Crossopriza Simon, 1893

Huber, Bernhard A., 2022, Revisions of Holocnemus and Crossopriza: the spotted-leg clade of Smeringopinae (Araneae, Pholcidae), European Journal of Taxonomy 795 (1), pp. 1-241 : 98-102

Genus Crossopriza Simon, 1893

Crossopriza Simon, 1893: 476 (

type species: Artema pristina Simon, 1890 ).

Ceratopholcus Spassky, 1934: 361 (type species: C. maculipes Spassky, 1934 ). Synonymized in Huber et al. 2014a: 420.

Tibiosa González-Sponga, 2006: 10 (type species: T. caracensis González-Sponga 2006 ). Synonymized in Huber 2009b: 65; see also Huber & Villarreal 2020: 57.

Crossopriza – Wiehle 1933: 241. — Huber et al. 1999: 7. — Deeleman-Reinhold & van Harten 2001: 194.

Diagnosis

Long-legged pholcids with spotted leg femora and tibiae (e.g., Figs 558 , 577 , 709 ), abdomen dorsoposteriorly often angular or pointed (e.g., Figs 394, 398 , 699 ), females with paired stridulatory apparatus between carapace and abdomen ( Figs 468 , 595 , 660 , 797 ). Distinguished from similar genera ( Maghreba gen. nov., Stygopholcus , Holocnemus ) by combination of: male chelicerae with only one pair of modified (cone-shaped) hairs at tips of main cheliceral apophyses (e.g., Figs 598 , 845 , 859 ; in contrast to Stygopholcus , H. reini , and H. caudatus ); male palpal coxa with rounded retrolateral hump, without distinct process (in contrast to Maghreba ); male palpal femur without retrolateral proximal process (in contrast to Stygopholcus and Maghreba ); male palpal femur without dorsal process (in contrast to Maghreba ); male palpal tarsal organ capsulate (e.g., Figs 426 , 602 , 849 , 862 ; in contrast to Stygopholcus ); procursus usually with distinct prolateral hump set with numerous hairs (e.g., Figs 357 , 376 , 616 , 628 ); procursus tip not strongly bent towards dorsal (in contrast to Maghreba ); procursus usually without transparent membranous process at tip (in contrast to Maghreba ; present in C. soudanensis ); genital bulb without slender dorsal process (in contrast to Stygopholcus ); distal (main) bulbal sclerite without deep retrolateral pocket (in contrast to Maghreba ).

Description

Male

BODY. Total body length ~2.5–6.5; carapace width ~1.0–2.4. Carapace with deep central pit and pair of shallow furrows diverging from posterior side of pit toward posterior rim of carapace (cf. Figs 468 , 595 ); ocular area slightly raised, eye triads relatively close together (distance PME–PME = 0.5–1.2 × PME diameter), each secondary eye (especially PME) accompanied by small elevation (arrows in Fig. 467 ; “pseudo-eyes”; cf. Huber 2009a), sometimes very distinct (i.e., reflecting light), e.g., in C. miskin sp. nov. PME oval; AME large (~70–110% of PME small diameter). Clypeus high, usually unmodified, in C. sengleti sp. nov. with rounded median process ( Fig. 768 ), in C. johncloudsleyi Deeleman-Reinhold & van Harten, 2001 with pair of small hooked processes ( Deeleman-Reinhold & van Harten 2001: fig. 14; Huber 2009a). Abdomen oval, dorsally posteriorly usually angular ( Fig. 394 ), sometimes rounded ( Fig. 476 ) or pointed ( Fig. 699 ). Male gonopore with 4–6 epiandrous spigots (sometimes asymmetric: 2+3; Figs 420 , 507 , 606 , 854 ), ALS with only two spigots each: one large widened spigot and one pointed spigot ( Figs 424 , 505 , 607 ); PMS with two spigots each ( Figs 424 , 505 , 607 ); PLS without spigots.

COLOR. In general ochre-yellow to light brown. Carapace mostly pale, with darker median mark, without lateral marks (cf. Figs 391 , 481 , 702 ); sternum light brown to dark brown, with darker radial marks. Legs without or with indistinct darker rings, with oval to short longitudinal line-shaped dark marks on femora and tibiae (cf. Figs 558 , 577 , 709 ), sometimes also a few on metatarsi, rarely on femora only. Abdomen usually with distinct dorsal and ventral patterns: dark heart-mark and further dark and whitish marks dorsally and laterally, ventral median band variably distinct, rarely absent (e.g., C. sengleti sp. nov.). Cave-dwelling species slightly lighter/paler (see C. moqal sp. nov.; C. kittan sp. nov.).

CHELICERAE. Chelicerae with one large modified (cone-shaped) hair on each main cheliceral apophysis ( Figs 598 , 845 , 859 ); main cheliceral apophyses usually in lateral position, in some species moved to frontal position; in latter case sometimes with additional pair of lateral apophyses (without modified hairs; e.g., Figs 731 , 774 , 814 ). With fine to distinct stridulatory ridges ( Figs 421 , 500 , 599 , 841 ), distances between ridges ~3.5–8.0 µm, sometimes variable within file (distances proximally larger than distally; see C. sahtan sp. nov., C. maculipes ).

PALPS. Coxa with rounded retrolateral-ventral hump, without distinct apophysis; trochanter barely modified, slightly protruding ventrally; femur distally widened, on ventral side usually protruding, without dorsal apophysis, without proximal retrolateral process, without or with indistinct transversal dark line on retrolateral side, with stridulatory pick (modified hair) on prolateral side ( Fig. 842 ); femurpatella joints shifted toward prolateral side (arrows in Fig. 354 ); tibia-tarsus joints shifted toward retrolateral side (arrows in Fig. 356 ); palpal tarsus without dorsal macrotrichia, palpal tarsal organ capsulate ( Figs 426 , 602 , 849 , 862 ); procursus dorsally with straight or weakly curved hairs; procursus with prolateral process set with numerous long hairs, without ventral ‘knee’, distally usually with ventral sclerite (absent in C. miskin sp. nov.), usually without membranous transparent process (present in C. soudanensis ; Fig. 358 ), tip of procursus not curved towards dorsal, with one or more transparent hair-like or spine-like processes on retrolateral side ( Figs 417 , 506 , 596 , 847 , 857 ); genital bulb with basal sclerite connecting to tarsus (bs in Fig. 361 ), and distal (main) sclerite often with distinctive set of prolateral (slightly ventral) apophyses and ridges (e.g., Figs 406 , 440 , 716 , 789 ), without retrolateral pocket; sperm duct opening in membranous area on prolateral side of distal bulbal sclerite (arrows in Figs 419 , 597 , 848 , 858 ).

LEGS. Long and relatively thin, leg 1 length ~20–65, tibia 1 length ~5.5–18, tibia 2 longer than tibia 4 (~1.1–1.3 ×). Tibia 1 L/d usually ~50–80,> 80 in the slightly troglomorphic C. kittan sp. nov. Femur 1 usually thicker than other femora; femur 1 with spines ventrally in one row, in very small males rarely without spines; spines proximally gradually transforming into regular setae; spines rarely present on femur 2 ( C. sanaa sp. nov.); legs without curved hairs; with few short vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium in proximal position (at 2–5% of tibia length in tibia 1), prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1, present on other tibiae. Tarsal pseudosegments very indistinct except a few (~2–3) distally, proximally with indistinct irregular platelets rather than distinct rings. Tarsal organs of legs capsulate, with round or weakly undulating rim ( Figs 428–431 , 863 ).

Female

In general similar to male; chelicerae either with indistinct and small stridulatory files (with slightly larger distances between ridges than in males; 4.0–8.5 µm) or without stridulatory files ( Figs 422 , 469 , 501 , 600 , 843 , 861 ); legs slightly shorter than in male, without spines. Usually with pair of variably distinct processes posteriorly on carapace (arrows in Figs 468 , 595 ) acting against pair of variably distinct plates on abdomen ( Figs 660 , 797 ), absent in C. johncloudsleyi . Epigynum usually consisting of large, simple anterior plate and short but wide posterior plate; anterior plate usually with pair of distinct pockets, sometimes close together on median elevated ridge, sometimes more like furrows than pockets; epigynum usually without processes, only in C. johncloudsleyi with two pairs of distinct apophyses ( Deeleman-Reinhold & van Harten 2001: fig. 11; Huber 2009a: fig. 30); without bulging areas in front of anterior plate. Internal genitalia with sclerotized arc that consists of dorsal and ventral parts (da and va in Figs 388 , 447 ) and is variably visible in uncleared specimens; uterus externus sometimes with small median ventral structure (pouch or pocket?), sometimes visible as round structure in untreated specimens (e.g., Figs 463 , 551 , 612 , 837 ); pore plates large, flat, of variable shape and position, pores either homogeneously distributed or in groups.

Distribution

All species except C. lyoni are restricted to an area that ranges from Mali to India and from Kenya to Kazakhstan ( Fig. 351 ). The type species C. lyoni has expanded around the globe ( Fig. 351 ), apparently since approximately the second half of the 19 th century (see below).

Relationships

Together with Holocnemus , Stygopholcus , and Maghreba gen. nov., Crossopriza is an unambiguous representative of the spotted-leg clade, but beyond that the cladistic analysis provides only weak evidence for inter-generic relationships. Even the monophyly of Crossopriza is poorly supported by a single character of questionable strength (Appendix 3, char. 18). Within Crossopriza , a group of 14 species (including the type species) is reasonably well supported by two functionally related characters (medially-directed male cheliceral apophyses and medially positioned female epigynal pockets). Within this group, a further sub-group of eight species (again including the type species) share a second pair of male cheliceral apophyses. Finally, C. lyoni shares with three other species a ventral sclerite on the procursus provided with a retrolateral side branch (arrows in Figs 769 , 788 , 810 , 828 ). The few remaining sister-group relationships suggested by the cladogram are either weakly supported or of little relevance, or both.

Composition

The genus now includes 24 named species, of which 18 are newly described. All named species are treated below except for C. johncloudsleyi which was redescribed in Huber (2009a). Several additional undescribed species are present in collections. The ZMMU has an undescribed species from Pakistan (N of Islamabad, 33.75° N, 73.06° E), which is not formally described because the only available male is in very poor condition. The ZFMK (Ar 22391) has two females from Iran (Hormozgan, Siyahu; 27.75° N, 56.34° E) that resemble C. miskin sp. nov. in habitus, size, and epigynum, but with the epigynal pockets wider apart. For further undescribed species that are very similar to species (re)described herein, see under C. dhofar sp. nov., C. khayyami sp. nov., and C. maculipes .

Natural history

Most species have been collected in sheltered spaces under rocks, in small cavities of the ground, and in the twilight area of caves. A few species build their webs in more exposed habitats, among rocks and on plants (e.g., C. tiwi sp. nov.). Others are occasionally or regularly found in houses (e.g., C. semicaudata , C. pristina , C. maculata , C. lyoni ). Little is known about the biology of Crossopriza beyond these basic microhabitat data (see individual natural history sections below). Only the cosmopolitan C. lyoni has been studied in some detail, including development and prey capture (see below).

Identification

A key that works for both males and females proved difficult to construct.At the same time, a combination of geography ( Figs 351–353 ) and diagnostic characters (mainly male palp, male chelicerae, female epigynal plate) usually makes identification relatively quick and easy.

Figures

Figs 555–559. Crossopriza khayyami sp. nov., non-type male and female from Iran, Fars, Izad Khast (MHNG). 555–557. Left male palp, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. 558–559. Female femora 1 and 2, retrolateral views. Scale bars: 555–557 = 0.5 mm; 558–559 = 0.2 mm.

Figs 574–578. Crossopriza semicaudata (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876); male from Egypt, 5 km N of Aswan (CAS 9027139), and female from Egypt, Luxor (SMF). 574–576. Left male palp, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. 577–578. Female right femora 2 and 3, dorsal views. Scale bars: 574– 576 = 0.5 mm; 577–578 = 0.2 mm.

Figs 706–710. Crossopriza miskin sp. nov.; holotype male from Oman, near Miskin (ZFMK Ar 22445) and female from Oman, wadi near Fasah (ZFMK Ar 22447). 706–708. Left male palp, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. 709–710. Female right femora 2 and 3, prolateral views. Scale bars: 706–708 = 0.5 mm; 709–710 = 0.2 mm.

Figs 391–398. Crossopriza Simon, 1893, live specimens. 391–392. C. sahtan sp. nov., male and female from Oman, Wadi Ghul. 393–395. C. tiwi sp. nov., males and female with egg-sac from Oman, Wadi Tiwi. 396–398. C. dhofar sp. nov., male and female from Oman, Ain Razad, and female from Oman, Wadi Nahiz.

Figs 698–705. Crossopriza Simon, 1893, live specimens. 698–701. C. miskin sp. nov., from Oman, Ibri-Rusdaq; male in dorsal and lateral views; female with and without egg-sac. 702–705. C. lyoni (Blackwall, 1867), male from Singapore and courting/mating pair from Guinea.

Figs 467–474. Crossopriza dhofar sp. nov.; female from Wadi Nahiz (ZFMK Ar 22413). 467. Ocular area and clypeus; arrows: ‘pseudo lenses’. 468. Ocular area and carapace; arrow: posterior process. 469. Cheliceral stridulatory file. 470. Stridulatory pick on palpal femur. 471. ALS. 472. Palpal tarsal organ. 473–474. Epigynum, ventral and lateral-ventral views; arrows: pockets. Scale bars: 467–468, 473–474 = 100 µm; 469, 471–472 = 10 µm; 470 = 2 µm.

Figs 594–601. Crossopriza semicaudata (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876); male and female from Chad, Bardaï (MRAC 132959). 594. Male ocular area and clypeus. 595. Female ocular area and carapace; arrows: stridulatory processes. 596. Left procursus tip, retrolateral view; arrow: hair-like process. 597. Distal sclerite of right genital bulb, prolateral (slightly distal) view; arrow: sperm duct opening. 598. Tip of male cheliceral apophysis. 599–600. Male stridulatory file and corresponding smooth side of female chelicera. 601. Proximal prolateral hair on female palpal femur. Abbreviation: vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 594–595, 600 = 100 µm; 596 = 30 µm; 597 = 20 µm; 598–599, 601 = 10 µm.

Figs 656–663. Crossopriza sanaa sp. nov.; females from Yemen, Sana’a (656–657, 660: NMNL ARA 15214; 658–659, 661–663: NMNL ARA 15215). 656–659. Abdomens and epigyna, ventral views. 660. Abdomen, frontal view; arrows: stridulatory plates. 661–663. Female internal genitalia, dorsal view (with dorsal arc tilted backwards), ventral view, and regular dorsal view. Abbreviations: da = dorsal arc; e = epigynum; va = ventral arc. Scale bars: 656, 658, 660 = 1.0 mm; 657, 659, 661–663 = 0.5 mm.

Figs 796–802. Crossopriza lyoni (Blackwall, 1867); females from Japan, Yamamoto-chô (796–798, 801–802; ZFMK Ar 5209) and from Guinea, Kindia (799–800; ZFMKAr 10456, see Huber & Kwapong 2013). 796–797. Abdomen, ventral and frontal views; arrows: stridulatory plates. 798–799. Epigyna, ventral views. 800–802. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view with dorsal arc tilted backwards, ventral view, and regular dorsal view; arrow: asymmetric median sclerite. Abbreviations: da = dorsal arc; e = epigynum; va = ventral arc. Scale bars: 796–797 = 1.0 mm; 798–802 = 0.5 mm.

Figs 841–848. Crossopriza surobi sp. nov.; male and female from Afghanistan, SE of Surobi (MHNG). 841–842. Male stridulatory file and corresponding pick on palpal femur. 843–844. Female cheliceral side and proximal prolateral hair on female palpal femur. 845. Tip of male cheliceral apophysis. 846. Tip of left procursus, retrolateral-ventral view. 847. Detail of procursus tip. 848. Distal sclerite of left genital bulb, prolateral (slightly ventral and distal) view; arrow: sperm duct opening. Abbreviation: vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 841, 843 = 20 µm; 842, 844–845, 847 = 10 µm; 846, 848 = 100 µm.

Figs 858–865. Crossopriza maculipes (Spassky, 1934); male and female from Afghanistan, Djelalabad (MHNG). 858. Right genital bulb, prolateral (slightly ventral) view; arrow: sperm duct opening. 859. Tip of male cheliceral apophysis. 860–861. Male and female cheliceral stridulatory files. 862. Male palpal tarsal organ. 863. Tarsal organ on male tarsus 1. 864. Spines on male femur 1. 865. Epigynum; arrows: pockets. Scale bars: 858, 864–865 = 100 µm; 859, 861–863 = 10 µm; 860 = 20 µm.

Figs 424–432. Crossopriza sahtan sp. nov.; male and female from Oman, Al Ghubrat cave (ZFMK Ar 22398). 424. Male spinnerets. 425. Female ALS. 426–427. Male and female palpal tarsal organs. 428–431. Tarsal organs on male tarsi 1–4. 432. Epigynum. Scale bars: 424–431 = 10 µm; 432 = 100 µm.

Figs 602–607. Crossopriza semicaudata (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876); male and female from Chad, Bardaï (MRAC 132959). 602. Male palpal tarsal organ. 603–605. Tarsal organs on female tarsi 1, 2, and 4. 606. Male gonopore. 607. Male spinnerets. Scale bars: 602–605, 607 = 10 µm; 606 = 20 µm.

Figs 849–857. 849–853. Crossopriza surobi sp. nov.; male and female from Afghanistan, SE of Surobi (MHNG). 849–850. Male and female palpal tarsal organs. 851. Tarsal organ on female tarsus 1. 852. Male gonopore. 853. Epigynum. 854–857. Crossopriza maculipes (Spassky, 1934); male from Afghanistan, Djelalabad (MHNG). 854. Gonopore. 855. ALS. 856. Left procursus tip, retrolateral view; arrow: branch of ventral sclerite. 857. Detail of preceding figure. Abbreviations: ds = dorsal sclerite; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 849–851, 855, 857 = 10 µm; 852, 856 = 20 µm; 853–854 = 100 µm.

Figs 357–365.Crossopriza soudanensis Millot, 1941; lectotype male from Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou (MNHN Ar 10520), paralectotype female from Mali, Bamako (MNHN Ar 10512). 357–358. Mirror images of right procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views; arrow: transparent process.359–361. Mirror images of right genital bulb, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. 362–363. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 364–365. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views; arrows: pockets. Abbreviations: bs = basal sclerite; ds = distal sclerite; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figs 376–385. Crossopriza illizi sp. nov.; male from Algeria, Iherir (CRB), female from Algeria, Aguelmane ti-n-Azzaret (CRB). 376–378. Left procursus, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views; arrow: prolateral process. 379–381. Left genital bulb, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views; arrows: distinctive ridges; asterisk: putative position of sperm duct opening. 382–383. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 384–385. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views; arrows: pockets. Abbreviations: ph = prolateral hump; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars = 0.3 mm.

Figs 616–624. Crossopriza pristina (Simon, 1890); male from Eritrea, Massaua (MNHN Ar 10510), syntype female from Yemen, Aden (MNHN Ar 10511). 616–617. Left procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views. 618–620. Left genital bulb, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views; arrow: sperm duct opening.621–622. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views; arrows: low sclerotized humps. 623– 624. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views; arrows: pockets. Abbreviation: vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figs 628–637. Crossopriza manakhah sp. nov.; male from Yemen, 12 km NW of Manakhah (ZFMK Ar 22441), female from Yemen, Ja‘ar (ZFMK Ar 22444). 628–630. Left procursus, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views; arrows: distinctive prolateral process. 631–633. Left genital bulb, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. 634–635. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 636–637. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Abbreviation: vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars = 0.3 mm.

Figs 768–777. Crossopriza sengleti sp. nov.; non-type male and female from Iran, Fars, Seridjan (MHNG). 768. Male ocular area, clypeus, and chelicerae; arrow: clypeus process. 769–770. Left procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views; arrow: branch of ventral sclerite; asterisk: distinctive prolateral apophysis. 771–773. Left genital bulb, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views; arrow: retrolateral ridge. 774–775. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 776–777. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: 768 = 0.5 mm; 769–777 = 0.3 mm.

Figs 475–482. Crossopriza Simon, 1893, live specimens. 475–478. C. moqal sp. nov., male and female from Oman, Moqal Cave. 479–480. C. kittan sp. nov., male and female from Oman, Ibri, Al Kittan Cave. 481–482. C. ghul sp. nov., male and female with egg-sac from Oman, Wadi Ghul.

Figs 416–423. Crossopriza sahtan sp. nov.; male and female from Oman, Al Ghubrat cave (ZFMK Ar 22398). 416. Male ocular area and clypeus. 417. Right procursus, retrolateral-ventral view; arrow: hair-like process. 418–419. Left genital bulbs, prolateral and prolateral-distal views; arrow: sperm duct opening. 420. Male gonopore. 421–422. Male stridulatory ridges and corresponding smooth female cheliceral side. 423. Prolateral proximal hair on female palpal femur. Abbreviation: vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 416, 418–419 = 100 µm; 417, 420, 422 = 20 µm; 421, 423 = 10 µm.

Figs 500–508. Crossopriza moqal sp. nov.; male and female from Oman, Moqal Cave (ZFMK Ar 22421, Ar 22422). 500–501. Male and female cheliceral stridulatory files. 502. Tip of male cheliceral apophysis. 503–504. Male and female palpal tarsal organs. 505. Male spinnerets. 506. Left procursus tip, retrolateral-distal view; arrow: hair-like process. 507. Male gonopore. 508. Epigynum; arrows: pockets. Abbreviation: vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 500–506 = 10 µm; 507 = 20 µm; 508 = 100 µm.

Figs 729–739. Crossopriza parsa sp. nov.; non-type male and female from Iran, Persepolis (MHNG) (729–737) and male from Iran, W of Dasht-e-Arjân (MHNG) (738–739). 729–730. Left procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views; arrow: prolateral process. 731–732. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 733–735. Left genital bulb, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. 736–737. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. 738. Left procursus, prolateral view; arrow: prolateral process. 739. Left genital bulb, prolateral view. Abbreviation: vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars = 0.3 mm.

Figs 809–817. Crossopriza surobi sp. nov.; non-type male and female from Afghanistan, SE of Surobi (MHNG). 809–810. Left procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views; arrow: branch of ventral sclerite. 811–813. Left genital bulb, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views; arrow: retrolateral ridge. 814– 815. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 816–817. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Abbreviations: ds = dorsal sclerite; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars = 0.3 mm.

Figs 354–356.Crossopriza soudanensis Millot, 1941; lectotype male from Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou (MNHN Ar 10520); mirror images of right palp, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views; arrows: joints between femur and patella and between tibia and tarsus. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Figs 402–410. Crossopriza sahtan sp. nov.; male and female from Oman, above Wadi Sahtan (ZFMK Ar 22394). 402–403. Left procursus tip, prolateral and retrolateral views. 404–405. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 406–408. Left genital bulb, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views; arrow: retrolateral ridge. 409–410. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: 402–403, 406–408 = 0.3 mm; 404–405, 409–410 = 0.5 mm.

Figs 436–444. Crossopriza tiwi sp. nov.; male and female from Oman, Wadi Tiwi (ZFMK Ar 22402, Ar 22403). 436–437. Left procursus tip, prolateral and retrolateral views. 438–439. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 440–442. Left genital bulb, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views; arrow: retrolateral ridge. 443–444. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views; arrows: pockets. Abbreviations: bs = basal sclerite; ds = distal sclerite; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 436–437 = 0.2 mm; 438–444 = 0.3 mm.

Figs 711–720. Crossopriza miskin sp. nov.; male and female from Oman, wadi near Fasah (ZFMK Ar 22447). 711–713. Left procursus, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. 714–715. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 716–718. Left genital bulb, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views; arrow: retrolateral ridge. 719–720. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views; arrows: pockets. Scale bars: 711–713 = 0.2 mm; 714–720 = 0.3 mm.

Figs 786–795. Crossopriza lyoni (Blackwall, 1867); male from Guinea, Kindia (ZFMK Ar 10456, see Huber & Kwapong 2013), female from Japan, Yamamoto-chô (ZFMK Ar 5209). 786–788. Left procursus, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views; arrow: branch of ventral sclerite. 789–791. Left genital bulb, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views; arrow: retrolateral ridge.792–793. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 794–795. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Abbreviation: vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figs 386–390. Crossopriza illizi sp. nov.; female from Algeria, Aguelmane ti-n-Azzaret (CRB). 386– 387. Abdomen and epigynum, ventral views. 388–390. Female internal genitalia, dorsal view (with dorsal arc tilted backwards), ventral view, and regular dorsal view. Abbreviations: da = dorsal arc; va = ventral arc. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figs 445–449. Crossopriza tiwi sp. nov.; female from Oman, Wadi Tiwi (ZFMK Ar 22403). 445– 446. Abdomen and epigynum, ventral views. 447–449. Female internal genitalia, dorsal view (with dorsal arc tilted backwards), ventral view, and regular dorsal view. Abbreviations: da = dorsal arc; va = ventral arc. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figs 462–466. Crossopriza dhofar sp. nov.; female from Oman, Wadi Nahiz (ZFMK Ar 22413). 462– 463. Abdomen and epigynum, ventral views. 464–466. Female internal genitalia, dorsal view (with dorsal arc tilted backwards), ventral view, and regular dorsal view. Abbreviations: da = dorsal arc; ms = median (internal) sclerite; po = pocket; ls = lateral (internal) sclerite; va = ventral arc. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figs 550–554. Crossopriza ibnsinai sp. nov.; female from Uzbekistan, near Dzhyra-Kuduk (SZMN). 550–551. Abdomen and epigynum, ventral views. 552–554. Female internal genitalia, dorsal view (with dorsal arc tilted backwards), ventral view, and regular dorsal view. Abbreviations: da = dorsal arc; va = ventral arc. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figs 608–615. Crossopriza pristina (Simon, 1890); male from Eritrea, Massaua (MNHN Ar 10510), syntype female from Yemen, Aden (MNHN Ar 10511). 608–610. Left male palp, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. 611–612. Female abdomen and epigynum, ventral views. 613–615. Female internal genitalia, dorsal view (with dorsal arc tilted backwards), ventral view, and regular dorsal view. Abbreviations: da = dorsal arc; va = ventral arc. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figs 836–840.Crossopriza maculipes (Spassky, 1934); female from Uzbekistan, 6.5 km W ofAkmechet (ZMMU). 836–837. Abdomen and epigynum, ventral views. 838–840. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view with dorsal arc tilted backwards, ventral view, and regular dorsal view. Abbreviations: da = dorsal arc; va = ventral arc. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 351. Known distribution of Crossopriza Simon, 1893. Orange: C. lyoni (Blackwall, 1867); blue: all other species (cf. Figs 352–353).

Figs 826–835. Crossopriza maculipes (Spassky, 1934); male and female from Turkmenistan, 5 km SW of Bazar-Tepe (SZMN). 826–828. Left procursus, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views; arrow: retrolateral branch of ventral sclerite. 829–831. Left genital bulb, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. 832–833. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 834–835. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views.Abbreviations: ds = dorsal sclerite; vs = ventral sclerite. Scale bars: 826–828 = 0.3 mm; 829–835 = 0.5 mm.