Bignonia binata Thunberg (1821: 35)

Zuntini, Alexandre R., Taylor, Charlotte M. & Lohmann, Lúcia G., 2015, Deciphering the Neotropical Bignonia binata species complex (Bignoniaceae), Phytotaxa 219 (1), pp. 69-77 : 73-75

1. Bignonia binata Thunberg (1821: 35) ≡ Clytostoma binatum (Thunb.) Sandwith (1937: 231)

Type:— BRAZIL. S.loc., Jan–Feb [1813–1818], G.W. Freyreiss s.n. (holotype: UPS- 14225 image!)

Bignonia umbellulata Candolle (1845: 148)

Type:— BRAZIL. S.loc., 1832, J. Lhotsky s.n. (holotype: G-DC (two numbered sheets) [G-00133285, G-00133378] image!)

Bignonia eximia Morong in Morong & Britton (1892: 187)

Type:— PARAGUAY. On the highway between Villa Rica and Escoba, 30 January 1899, T. Morong 595 (holotype: NY [00579080]!)

Description: Lianas. Stems cylindrical, not winged, not striate, with lenticels, with interpetiolar ridge, minutely pubescent or pubescent when young at least at nodes, sparsely lepidote; foliaceous prophylls caducous, falcate, ascending, stipitate, asymmetrical, 1.3–5.4 × 0.8–2.6 mm, ciliate, sparsely lepidote, with few glands at abaxial surface; bromeliad-like prophylls present. Leaves (1–)2-foliolate; petiole 7.1–26.1 mm, minutely pubescent throughout or just above, sparsely lepidote; petiolules 7.1–18.8 mm, minutely pubescent throughout or just above, sparsely lepidote; blades concolorous (discolorous), sub-chartaceous to chartaceous (sub-coriaceous), symmetrical (slightly asymmetrical), narrowly elliptic to elliptic, acute to acuminate apically, rounded basally, 6.4–14.1 × 2.3–5.3 cm, on adaxial surface puberulent above midvein, very sparsely lepidote, without glands (few at base), on abaxial surface without simple trichomes, sparsely lepidote, with few glands at base or scattered; venation pinnate, with tertiary veins alternate percurrent; tendrils rarely present, simple, without simple trichomes, sparsely lepidote. Inflorescences reduced racemes, 2–8-flowered, umbelliform, terminal (axillary), minutely pubescent, sparsely lepidote, with primary axis 0–2.0 mm long; bracts caducous, linear, 1.0–4.0 × 0.2–0.6 mm, ciliate, not lepidote, without glands; pedicels 12.1–36.2 mm, puberulent, sparsely lepidote. Flowers with calyx cupular, 5-toothed, membranous, (2.5–) 4.0–6.2 × 4.3–7.1 mm wide at apex, ciliate, moderately lepidote, with few scattered glands (no glands), teeth 0.4–1.3 mm; corolla purple (white) outside, white inside, infundibuliform, membranous, (26.5–) 54.4–68.6 (–85.3) mm, externally sericeous, sparsely to moderately lepidote, internally pubescent at lobes, moderately lepidote at lobes, with shortly stipitate glandular trichomes at base, tube (23.1–) 39.5–51.4 × (1.8–) 3.9–5.3 mm wide at base and (9.0–) 12.5–18.9 mm wide at apex, lobes circular (sub-circular), (5.1–) 11.5–19.2 × (5.5–) 8.5–18.2 mm; androecium didynamous, with stamens included, the longest (10.5–) 17.5–20.9 mm, the shortest (6.8–) 10.9–15.1 mm, without simple trichomes (puberulent), not lepidote, with stipitate glandular trichomes at base, thecae 2.2–3.6 mm, staminode 2.5–4.2 mm; gynoecium (20.7–) 29.3–37.0 mm, ovary cylindrical, verrucose, without simple trichomes, not lepidote; nectariferous disk reduced. Fruits inflated, oblong, 7.1–10.3 × 2.5–3.1 wide × 0.8–2.1 cm thick, moderately echinate, without simple trichomes, not lepidote, spines cylindrical, 3.0– 5.1 mm. Seeds brown, thin, transversally elliptic, asymmetrical, 14.1–16.9 × 19.9–26.5 mm, with one opaque wing; seed body lenticular, 1.3–2.4 mm thick.

Distribution:— Bignonia binata is found in evergreen forests in Argentina (Corrientes, Misiones), Brazil (Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo) and Paraguay (Caaguazú, Canindeyú, Itapua, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí), from sea level to 80 m ( Fig. 1 ).

2. Bignonia noterophila Mart. ex Candolle (1845: 148) ≡ Clytostoma noterophilum (Mart. ex DC.) Bureau & Schumann (1896: 153) .

Lectotype (designated here):— BRAZIL. Pará : Santarém, in sylvis inundatis, 18–23 September 1819, C.F.P. von Martius s.n. (M [M0086398] image! as F-Neg 20458 at MO-1692936; isolectotypes: M [M0086399] image!, M [M0086400] image!).

Adenocalymma ocositense Smith (1893: 209) ≡ Petastoma ocositense (Donn. Sm.) Kraenzlin (1921: 61) ≡ Clytostoma ocositense (Donn. Sm.) Seibert (1940: 414) , syn. nov.

Lectotype (designated here):— GUATEMALA. Quezaltenango , Ocosito river, 250 ft., April 1892, J.D. Smith 2688 (US-1322492; isolectotypes GH [GH00091821] image!, K [K000449437] image!, M [M0175853] image!, NY [NY00313047] image!, US-47668)

Bignonia purpurea Lodd. ex Hooker (1869 : t. 5800) ≡ Clytostoma purpureum (Lodd. ex Hook.f.) Rehder in Bailey (1914: 806).

Holotype:— UNITED KINGDOM, Cultivated in Liverpool Botanical Garden , s.d., s. coll. (K-Hooker [K000449511] image!).

Arrabidaea schumanniana Huber (1906: 606) , syn. nov.

Lectotype (designated here):— PERU. Loreto, Canchahuaya , 28 October 1898, J.E. Huber s.n. (MG-1387, excluding fruits and seeds, image!)

Clytostoma isthmicum Pittier (1917: 257 , t. 106), syn. nov.

Type :— PANAMA. Canal Zone: along the Trinidad River, near sea level, 19 July 1911, H.F. Pittier 4008 (holotype US-679092 image!; isotypes NY [NY00328758]!, US-679093 image!)

Petastoma laurifolium Kraenzlin (1921: 58) , syn. nov.

Lectotype (designated here):— BOLIVIA. Beni, Junction of rivers Beni and Madre de Dios , August 1886, H.H. Rusby 1144 (K image!, isolectotype MICH-1115833 image!)

Petastoma multiglandulosum Benth. ex Kraenzlin (1921: 58) , syn. nov.

Lectotype (designated by Gentry 1973: 826):— BOLIVIA. Beni. Junction of rivers Beni and Madre de Dios , August 1886, H.H. Rusby 1145 (K [K000449470] image!; isolectotypes MICH-1115834 image!, MO-1998969!, NY [02256157, 02256158, 02256161)!).

Clytostoma elegans Standley (1935: 86) , syn. nov.

Type:— BELIZE. Toledo. Rio Grande , river bank, 250 ft., 10 March 1933, W.A. Schipp 1127 (holotype: F-669152 image!, as negative at MO-1183675!; isotypes: BM [BM000551257] image!, GH (two numbered sheets) [GH00091973, GH00091974] image!, K [K000449436] image!, MICH-1115828 image!, MO (two numbered sheets) MO-1040196!, MO-1040197!, NY [NY00111334]!, S04-3482 image!)

Description: Lianas. Stems circular or sub-quadrangular, winged when young, striate, with lenticels (without lenticels), with or without interpetiolar ridges, without simple trichomes or minutely pilose, sparsely lepidote; foliaceous prophylls caducous, triangular or falcate, ascending, sessile, symmetrical or slightly asymmetrical, 1.8–4.0 mm × 0.8–2.9 mm, ciliate (without simple trichomes), not lepidote, with few to many glands at apex of abaxial surface; bromeliad-like prophylls present. Leaves (1–)2-foliolate; petiole 4.7–23.7 mm, without simple trichomes or minutely glabrescent, sparsely lepidote; petiolules 3.9–18.0 mm, without simple trichomes or minutely glabrescent, sparsely lepidote; blades concolorous to discolorous, chartaceous to sub-coriaceous, asymmetrical (slightly asymmetrical), elliptic to narrowly elliptic, acuminate to long acuminate (acute) apically, cuneate (rounded or oblique) basally, 5.8–25.0 × 2.6–8.9 cm, on adaxial surface without simple trichomes (minutely pubescent above midvein), very sparsely to sparsely lepidote, without glands or few at base or scattered, on abaxial surface without simple trichomes, sparsely lepidote, with few glands at base or scattered; venation pinnate, with tertiary veins alternate percurrent; tendrils rarely present, simple, without simple trichomes, sparsely lepidote. Inflorescences reduced racemes, 2–4-flowered, umbelliform, axillary, without simple trichomes or minutely pilose, sparsely lepidote, primary axis 0–1.8 mm long; bracts caducous, linear (ovate), 1.3–4.9 (–7.6) × 0.2–0.4 (–2.5) mm, ciliate, not lepidote, without glands (with many glands); pedicels 5.2– 24.6 (–33.3) mm, without simple trichomes or puberulent, sparsely lepidote. Flowers with calyx cupular, 5-toothed (truncate), membranous, 3.4–7.4 × 4.0– 7.6 mm wide at apex, ciliate (glabrescent), sparsely lepidote, with many (few) glands clustered below teeth, teeth 0–1.0 (–1.8) mm; corolla purple outside, white inside, infundibuliform, membranous, 37.7–89.0 (–108.4) mm, externally sericeous at base and pubescent at tube apex and lobes (entirely sericeous or pubescent only at base), sparsely to moderately lepidote, internally glabrescent to pubescent at lobes, not lepidote (moderately lepidote at lobes), with shortly stipitate glandular trichomes at base, tube 28.7–61.5 (–67.8) × 2.0– 4.6 mm wide at base and 14.0– 24.9 mm wide at apex, lobes circular (sub-circular), 11.5–32.7 × 8.5–27.6 mm; androecium didynamous, with stamens included, the longest 13.2–22.1 (–31.6) mm long, the shortest 10.2–15.4 (–20.7) mm, without simple trichomes (puberulent), not lepidote, with stipitate glandular trichomes at base; thecae 2.2–3.6 mm; staminode 3.4–7.9 mm; gynoecium 18.0–39.1 (–46.3) mm, ovary cylindrical, verrucose, without simple trichomes, not lepidote; nectariferous disk reduced. Fruits inflated, widely elliptic to circular (elliptic), (3.0–) 4.2–9.2 × (2.2–) 2.9–6.4 wide × 0.9–2.0 cm thick, moderately echinate, without simple trichomes, not lepidote, spine cylindrical, 3.7–10.7 mm long. Seeds brown, corky, irregularly circular, asymmetrical, 15.2–32.3 × 16.8–29.9 mm, without wings; seed body inflated, 2.1–6.3 mm thick.

Distribution:— Bignonia noterophila is found in vegetation associated with water bodies in Belize (Belize, Cayo, Toledo), Bolivia (Beni, Santa Cruz), Brazil (Amapá, Amazonas, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima), Colombia (Amazonas, Amazonas, Antioquia, Caquetá, Chocó, Meta, Narino, Santander, Valle del Cauca, Vaupes, Vichada), Costa Rica (Alajuela, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limón, Puntarenas), Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Guayas, Loja, Los Rios, Napo, Pastaza, Zamora-Chinchipe), El Salvador (Ahuachapán), French Guiana (Cayenne), Guatemala (Alta Verapaz, Izabal, Petén, Quetzaltenango, San Marcos), Guyana (Essequibo, Mazaruni-Potaro), Honduras (Gracias a Dios), Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Jalisco, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz), Nicaragua (Carazo, Granada, Río San Juan, Rivas, Zelaya), Panama (Bocas del Toro, Canal Area, Colón, Darién, Panamá, San Blas), Peru (Huánuco, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Puno, San Martin, Tumbes), Suriname (Saramacca, Sipaliwini) and Venezuela (Amazonas, Anzoategui, Apure, Bolívar, Delta Amacuro, Guarico, Sucre, Tachira), from sea level to 560 m ( Fig. 1 ).

Nomenclatural notes:— Candolle (1845) indicated in the protologue of B. noterophila that its type was deposited at M. However none of the three specimens located at M were annotated by Candolle. Therefore, the best quality material (M0086398) is here designated as lectotype.

Kraenzlin’s types were mostly deposited at B and were destroyed during World War II ( Stafleu & Cowan 1981), so typification is required. In the case of Petastoma multiglandulosum, Gentry (1973: 826) cited a single specimen from K as the type despite the existence of additional specimens at MICH, MO and NY (not cited in the protologue), therefore lectotypification has been made. In the case of Petastoma laurifolium , however, Gentry (1973: 826) cited three specimens (B, K and MICH) but did not designate a lectotype. Among the three specimens listed by Gentry, one was desposited at B and is presumed to be destroyed, another is deposited at MICH (1115833), and the third at K. Given that Kraenzlin more likely saw the material designated at K, this specimen is here designated as lectotype. However, his designated type collection (Rusby 1144) is a mixed gathering of two species, as annotated by Sandwith (in sched.). Three of these specimens correspond to Petastoma laurifolium and are cited as types of this name here. This same collection number was later cited as the type of Bignonia brevipes Rusby (1900: 71) , a species now synonymized with Stizophyllum riparium ( Kunth 1819: 138) Sandwith (1938: 462) . The two duplicates that match Rusby’s description of B. brevipes are deposited at NY (NY00313136) and US (1322428), and should not be considered as isolectotypes of P. laurifolium .

When Smith (1893) published Adenocalymma (?) ocositense , he only mentioned the collection number but did not designate a holotype. Two sheets were located at US, where Smith’s material is deposited ( Stafleu & Cowan 1985). Although one sheet (US-47668) was probably mounted earlier than the other (US-1322492), Smith was the collector of this material and clearly saw both specimens given that the description includes elements of both sheets. Both sheets are of equivalent quality and the sheet that was annotated by Smith (US-1322492) is here designated as lectotype.

Arrabidaea schumanniana was described by Huber (1906) based on his own unnumbered collection, deposited at MG. However, his type specimen includes mixed elements of two taxa: (1) the stems, leaves and flowers correspond to B. noterophila , and (2) the fruits and seeds are apparently those of a species of Fridericia Mart. Arrabidaea schumanniana has been considered a synonym of B. binata (e.g., Arbo & Lohmann 2008; Brako & Zarucchi 1993), so we here designate the first part of Huber’s collection deposited at MG as the lectotype in order to maintain its current usage (Rec. 9A.4, McNeill et al. 2012).

Figures

FIGURE 1. Distribution of Bignonia binata Thunb. (red circles) and B. noterophila Mart. ex DC. (green squares). Elevation in meters, following the scale presented on the right.