Orius (Orius) niger niger (Wolff, 1811)

Moulet, Pierre, 2017, Updated catalogue of Iranian Anthocoridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Cimicomorpha), Zootaxa 4311 (4), pp. 451-479 : 466-467

Orius (Orius) niger niger (Wolff, 1811)

Salda nigra Wolff, 1811: 167 (as new species); Rhynarius obscurus Hahn, 1832: 110 ; Anthocoris compressicollis R.F. Sahlberg, 1848: 77 ; Anthocoris crassicornis Perris, 1857: 161 ; Triphleps ullrichi Fieber, 1860: 270 ; Anthocoris neglectus Garbiglietti, 1869: 122 ; Orius niger aegyptiacus Wagner, 1952: 33 ; Orius pallidulus Wagner, 1952: 30 .

Distribution in Iran. Alborz (Ostovan 1998; Madadi 1999; Kosari et al. 2016a), Ardabil (Linnavuori & Hosseini 2000; Lotfalizadeh 2002; Fathi et al. 2012; Erfanfar 2014), Bushehr, Hormozgan, Qazvin (Erfanfar 2014), East Azarbaijan (Modarres Awal 1987, 1997; Sadeghi et al. 2009; Farshbaf Pour-Abad et al. 2017), Fars (Ostovan 1998; Ostovan & Niakan 2000; Erfanfar & Ostovan 2002 as O. n. aegyptiacus ; Ostovan & Mirhelli 2005 as O. n. aegyptiacus ; Ganji 2007 as O. n. aegyptiacus ; Falamarzi et al. 2009; Farzaneh et al. 2010a, b, 2011; Ghahari et al. 2011; Erfanfar 2014; Ostovan et al. 2015), Golestan (Afshari et al. 2005; Ghahari et al. 2011; Ghahari et al. 2015), Guilan (Linnavuori & Hosseini 2000; Hajizadeh & Hosseini 2004; Adeli et al. 2014; Erfanfar 2014), Hamadan (Eghbalian et al. 2008; Javadi Khederi & Khanjani 2014), Ilam (Mirab-Balou 2016), Isfahan (Modarres Awal 1987, 1997; Ostovan 1998; Rakhshani et al. 2010; Ghahari et al. 2011; Erfanfar 2014), Kerman (Kiritshenko 1966, as O. niger var. Ullrichi; Erfanfar 2014), Khuzestan (Sepahvand et al. 2016; Rajabpour 2011; Rajabpour et al. 2012), Kordestan (Javadi Khederi & Khanjani 2014), Kuhgiloyeh & Boyerahmad (Erfanfar 2014; Davari et al. 2015), Lorestan (Sepahvand et al. 2014, 2016), Mazandaran (Ghahari et al. 2008a, b, 2009c as O. n. aegyptiacus ), 2011; Erfanfar 2014), Northern Khorasan (Malkeshi et al. 1998; Linnavuori & Modarres Awal 1998), Razavi Khorasan (Ostovan 1998; Linnavuori & Modarres Awal 1998; Haddad Sabzevar 2007 as O. n. aegyptiacus ; Hassanzadeh Awal & Modarres Awal 2010a; Ghahari et al. 2011; Erfanfar 2014; Abedi et al. 2015; Keykhosravi et al. 2016), Semnan (Niknam 2000 as O. n. aegyptiacus ; Abd-Rabou & Ghahari 2006; Ghahari et al. 2011; Kalaii et al. 2013; Galini et al. 2013; Erfanfar 2014), Tehran (Ostovan 1998; Baniameri et al. 2006), West Azarbaijan (Modarres Awal 1987, 1997; Erfanfar 2014), Yazd (Hassanzadeh et al. 2013; Zare Khormizi et al. 2013 as O. n. Aegyptiacus ; Erfanfar 2014), Iran (no exact locality cited) (Ostovan 2004 as O. n. aegyptiacus ; Khanjani 2005; Erfanfar et al. 2014).

General distribution. Palaearctic except the Farmost East of Russia, Northern China, Korea, Japan; the mention from USA is not confirmed.

Plant associates. Alfalfa (Ostovan 1998; Niknam 2000; Haddad Sabzevar 2007; Saulich & Musolin 2009; Rakhshani et al. 2010; Farzaneh et al. 2010b; Hassanzadeh et al. 2013; Abedi et al. 2015), corn (Ostovan 1998; Niknam 2000; Haddad Sabzevar 2007; Kosari et al. 2016a), cotton, onion, pistachio, sugar beet, tomato, wulnut (Niknam 2000), cucumber and ornamental plants (Ostovan 1998), lucerne, sainfoin (Modarres Awal 1997), potato (Modarres Awal 1997; Niknam 2000; Fathi et al. 2012), sunflower (Niknam 2000; Haddad Sabzevar 2007; Hassanzadeh Awal & Modarres Awal 2010a; Hassanzadeh et al. 2013), Chrysanthemum frutescens (Compositae) (Baniameri et al. 2006), Dahlia sp., Tagetes sp., Zinnia violacea (= Z. elegans ) ( Asteraceae ) (Ostovan et al. 2015), rice fields (Ghahari et al. 2008a, b, 2009c), cotton field, Euphorbia geniculata (Euphorbiaceae) , Hibiscus cannabinus (Malvaceae) (Ghahari et al. 2011), wheat (Haddad Sabzevar 2007), Convolvulus arvensis (Convolvulaceae) (Falamarzi et al. 2009; Ghahari et al. 2011), Mentha longifolia (Falamarzi et al. 2009; Farzaneh et al. 2010b), Althaea sp. ( Malvaceae ), Caesalpinia gilliesii (Fabaceae) , Glycyrrhiza glabra (Fabaceae) , Helianthus annus (Asteraceae) , Lactuca serriola (Asteraceae) , Malus sp. ( Rosaceae ), Medicago sativa (Fabaceae) , Mespilus germanica (Rosaceae) , Myrtus communis (Myrtaceae) , Nerium oleander (Apocynaceae) , Pistacia vera (Anacardiacae) , Plantago sp. ( Plantaginaceae ), Polygonum aviculare (Polygonaceae) , Punica granatum (Punicaceae) , Zea mays (Poaceae) (Falamarzi et al. 2009), Rosa spp . ( Rosaceae ) (Falamarzi et al. 2009; Keykhosravi et al. 2016), Artemisia sp. ( Asteraceae ), Calluna sp. ( Ericaceae ), buckwheat (Poacaea), dill ( Asteraceae ), clover ( Fabaceae ), mustard ( Brassicaceae ) (Saulich & Musolin 2009).

Prey records. Aphids of pome fruit trees (Malkeshi et al. 1998), alfalfa aphids (Rakhshani et al. 2010), Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 ( Hemiptera : Aphididae ) (Lotfalizadeh 2002; Afshari et al. 2005; Khanjani 2005), whiteflies ( Hemiptera : Aleyrodidae ) (Abd-Rabou & Ghahari 2006), Bryobia rubriculus (Scheuten, 1857) (Acari: Tetranychidae ) (Eghbalian et al. 2008), Therioaphis maculata (Buckton, 1899) ( Hemiptera : Aphididae ), Haplothrips reuteri (Karny, 1907) , Haplothrips tritici (Kurdjumov, 1912) ( Thysanoptera : Phlaeothripidae ), Odontothrips sp., Retithrips syriacus (Mayet, 1890) , Tenothrips discolor (Karny, 1907) ( Thysanoptera : Thripidae ) (Falamarzi et al. 2009), Psyllopsis fraxini (Linnaeus, 1758) ( Hemiptera : Psyllidae ) (Farzaneh et al. 2011), Thrips tabaci (Lindeman, 1889) ( Thysanoptera : Thripidae ) (Baniameri et al. 2005, 2006; Fathi et al. 2012; Ganji 2007 as O. n. aegyptiacus ), Eriophyidae mites (Acari) (Hajizadeh & Hosseini 2004), Aceria erineus (Nalepa) (Acari: Eriophyidae ) (Adeli et al. 2014), Colomerus vitis (Pagenstecher) (Acari: Eriophyidae ) (Javadi Khederi & Khanjani 2014), Lixus incanescens Boheman, 1835 ( Coleoptera : Curculionidae ) (Abedi et al. 2015), Macrosiphum rosae (Linnaeus, 1758) ( Hemiptera : Aphididae ) (Keykhosravi et al. 2016), Tetranychus urticae (Koch, 1836) (Acari: Tetranychidae ) (Péricart 1972; Kosari et al. 2016a, b), Taeniothrips inconsequens (Uzel) ( Thysanoptera : Thripidae ) (Mirab-Balou 2016), eggs of Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller, 1879) and larvae of Mamestra brassica (Linnaeus, 1758) ( Lepidoptera : Pyralidae , Noctuidae ), eggs of shield bugs ( Hemiptera : Pentatomidae ), Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande, 1895 , F. intosa (Trybom, 1895) ( Thysanoptera : Thripidae ), Stephanitis pyri (Fabricius, 1775) ( Hemiptera : Tingidae ) (Saulich & Musolin 2009).

Comments. Biology and host preference of Orius niger were studied by Salehi et al. (2006) on Aphis gossypii , Tetranychus urticae and Thrips tabaci in laboratory conditions, and by Ganji (2007 as O. niger aegyptiacus Wagner ) on the eggs of the flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella , and corn pollen as food and supplement food, respectivetly.

Biology. In Great Britain O. niger overwinters as adults and there are two generations per year, but it can have more (up to 5 in European Russia and 7-8 in Tajikistan) (Saulich & Musolin 2009). In central Europe overwintered adults appear at the end of April and oviposition takes place mid May, up to 3 generations per year can born; the larval life is abour 12 days in summer, around 23 in autumn (Saulich & Musolin 2009).