Platystoma Meigen, 1803

Bodner, L. & Freidberg, A., 2016, Taxonomy and immature stages of the Platystomatidae (Diptera: Tephritoidea) of Israel, Zootaxa 4171 (2), pp. 201-245 : 209-210

Platystoma Meigen, 1803

Platystoma Meigen, 1803: 277 . Type species: Musca seminationis Fabricius, 1775: 786 .

Synonyms: Heyquillia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 708. Type species: Heyquillia lugubris Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 709 . Megaglossa Rondani, 1869: 32 (unjustified new name for Platystoma Meigen, 1803 ).

Selected references: Loew, 1845: 34; Hendel, 1913: 55; Hennig, 1945: 1 (palaearctic Platystomatidae ); Soós, 1984: 40 (palaearctic catalog); Ferrar, 1987: 478 (breeding habits and immature stages); Korneyev, 2001: 1 (key to genera of palaearctic Platystomatidae ); Mesci & Hasbenli, 2015: 804 (fauna of Turkey).

Redescription. Head ( Figs. 8–17 , 19–28 ): Structure: Head higher than long. Frons slightly concave lateral and anterior to ocellar triangle. First flagellomere apically rounded. Color and vestiture: Head yellowish-brown to blackish-brown, sometimes mottled, with yellowish-brown or reddish areas. Conspicuous silvery-white microtrichia present on orbits, occiput and between posterior margin of eye and postgena, sometimes also on parafacial and postgena (not visible in certain angles). Frons mostly sparsely microtrichose, with dense microtrichia on orbits and around bases of orbital and vertical setae, and with median line of microtrichia extending from ocellar triangle to lunule. Ocellar triangle dark brown to black, usually microtrichose as well as delimitated by line of dense microtrichia (rarely bare). Lunule yellow to blackish-brown, inconspicuously microtrichose. Antenna yellowish to blackish-brown with fine microtrichia. Face mostly shiny blackish, sometimes with yellowish to brownish areas, and partially covered with dense microtrichia. Clypeus either entirely gray microtrichose, or predominantly shiny black with marginal spots or bands of microtrichia (rarely shiny black without microtrichia). Palpus brown to blackish, sometimes with yellowish or yellowish-brown base, microtrichose mostly apically and marginally. Proboscis shiny brown, or reddish-brown to dark brown, inconspicuously microtrichose. Chaetotaxy: Frons densely setulose, bare around ocellar triangle. 1–2 pairs of orbital setae and 0–1 pair of postocellar setae present. Lunule setulose or bare. Antenna: scape anteriorly and pedicel dorsally with short dark setulae; pedicel ventrally with moderately long, yellowish-white to orange setulae. Usually 3 genal setae present (sometimes 4–5, rarely less than 3), anterior seta thickest. Postgena with thin, long, mostly yellowish-white but sometimes dark brown setulae, distinctly longer and curly anteroventrally. Occiput either similarly setulose or bare. Palpus with long yellowish to pale brown setulae proximally, and darker, sometimes thicker setulae distally. Proboscis posteriorly and labellum with long, yellowish to brown setulae. Ratios: Head: 1.26–1.62; frons anterior: 1.14–2.00; frons posterior: 1.06–1.83; ocellar triangle/frons: 0.19–0.79; eye: 1.75–2.38; 1st flagellomere: 1.33–2.67; gena/eye: 0.13–0.41; parafacial/gena: 0.13–0.39; posterior orbital/anterior orbital: 1.29–3.27; medial vertical/ lateral vertical: 0.69–1.48; posterior orbital/medial vertical: 0.21–1.06; ocellar/medial vertical: 0.22–0.78; ocellar /ocellar triangle: 0.47–2.15; postocellar/medial vertical: 0.17–0.48.

Thorax: Color and vestiture: Ground color usually black, sometimes dark brown or reddish-brown, covered with microtrichia. Scutum with irregular reticulate microtrichose pattern, usually forming 3 or 5 longitudinal stripes, of which median stripe most discrete. Scutum almost entirely with small black spots around bases of setae and setulae, including on microtrichose stripes. Ground color of postpronotal lobe usually black with dense white microtrichia. Posterior corner of postpronotal lobe and median articulation of anepisternum and katepisternum shiny yellow to dark brown, without microtrichia. Scutellum irregularly microtrichose. Subscutellum usually dark brown to black, sometimes metallic, irregularly microtrichose or shiny. Mediotergite usually shiny black, laterally microtrichose. Ground color of pleura usually black and irregularly microtrichose: anepisternum and katepisternum mostly with reticulate pattern of microtrichia; ventral part of katepisternum and other pleura either with inconspicuous reticulate pattern of microtrichia or entirely microtrichose. Chaetotaxy: Postpronotal lobe with 0–1 seta, usually with yellowish and black setulae. Scutal setae (pairs): 1–2 scapular, 0–1 presutural supra-alar, 0–1 postsutural supra-alar, 1 postalar, 1 intra-alar, 1 dorsocentral and 1 acrostichal. Scutum uniformly short setulose; setulae usually about 0.12 times as long as major setae. Scutellum with 2–5 (pairs) of setae (usually 3, sometimes 4, rarely 2 or 5). Pleura: 2 notopleural setae present. Anepisternum with 1 seta, either uniformly short setulose, or irregularly long setulose. Anepimeron with 1 seta posterodorsally, and with subequally long, yellowish-white to orange-brown (sometimes also blackish) setulae. Katepisternum with 1–2 (rarely more) brown to blackish setae ventrally, and with long, curly, yellowish-white to orange, or brown to blackish setulae. Ratios: Scutum: 0.77–1.19; presutural supra-alar/intra-alar: 0.19–0.58; postsutural supra-alar/intra-alar: 0.33–0.84; postalar/intra-alar: 0.46– 1.44.

Legs: Color and vestiture: 2 leg types: (1) dark - ground color dark brown to black, with yellowish areas; (2) pale - ground color yellow to reddish, with pale brown areas. Tarsi usually with yellowish areas as follows: fore and mid metatarsus proximally, hind metatarsus entirely (or almost entirely), and 2nd tarsomere of hind tarsus ventrally. Legs generally inconspicuously and irregularly microtrichose. Chaetotaxy: Legs irregularly setulose; tibiae mostly short setulose; mid tibia ventrodistally with row of black spines. All tarsomeres ventrally with short black spines.

Wing ( Figs. 30–39 ): Pattern: Generally reticulate; predominantly pale brown to blackish with irregularly scattered hyaline spots. Venation: Crossvein DM-Cu mostly curved basally, sometimes slightly sinuous, and usually with more or less distinct stump vein. Tegula microtrichose. Chaetotaxy: R1 dorsally with dense row of evenly-spaced short black setulae, ventrally bare. R4+5 dorsally with row of short sparse blackish setulae. Tegula usually with short blackish setulae and 2–4 black setae. Calypteres primarily white to yellowish with yellowish to pale brown margins and white to pale brown fringes. Halter microtrichose, with yellowish to pale brown base and stem, and with yellowish to blackish knob. Ratios: Wing: 2.38–3.03.

Abdomen: Structure: Male and female with 5 preabdominal tergites (T6 absent in female). Color and vestiture: Ground color black or blackish. Microtrichia usually present, more or less uniformly scattered over tergites, lacking around bases of setulae and often lacking also from larger subshiny black areas, sometimes absent completely; this character sometimes sexually dimorphic. Male terminalia: Epandrium ( Figs. 41–50 , 52–61 ) in lateral view ventrally concave and saddle-shaped, longer than high or about as long as high, usually with distinct posterior prolongation. Subepandrial sclerite bent ventrally in middle (except in P. dimidiatum ). Lateral surstylus weakly sclerotized, usually distinctly articulated to epandrium, rarely fused. Medial surstylus hidden behind lateral surstylus. 2 heavily sclerotized claw-like prensisetae present, divergently projected from each medial surstylus mesally. Phallus (Figs. 63–72) with both bulbous preglans and glans, and with 2 equally or subequally long terminal filaments. Female terminalia: Ovipositor ( Fig. 74 ) practically identical in all local congeners. Cercal unit ( Fig. 75 ) rounded apically, narrowed basally, with well pronounced lateral groove; 6 pairs of setulae present; subapical ventral setulae adjoined. 2–3 spermathecae present (Figs. 77–86), 2 connected by common duct; spermatheca strongly sclerotized, usually short ovoid, smooth, tuberculate or with spine-like protuberances on external surface; internal structure usually cylindrical. Ratios: Male: T3/T4: 0.44–1.29; T4/T5: 0.06–0.80; T3+4/ T5: 0.10–1.60; epandrium: 0.45–0.97; preglans: 1.00–2.13; glans: 1.45–2.43; preglans/glans: 0.31–0.57; acrophallus/preglans+glans: 1.0 0–15.80; distiphallus/preglans+glans: 4.50–13.93. Female: T3/T4: 0.60–1.36; T4/ T5: 0.84–1.47; T3+4/T5: 1.58–2.85; aculeus: 4.17–9.63; cercal unit: 2.00–3.50; cercal unit/aculeus: 0.16–0.36.

Measurements (mm). Body length: 2.4–8.5 (based on Israeli specimens only; 3–11 according to Mesci & Hasbenli, 2015). Wing length: 3.2–7.1.

Distribution. Palaearctic.

Phenology. In Israel, adults of Platystoma species are active during spring. Maximum activity occurs between March and June, with the highest number of active species in April (8 out of 10).

Figures

FIGURES 8 – 18. Head, frontal view. 8. Platystoma arcuatum. 9. P. dalia. 10. P. dimidiatum. 11. P. elizabethae. 12. P. geula. 13. P. malatiense. 14. P. nitidiventre. 15. P. pubescens. 16. P. torridum. 17. P. trigonum. 18. Rivellia israelica. Postocular setae not always visible in this view.

FIGURES 19 – 29. Head, lateral view. 19. Platystoma arcuatum. 20. P. dalia. 21. P. dimidiatum. 22. P. elizabethae. 23. P. geula. 24. P. malatiense. 25. P. nitidiventre. 26. P. pubescens. 27. P. torridum. 28. P. trigonum. 29. Rivellia israelica.

FIGURES 30 – 40. Wing. 30. Platystoma arcuatum. 31. P. dalia. 32. P. dimidiatum. 33. P. elizabethae. 34. P. g e ul a. 35. P. malatiense. 36. P. nitidiventre. 37. P. pubescens. 38. P. torridum. 39. P. trigonum. 40. Rivellia israelica.

FIGURES 41 – 51. Epandrial complex, ventral view. 41. Platystoma arcuatum. 42. P. dalia. 43. P. dimidiatum. 44. P. elizabethae. 45. P. g e ul a. 46. P. malatiense. 47. P. nitidiventre. 48. P. pubescens. 49. P. torridum. 50. P. trigonum. 51. Rivellia israelica.

FIGURES 52 – 62. Epandrial complex, lateral view. 52. Platystoma arcuatum. 53. P. dalia. 54. P. dimidiatum. 55. P. elizabethae. 56. P. g e ul a. 57. P. malatiense. 58. P. nitidiventre. 59. P. pubescens. 60. P. torridum. 61. P. trigonum. 62. Rivellia israelica.

FIGURES 74 – 76. Ovipositor and cercal unit. 74. Platystoma torridum, ovipositor. 75. Platystoma elizabethae, cercal unit. 76. Rivellia israelica, cercal unit.