Fulgoroidea Latreille, 1807

Lin, You-Sheng, Liao, Jhih-Rong, Shiao, Shiuh-Feng & Ko, Chiun-Cheng, 2023, Lanternflies (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) of Taiwan., Zoological Studies (Zool. Stud.) 62 (7), pp. 1-37 : 2

Superfamily Fulgoroidea Latreille, 1807 Family Fulgoridae Latreille, 1807

Identification key to the species of Fulgoridae from Taiwan

1. Anal area of hindwings hyaline, without cross-veins ( Fig. 1A ); genital styles with a hook on each lateral margin over 1/2 from base in ventral view ( Fig. 2C ) ....................................................... ........................................... Dichoptera similis Schumacher, 1915

- Anal area of hindwings colored, with cross-veins ( Figs. 7A , 9A, D , 14A , 16A , 19A , 22A, D ); genital styles with a hook on each lateral margin at 1/2 or below from base in ventral view ( Figs. 5C , 8C , 10C , 11C , 15C , 17C , 20C , 23C ) ................................... 2

2. Head without cephalic process ( Fig. 14C ); 10th abdominal segment with apical margin nearly as broad as basal margin in dorsal view ( Fig. 15B ) ................................................................... ......................... Penthicodes pulchella ( Guérin-Méneville, 1838)

- Head with cephalic process ( Figs. 4C , 7C , 9C , 16C , 19C , 22C ); 10th abdominal segment with apical margin broader than basal margin in dorsal view ( Figs. 5B , 8B , 10B , 11B , 17B , 20B , 23B ) ..................................................................................................... 3

3. Cephalic process long, protruding forward ( Figs. 16C , 19C , 22C ); 9th abdominal segment with anterior margin flat in lateral view ( Figs. 17A , 20A , 23A ) ....................................................... 4

- Cephalic process short, not protruding forward ( Figs. 4C , 7C , 9C ); 9th abdominal segment with anterior margin concave or convex in lateral view ( Figs. 5A , 8A , 11A ) ............................... 6

4. Cephalic process narrowing suddenly beyond eyes ( Fig. 22A, D ); ventral pair of lateral phallobasal lobes slightly sclerotized ( Fig. 23D ) ................................................ Saiva formosana Kato, 1929

- Cephalic process narrowing gradually beyond eyes ( Figs. 16A , 19A, D ); ventral pair of lateral phallobasal lobes membranous ( Figs. 17D , 20D ) ......................................................................... 5

5. Cephalic process with apex narrowing and compressed laterally ( Fig. 16A, B ); tegmina with 1 transverse band near base ( Fig. 16A ); phallobasal conjunctival processes exposed ( Fig. 17D, E ) ............................................. Pyrops candelaria ( Linnaeus, 1758)

- Cephalic process with apex strongly inflated ( Fig. 19A, B, D ); tegmina without transverse band near base ( Fig. 19A, D ); phallobasal conjunctival processes not exposed ( Fig. 20D, E ) ..... .......................................... Pyrops watanabei ( Matsumura, 1913)

6. Tegmina not hyaline ( Fig. 9A, D ); labium not reaching apex of abdomen ( Fig. 9B ); phallobasal conjunctival processes with apexes folding backward and downward in ventral view ( Figs. 10D , 11D ) ......................................... Lycorma meliae Kato, 1929

- Tegmina partially hyaline ( Figs. 4A , 7A ); labium reaching apex of abdomen ( Figs. 4B , 7B ); phallobasal conjunctival processes with apexes not folding backward and downward in ventral view ( Figs. 5D , 8D ) ............................................................................. 7

7. Frons with 3 longitudinal carinae extending from ventral side of cephalic process, median carina sometimes indistinct terminally ( Fig. 4D ); 9th abdominal segment with dorso-posterior margin angulate in lateral view ( Figs. 5A , 6A ); 10th abdominal segment with apical margin medially concave as “U” shape dorsally and ventrally in dorsal view ( Figs. 5B , 6C ); genital styles suboval in ventral view ( Figs. 5C , 6E ) ............... Limois kikuchii Kato, 1932

- Frons with 2 longitudinal carinae extending from ventral side of cephalic process ( Fig. 7D ); 9th abdominal segment with dorso-posterior margin rounded in lateral view ( Figs. 6B , 8A ); 10th abdominal segment with apical margin medially concave as “V” shape dorsally but slightly concave as “U” shape ventrally in dorsal view ( Figs. 6D , 8B ); genital styles subtriangular in ventral view ( Figs. 6F , 8C ) ................... Limois westwoodii ( Hope, 1843)

Note: Lycorma delicatula ( White, 1845) , Pyrops spinolae ( Westwood, 1842) and Zanna chinensis ( Distant, 1893) were excluded from the identification key since their records in Taiwan are questionable.

Figures

Fig. 1. Dichoptera similis Schumacher, 1915, adult female. A, Habitus, dorsal view. B, Habitus, ventral view. C, Habitus, left lateral view (not to scale).

Fig. 2. Dichoptera similis Schumacher, 1915, male genitalia. A, Male genitalia, left lateral view. B, 10th–11th abdominal segments, dorsal view. C, Genital styles, ventral view. D, Phallic complex, ventral view. E, Phallic complex, dorsal view.

Fig. 7. Limois westwoodii (Hope, 1843), adult male. A, Habitus, dorsal view. B, Habitus, ventral view. C, Habitus, left lateral view (not to scale). D, Frons (not to scale).

Fig. 9. Lycorma meliae Kato, 1929, adult. A–C, Blue female. A, Habitus, dorsal view. B, Habitus, ventral view. C, Habitus, left lateral view (not to scale). D, Red female.

Fig. 14. Penthicodes pulchella (Guérin-Méneville, 1838), adult female. A, Habitus, dorsal view. B, Habitus, ventral view. C, Habitus, left lateral view (not to scale).

Fig. 16. Pyrops candelaria (Linnaeus, 1758), adult female. A, Habitus, dorsal view. B, Habitus, ventral view. C, Habitus, left lateral view (not to scale).

Fig. 19. Pyrops watanabei (Matsumura, 1913), adult. A–C, Normal male. A, Habitus, dorsal view. B, Habitus, ventral view. C, Habitus, left lateral view (not to scale). D, Variant male.

Fig. 22. Saiva formosana Kato, 1929, adult. A–C, Red male. A, Habitus, dorsal view. B, Habitus, ventral view. C, Habitus, left lateral view (not to scale). D, Green female.

Fig. 5. Limois kikuchii Kato, 1932, male genitalia. A, Male genitalia, left lateral view. B, 10th–11th abdominal segments, dorsal view. C, Genital styles, ventral view. D, Phallic complex, ventral view. E, Phallic complex, dorsal view.

Fig. 8. Limois westwoodii (Hope, 1843), male genitalia. A, Male genitalia, left lateral view. B, 10th–11th abdominal segments, dorsal view. C, Genital styles, ventral view. D, Phallic complex, ventral view. E, Phallic complex, dorsal view.

Fig. 10. Lycorma meliae Kato, 1929, male genitalia. A, Male genitalia, left lateral view. B, 10th–11th abdominal segments, dorsal view. C, Genital styles, ventral view. D, Phallic complex, ventral view. E, Phallic complex, dorsal view.

Fig. 11. Lycorma olivacea Kato, 1929 [new junior synonym of Lycorma meliae Kato, 1929], male genitalia. A, Male genitalia, left lateral view. B, 10th–11th abdominal segments, dorsal view. C, Genital styles, ventral view. D, Phallic complex, ventral view. E, Phallic complex, dorsal view.

Fig. 15. Penthicodes pulchella (Guérin-Méneville, 1838), male genitalia. A, Male genitalia, left lateral view. B, 10th–11th abdominal segments, dorsal view. C, Genital styles, ventral view. D, Phallic complex, ventral view. E, Phallic complex, dorsal view.

Fig. 17. Pyrops candelaria (Linnaeus, 1758), male genitalia. A, Male genitalia, left lateral view. B, 10th–11th abdominal segments, dorsal view. C, Genital styles, ventral view. D, Phallic complex, ventral view. E, Phallic complex, dorsal view.

Fig. 20. Pyrops watanabei (Matsumura, 1913), male genitalia. A, Male genitalia, left lateral view. B, 10th–11th abdominal segments, dorsal view. C, Genital styles, ventral view. D, Phallic complex, ventral view. E, Phallic complex, dorsal view.

Fig. 23. Saiva formosana Kato, 1929, male genitalia. A, Male genitalia, left lateral view. B, 10th–11th abdominal segments, dorsal view. C, Genital styles, ventral view. D, Phallic complex, ventral view. E, Phallic complex, dorsal view.

Fig. 4. Limois kikuchii Kato, 1932, adult male. A, Habitus, dorsal view. B, Habitus, ventral view. C, Habitus, left lateral view (not to scale). D, Frons (not to scale).

Fig. 6. Diagnostic characters for Limois kikuchii and L. westwoodii. A–B, Dorso-posterior margin of 9th abdominal segment in lateral view. A, L. kikuchii. B, L. westwoodii. C–D, Apical margin of 10th abdominal segment in dorsal view. C, L. kikuchii. D, L. westwoodii. E–F, Genital styles in ventral view. E, L. kikuchii. F. L. westwoodii.