Nezara viridula (Linnaeus, 1758)

Ghahari, Hassan, Moulet, Pierre & Rider, David A., 2014, An annotated catalog of the Iranian Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomomorpha), Zootaxa 3837 (1), pp. 1-95 : 40-41

Nezara viridula (Linnaeus, 1758)

Cimex viridulus Linnaeus, 1758: 444 ; Cimex torquatus Fabricius, 1775: 710 ; Cimex smaragdulus Fabricius, 1775: 711 ; Cimex transversus Thunberg, 1783: 40 ; Cimex variabilis Villers, 1789: 505 ; Cimex spirans Fabricius, 1798: 533 ; Cimex viridissimus Wolff, 1801: 55 ; Pentatoma flavicollis Palisot de Beauvois, 1818: 185 ; Pentatoma oblonga Westwood, 1837: 37 ; Pentatoma unicolor Westwood, 1837: 38 ; Pentatoma berylina Westwood, 1837: 38 ; Pentatoma subsericea Westwood, 1837: 38 ; Pentatoma leii Westwood, 1837:38 ; Pentatoma tripunctigera Westwood, 1837: 38 ; Pentatoma chinensis Westwood, 1837: 38 ; Pentatoma proxima Westwood, 1837: 9 ; Pentatoma chloris Westwood, 1837: 38 ; Pentatoma chlorocephala Westwood, 1837: 38 ; Pentatoma propinqua Westwood, 1837: 9 ; Cimex hemichloris Germar, 1838: 166 ; Nezara approximata Reiche & Fairmaire, 1848: 443 ; Pentatoma plicaticollis Lucas, 1849: 87 ; Rhaphigaster prasinus Dallas, 1851: 274 (non Linnaeus, 1758); Rhaphigaster orbus Stål, 1854: 221 ; Pentatoma vicaria Walker, 1867: 303 ; Nezara viridula var. aurantiaca A. Costa, 1884: 37 ; Nezara antennata var. icterica Horváth, 1889: 31 ; Nezara viridula var. hepatica Horváth, 1903: 406 ; Nezara icterica (Horváth, 1889) Ghauri 1972 stat. nov.

Distribution in Iran. Ardabil ( Linnavuori 2008), Fars ( Safavi 1959; Kiritshenko 1966; Modarres Awal 1997b), Golestan ( Jakovlev 1877, 1880; Hoberlandt 1955; Safavi 1959; Farahbakhsh 1961; Modarres Awal 1997b; Karimian & Khormali 2006; Linnavuori 2008; Ghahari et al. 2011a), Guilan ( Wagner 1961; Miyamoto 1963; Hoberlandt 1997; Modarres Awal 1997b; Linnavuori 2008); Hamadan ( Mirab-balou et al. 2007), Hormozgan ( Kiritshenko 1966; Linnavuori 2004), Kerman ( Seidenstücker 1958; Farahbakhsh 1961; Kiritshenko 1966; Wagner 1968; Hoberlandt 1997; Modarres Awal 1997b), Khorasan ( Modarres Awal 1996a, 1997b, 2008; Mehneh et al. 2010), Khuzestan ( Hoberlandt 1955; Safavi 1959; Modarres Awal 1997b; Linnavuori 2012), Kordestan ( Wagner 1968), Mazandaran ( Kiritshenko 1949; Hoberlandt 1955, 1997; Safavi 1959; Farahbakhsh 1961; Modarres Awal 1997b; Heiss 2002; Linnavuori 2008; Sakenin et al. 2008), Semnan ( Modarres Awal 1997b; Kalaii et al. 2013), Sistan & Baluchestan (Ghahari et al. 2011b), West Azarbaijan (Nateq Golestan 2004; Nateq Golestan et al. 2004, 2010b, c), Zanjan ( Modarres Awal 1997b), Caspian Sea area ( Farahbakhsh 1961), Iran (no locality cited) ( Oshanin 1906; Khanjani 2006; Rider 2006).

General distribution. Mediterranean basin, Near East, Central and Far Eastern Asia ( Japan), tropical and subtropical Africa and Asia, ( Ferrari et al. 2010), it is also known from Argentina to the southern half of United States.

Host plants. In cotton field ( Farahbakhsh 1961; Modarres Awal 1997b; Linnavuori 2004; Karimian & Khormali 2006; Ghahari et al. 2011a), Salix sp. ( Salicaceae ) near rice field ( Miyamoto 1963), on castor-bean, citrus, cucumber, melon, mulberry, tobacco, tomato, water-melon ( Farahbakhsh 1961; Modarres Awal 1997b), lucerne, pistachio, soybean ( Modarres Awal 1997b), Medicago sativa ( Fabaceae ) ( Modarres Awal 1996a; Mirabbalou et al. 2007), Citrus aurantium ( Rutaceae ) (Sakenin et al. 2008), Phragmites sp. ( Poaceae ), and Tamarix sp. ( Tamaricaceae ) (Linnavuori 2012). Ribes & Pagola Carte (2013) recall that N. viridula has been recorded on more than 150 plants belonging to many diverse families.

Comments. The variety N. viridula f. smaragdula (Fabricius, 1775) is distinguished by its reddish color, variety Nezara viridula f. torquata Fabricius, 1775 by the yellow collar on the pronotum; smaragdula seems to be an automnal form in western Europe; these forms are only color variations and have no taxonomic value.