen from Santo Amaro. A, D, E, L) genital tract; B, C, G, H, M) bursal sclerite; F, K) gonocoxites; I) sternite VIII; J) ovipositor.

FIGURE 11. Calvariopsis fourgassiense sp. nov., male. A) penis; B) apex of penis; C) tegmen; D) sternite IX; E) tergite VIII; F) tergite IX. Scale bar = 0.25 mm.

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FIGURE 13. Calvariopsis peruviana sp. nov., male. A) penis; B) apex of penis, lateral view; C) tegmen; D) sternite IX; E) tergite VIII; F) tergite IX; G) tergite VII. Scale bar = 0.25 mm.

FIGURE 14. Calvariopsis picta sp. nov., male.A) penis; B) tegmen; C) sternite IX; D) tergite VIII and sternite VIII; E) tergite IX; F) terminal segments and genitalia, not separated. Scale bar = 0.25 mm.

FIGURE 15. Calvariopsis pittieri sp. nov., male. A) penis; B) tegmen; C) sternite IX; D) tergite VIII; E) tergite IX. Scale bar = 0.25 mm.

FIGURE 17. Calvariopsis venezuelense sp. nov., male.A) penis; B) tegmen and sternite IX; C) tergite VIII; D) tergite IX. Scale bar = 0.25 mm.

FIGURE 19. Calvariopsis yanayacuense sp. nov., habitat. A) Ecuador, prov. Napo, road from Yanayacu Biological Station to Rio Aliso, sideroad; B) tree trunk covered with lichens and mosses, where C. yanayacuense was collected in great numbers.