Stanisicarion freycineti ( Férussac, 1821 )

Hyman, Isabel T. & Ponder, Winston F., 2010, A morphological phylogenetic analysis and generic revision of Australian Helicarionidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Stylommatophora), and an assessment of the relationships of the family 2462, Zootaxa 2462 (1), pp. 1-148 : 49-50

Stanisicarion freycineti ( Férussac, 1821)

Figures 6J , 10C , 11C , 13I , 17D–F , 18A , 19A , 20A , 21A

Helixarion freycineti Férussac, 1821: 20 .

Helicarion freycineti: Quoy and Gaimard, 1824 : pl. 67, fig. 1; Semper, 1870: 30–31, pl. 3, fig. 6, pl. 6, fig. 10; Pfeiffer & Clessin, 1881: 32; Tryon, 1885: 168, pl. 38, figs 32–35; Cox, 1909: 5; Iredale, 1937c: 7.

Vitrina (Helicolimax) australasia Blainville, 1824: 255 [nom. nov. for Helix freycineti Quoy and Gaimard, 1824 ].

Helix (Vitrina) helicarion Voigt, 1834: 76 [nom. nov. for Helicarion freycineti Quoy and Gaimard, 1824 ].

Nanina (Helicarion) freycineti: Albers & Martens, 1860: 47 .

Vitrina freycineti: Reeve, 1862 : pl. 6, sp. 40; Cox, 1868: 83, pl. 14, figs 4, 4a; Pfeiffer, 1876: 23.

Vercularion freycineti: Iredale, 1941: 6 , fig. 8.

Fastosarion freycineti: Smith, 1992: 231 .

Synonymy follows Kershaw (1979).

Material examined. New South Wales, Australia: AM C391188 (one shell measured, photographed; live animal photographed; one specimen dissected, radula examined), Yarramundi Regional Park, off Hawkesbury Rd. (33º40' S, 150º39' E), 21 Jan. 2001, S.A. Clark, M. Shea, A.C. Miller, L. Puslednik .

Description. External morphology: Shell ( Figures 19A , 20A , 21A ) reduced, 3.1 whorls, light orangebrown, spire and apex flattened; shape and sculpture as for genus. Animal ( Figure 6J ) cream with dark grey markings. Mantle laps moderately long, wide at base, tapering to a blunt point, not fused, uniform in colour. Right mantle lobe moderately large; left and median lobes large, fused to form small lobe over head. Caudal apparatus as for genus; caudal horn moderately small.

Mantle cavity ( Figure 10C ): As for genus. Mantle with pigmentation of black spots.

Digestive system: As for genus.

Genital system ( Figures 13I , 18A ): As for genus. Carrefour embedded in albumen gland, talon free. Free oviduct with longitudinal pilasters present in oviduct and deep transverse pilasters in capsular gland. Penis moderately long; epiphallus enters penis through short verge, less than a quarter of penis length; penis internally covered in pustules. Penis retractor muscle attached to tip of epiphallic caecum. Epiphallus longer than penis, internally with longitudinal pilasters.

Radula ( Figure 17D–F ): As for genus. Radular formula (45.17.1.17.45) × 130 rows.

Range and habitat. Stanisicarion freycineti is found in dry sclerophyll forest and occasionally rainforest from around Nowra, south of Wollongong, to the Kempsey Valley, New South Wales. There is also a record from Brunswick Heads near the New South Wales-Queensland border (AM C374677). Specimens are usually found under logs and other debris on the ground.

Remarks. Both Stanisicarion freycineti and S. virens have been observed to have very distinctive egg masses, shaped with spiralling grooves and coming to a point at the top (like a soft-serve ice-cream) (see Figure 6K ). Most other Australian Helicarionidae appear have smooth spherical eggs (e.g., Mysticarion porrectus , C421841; Figure 6C ). One unusual feature noted in S. freycineti was the presence of deep pilasters inside the capsular gland. These were absent in all other species, with the exception of Fastosarion superba . The capsular gland has been shown in the ariophantid Ariophanta ligulata ( Férussac, 1821) to form the final coating on eggs as they are being laid ( Dasen 1933). This soft coating then hardens into a capsule. It appears possible that deep pilasters in the capsular gland of S. freycineti may be responsible for the distinctive sculpture of the egg capsule.

Figures

FIGURE 6. Live Helicarionidae. A–B. Helicarion mastersi, AM C399075. Whole animal (A); close-up of caudal region (B) (arrow shows caudal mucous plug). C. Eggs of Mysticarion porrectus, AM C421841. D. Parmavitrina megastoma, AM C377461. E. Parmavitrina sp., AM C398947. F. Peloparion iridis, AM C161946. G. Peloparion iridis, Mt. Ravensbourne. H–I. Fastosarion superba. J. Stanisicarion freycineti, AM C391188. K. Stanisicarion virens. L. Eungarion mcdonaldi. M. Eggs of Eungarion mcdonaldi. N. Parmacochlea fischeri, AM C106767. Photographs by A. Miller (A–C, E, J), M. Shea (D), W. Rudman (F), F. Millen (N), all copyright Australian Museum; photographer unknown, copyright Queensland Museum (G–I, K–M).

FIGURE 10. Mantle cavities. A. Helicarion cuvieri, AM C424333. B. Brevisentis jacksoniensis, AM C356645. C. Stanisicarion freycineti, AM C391188. D. Nitor circumcincta, AM C365822. E. Tarocystis responsivus, AM C425327. F. New Caledonian species NC3, MNHN no registration number. Scale bars 1 mm (D–E), 2 mm (A–C, F). Abbreviations: dg, digestive gland; i, intestine; k, kidney; mc, mantle collar; mlo, median mantle lobe; pc, pericardium; pn, pneumostome; pv, pulmonary vein; rla, right mantle lap; rlo, right mantle lobe; ur1, primary ureter; ur2, secondary ureter.

FIGURE 11. Nervous systems. Cerebral commissure cut (cut regions shaded with diagonal lines). A. Helicarion cuvieri, AM C424333. B. Brevisentis atratus, AM C205294. C. Stanisicarion freycineti, AM C391188. D. Nitor circumcincta, AM C365822. E. Tarocystis responsivus, AM C425327. F. New Caledonian species NC3, MNHN no registration number. G. Ctenophila caldwelli, AM C205301. H. Madagascan species MA1, AM C205304. I. Macrochlamys petrosa, AM C205305. J. Everettia sp., BMNH 20020188. K. Coneuplecta pampini, AM C438751. L. Lamprocystis guttula, FMNH 174940. M. Trochomorpha rubens, FMNH 175247. Scale bars 1 mm except for J (scale bar 2 mm). Abbreviations: ce, cerebral ganglion; pa, parietal ganglion; pe, pedal ganglion; pl, pleural ganglion; vg, visceral ganglion.

FIGURE 13. Penis interiors. A. Helicarion cuvieri, AM C424333. B. Helicarion mastersi, AM C334204. C. Mysticarion porrectus, AM C205296. D. Mysticarion hyalina, AM C128630. E. Parmavitrina planilabris, AM C334357. F. Peloparion helenae, AM C205295. G. Brevisentis jacksoniensis, AM C205293. H. Fastosarion superba, AM C425248. I. Stanisicarion freycineti, AM C391188. J. Stanisicarion virens, QMMO19238. K. Eungarion mcdonaldi, AM C438760. L. Parmacochlea fischeri, AM C441743. Scale bars 1 mm (A–D, F–G I, K–L), 2 mm (E, H, J). Abbreviations: c, caecum; ep, epiphallus; fl, flagellum; p, penis; pp, penial pilaster; ppu, penial pustules; prm, penis retractor muscle; pt, penial sheath; pv, penial verge; vd, vas deferens.

FIGURE 17. Radulae. SEM. A–C. Fastosarion superba, AM C425248. D–F. Stanisicarion freycineti, AM C391188. G– I. Parmacochlea fischeri, AM C441743. J–L. Nitor circumcincta, AM C356607. M–O. Pravonitor kreffti, AM C425415. P–R. Expocystis rustica, AM C425540. Scale bars 20 mm (D–R), 50 mm (A–C).

FIGURE 18. Reproductive systems. A. Stanisicarion freycineti, AM C391188. B. Stanisicarion virens, QMMO19238. C. Eungarion mcdonaldi, AM C438760. D. Parmacochlea fischeri, AM C441743. E. Nitor circumcincta, AM C356607. F. Nitor subrugata, AM C334537. G. Pravonitor kreffti, AM C425415. H. Expocystis rustica, AM C425540. Scale bars 1 mm (E), 2 mm (A–D, G–H), 5 mm (F). Abbreviations: alb, albumen gland; bc, bursa copulatrix; c, caecum; ep, epiphallus; fl, flagellum; fov, free oviduct; her, hermaphrodite duct; m, muscle attaching penial sheath to epiphallus (only shown in A); ov, ovotestis; p, penis; pr, prostate; prm, penis retractor muscle; pt, penial sheath; ut, uterus; v, vagina; vd, vas deferens.

FIGURE 19. Shells, dorsal view. A. Stanisicarion freycineti, AM C391188. B. Stanisicarion virens, BMNH 197776 (S). C. Eungarion mcdonaldi, QMMO35628. D. Parmacochlea fischeri, AM C432179. E. Nitor circumcincta, AM C104161 (POS of Helix marmorata). F. Nitor subrugata, AM C333711. G.Nitor subrugata, AM C63479 (S of N. subrugata helmsianus). H. Pravonitor kreffti, BMNH no number (POS). I. Pravonitor kreffti, AM C29647 (H of P. kreffti insularum). J. Expocystis rustica, BMNH 1982243 (POH of Helix villaris). K. Malandena suturalis, AM C425087. Scale bars 3 mm (E, J), 5 mm (A–D, F–I, K). Photographs by H. Barlow (A, D, F, I), D. Beechey (E, G), I. Hyman (K), W. Ponder (B, H, J), copyright Australian Museum; photographer unknown, copyright Queensland Museum (C). Abbreviations: H, holotype; POH, possible holotype; POS, possible syntype; S, syntype.

FIGURE 20. Shells, lateral view. A. Stanisicarion freycineti, AM C391188. B. Stanisicarion virens, BMNH 197776 (S). C. Parmacochlea fischeri, AM C432179. D. Nitor circumcincta, AM C104161 (H). E. Nitor subrugata, AM C333711. F. Nitor subrugata, AM C63479 (S of N. subrugata helmsianus). G. Pravonitor kreffti, BMNH no number (POS). H. Pravonitor kreffti, AM C29647 (H of P. kreffti insularum). I. Expocystis rustica, BMNH 1982243 (POH of Helix villaris). J. Malandena suturalis, AM C425087. Scale bars 3 mm (A, D, I), 5 mm (B–C, E–H, J). Photographs by H. Barlow (A, C, E, H), D. Beechey (D, F), W. Ponder (B, G, I), I. Hyman (J). Abbreviations: H, holotype; POH, possible holotype; POS, possible syntype; S, syntype.

FIGURE 21. Shells, ventral view. A. Stanisicarion freycineti, AM C391188. B. Stanisicarion virens, BMNH 197776 (S). C. Eungarion mcdonaldi, QMMO35628 (H). D. Parmacochlea fischeri, AM C432179. E. Nitor circumcincta, AM C104161 (H). F. Nitor subrugata, AM C333711. G. Nitor subrugata, AM C63479 (S of N. subrugata helmsianus). H. Pravonitor kreffti, BMNH no number (POS). I. Pravonitor kreffti, AM C29647 (H of P. kreffti insularum). J. Expocystis rustica, BMNH1982243 (POH of Helix villaris). K. Malandena suturalis, AM C425087. Scale bars 3 mm (A, E, J), 5 mm (B–D, F–I, K). Photographs by H. Barlow (A, D, F, I), D. Beechey (E, G), I. Hyman (K), W. Ponder (B, H, J), copyright Australian Museum; photographer unknown, copyright Queensland Museum (C). Abbreviations: H, holotype; POH, possible holotype; POS, possible syntype; S, syntype.