Nemophora aurifera ( Butler, 1881 )

Kozlov, Mikhail V., 2024, Fairy moths of the genus Nemophora Hoffmannsegg, 1798 (Lepidoptera: Adelidae) from Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam, Zootaxa 5423 (1), pp. 1-66 : 39-42

Nemophora aurifera ( Butler, 1881)

( Figs. 44–47 , 82 , 104 , 121 )

Tinachma (Adela) fasciella : Motschulsky 1860: 39. Holotype ♂: Japan, Hokkaido, Hakodate (approx. 41° 46' N, 141° 44' E); whereabouts unknown; presumably lost. Invalid as a junior secondary homonym of Alucita fasciella Fabricius, 1775 (now Nemophora fasciella ).

Tinachma (Adela) fasciella : Motschoulsky 1866: 200, 1869: 102.

Nemotois aurifera : Butler 1881: 592. Holotype ♂: Japan, Yokohama (approx. 35° 27' N, 139° 38' E); labelled: 8 mm circle with red border, print ‘ Type’; 5 × 10 mm, black ink ‘ Japan │ YY. 9’, reverse side: ‘ Nemotois │ aurifera │ Butler Type’; 15 × 25 mm, wide black frame, black ink + print ‘ ADELA │ AURIFERA Btlr. │ Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. 592 1881 │ TYPE ♂ descr’ ( NHM) [examined].

Nemotois aurifera : Meyrick 1912a: 7, 1912b: 9; Matsumura 1931: 1111, fig. 2332 (b&w moth drawings), 1932: 122, pl. 4 fig. 5 (b&w female drawing); Hirayama 1933: pl. 48, fig. 19 (colour moth drawing).

Nemophora aurifera : Inoue 1954: 8–9; Issiki 1957: 13, pl. 2 fig. 29 (colour photograph of moth); Kuroko 1957: 1; Okano 1959: 277, pl. 183 fig. 13 (colour photograph of moth); Watanabe 1980: 18; Moriuti 1982: 54, 156, pl. 1 fig. 35 (colour photograph of moth); Park 1983: 6; Kawamura 1984: 3; Kozlov 1997c: 179 fig. 182.5 (drawing of forewing), 281, 282 figs. 185.1–185.3 (drawing of male genitalia); Hirowatari 1998: 29; Wang et al. 2000: 8–9 (colour photographs of moths); Owada et al. 2005: 123; Nakatomi 2006: 41; Yamauchi 2010: 7; Lee et al. 2011: 181; Kataoa [Kataoka] et al. 2012: 195; Hirowatari 2013: 106, figs. 3-08-3, 3-08-4 (colour photographs of moths); Hirowatari et al. 2015: 26; Mishima 2021: 80; Sato & Tsurimaki 2021: 28; Liao et al. 2023: 25–26, 94 pl. 2 fig. 6 (colour photographs of moths), 110 pl. 10 fig. 2 (colour photograph of holotype, erroneously referred to as a syntype), 116 pl. 13 fig. 4 (photograph of male genitalia), 133 pl. 22 fig. 1 (photograph of female genitalia), 150 pl. 30 figs. 5–9 (photographs of moths in nature).

Nemotois limenites Meyrick, 1914: 61 , syn. nov. Holotype ♂: Taiwan, Pintung County, Hengchun (approx. 22° 00' N, 120° 44' E); labelled: 4 × 10 mm, red paper, print ‘Holotypus’; 5 × 13 mm, print ‘Kankau (Koshun) │ Formosa │ H. Sauter V.1912 ’; 9 × 10 mm, black ink ‘F120’; 3 × 14 mm, print ‘Meyrick det.’; 10 × 19 mm, ‘ HOLOTYPE ♂ │ Nemotois limenites │ Meyrick, 1914 │ teste M. Kozlov, 2008 ’; 4 × 10 mm, print ‘Eberswalde │ coll. DEI’ (DEIE) [examined].

Nemotois limenitis (unjustified emendation): Matsumura 1931: 1112, fig. 2336 (b&w drawing of moth); Matsumura 1932: 122, pl. 4 fig. 7 (b&w drawing of male).

Nemotois limenites : Issiki 1922: 194; Clarke 1955: 188; Hua 2005: 2.

Nemophora limenites : Heppner 1992: 63; Liao et al. 2023: 27.

Nemotois servata : Meyrick in Caradja 1925: 383, syn. nov. Holotype ♂: China, Yunnan Province, Linping (30° 26' N, 120° 18' E); labelled: 6 × 12 mm, black ink ‘Lieuping [sic!] │ V.[19]22’; 11 × 20 mm, black ink ‘ Nemotois │ servata Meyr. │ Type’; 13 × 18 mm, red border, print + black ink ‘ ROMÄNIA [along the left margin] │ HOLOTYPE │ Nemotois ♂ │ servata │ Meyr’ (MINGA) [examined].

Nemotois servata : Meyrick 1935: 94; Caradja 1938: 257, 1939b: 32; Clarke 1955: 285; Hua 2005: 2.

Nemophora servata : Liao et al. 2023: 29.

Nemophora badagongshana Liao, Hirowatari & Huang in Liao et al., 2023: 26–27, 94 pl. 2 fig. 7 (colour photographs of moths), 116 pl. 13 fig. 5 (photograph of male genitalia), 134 pl. 22 fig. 2 (photograph of female genitalia), syn. nov. Holotype ♂: China, Hunan, Mt. Tianpingshan, Badagongshan National Nature Reserve , Sangzhi County, Zhangjiajie , 1.–2.v.2021 (Liao) ( HUNAU) [not examined] . Paratypes. 1 ♂ 2 ♀, same data as holotype ; 2 ♀, Huangliantai Village, Badagongshan National Nature Reserve , Sangzhi County, Zhangjiajie City , 30.iv.2021 (Liao) ( HUNAU) [not examined] .

Nemophora quadrata Liao, Hirowatari & Huang in Liao et al., 2023: 28–29, 96 pl. 3 fig. 1 (colour photographs of moths), 118 pl. 14 fig. 1 (photograph of male genitalia), 134 pl. 22 fig. 3 (photograph of female genitalia), syn. nov. Holotype ♂: China, Hunan, Shuangjiangkou, Jintongshan National Nature Reserve, Chengbu Miao Autonomous County, Shaoyang City, 7.v.2020 (Liao) (HUNAU) [not examined]. Paratypes. 20 ♂ 10 ♀; for label data, consult Liao et al. (2023) (HUNAU) [not examined].

Other material. Vietnam. 5 ♂, Lào Cai, Sa Pa, 1500 m, 10.–20.v.2006 (Zolotuhin) ( ZMB) . Continental China. 1 ♂, West Tien-Mu-Shan, 9.vi.1935 (Höne); 1 ♂, Province Kiangsu, Lungtan near Nanking, 9.v.1933 (Höne); 7 ♂ 4 ♀, Fukien, Kuatun, 2300 m, 2.–26.v.1938 (Klapperich) (all in MINGA) ; 1 ♂ 3 ♀, West Tien-Mu-Shan, Province Chekiang , 10.–18.vi.1932 (Höne); 1 ♂, Wenchow, Province Chekiang, 16.iv.1939 (Höne); 1 ♂, Fukien, Kuatun, 2300 m, 2.v.1938 (Klapperich) (all in ZFMK) ; 2 ♂, Mupin , vi.1892 (Leech); 3 ♂ 1 ♀, Chang-Yang, Ichang, 1300– 2000 m, 1886 (Leech); 1 ♀, Tien-Mu-Shan, 1615 m, vi.1923 (Höne); 1 ♀, Fuzhou, vi.1886 (Leech) (all in NHM) . Taiwan. 1 ♂ (Issiki); 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Taiheisan , 9.v.1942 (Issiki); 2 ♀, Daizyurin, 16.iii.1926 (Issiki); 1 ♂, Daibu, iii.1927 (Issiki); 2 ♀, NanTowCo, Mei-feng , 30 km S Tayuling, 2200 m, forest, 1.–8.vi.1980 ( Davis ); 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Musya, 23.– 27.iii.1943 (Issiki); 1 ♀, Higasinoko, 3.vi.1943 (Issiki); 1 ♂, Suisya, 20.iii.1943 (Issiki); 1 ♀, Tyokakurai, 26.iii.1944 (Issiki); 1 ♂, Sozan, 29.iv.1935 (Issiki); 1 ♂, Rengwati, 22.iii.1943 (Issiki); 1 ♂, Kirai, 28.vi.1927 (Issiki); 3 ♂ 1 ♀, Baibara, 23.–25.iii.1943 (Issiki); 1 ♂, Hassenzan, 5.vi.1942 (Issiki); 1 ♀, Tattaka, 25.v.1920 (Issiki); 1 ♂ , ibid., 6.vi.1943 ( Issiki ); 1 ♂, Kuraru, 20.iii.1926 (Issiki) (all in USNM) ; 2 ♂, Taoyuan County, Fushin, Upper-Paling, 1300 m, 7.vi.1996 ( Yen ); 1♀ , Taitung County, Yakou-Da-guan-shan Channel, 2750 m, 27.iv.1996 ( Yen ); 2 ♂ 1♀ , Hualien County, Pilushenmu, 2150 m, 27.vi.1996 ( Yen ); 1♂ , Hualien County, Central Cross-Island Highway, Tzuen , 27.vi.1996 (Yen) (all in NMNST) ; 1 ♂, Taihorin, v.1910 (Sauter) ( ZMB) ; 1 ♂, Nantou County, Pilushi Station, 14.vii.1995 ( Yen ); 1♂ , Hualien County, Tayulin-Tzer-en, 15.vii.1995 ( Yen ); 1 ♂ , Nantou County, Jian-ai, Songgang , 23.iv.1995 (Yen) (all in NMNST) ; 1 ♂, Hsinchu / Miaoli, Kuangwu , 24.–25.vi.1985 (Heppner & Wang); 3 ♂ 5 ♀ , Pingtung County, Kenting park, 255 m, 9.–15.iii.1990 (Heppner & Wang); 1 ♀ , Hualien County, Tzuen, 1975 m, 19.–20.vi.1982 ( Heppner ); 1 ♀ , Taichung County, Chingshan , 1100 m, 27.iii.–1.iv.1990 (Heppner & Wang) (all in FSCA) ; 1 ♀, Taiwan, 35 km E Taichung, 800 m, 24.iv.2001 ( Kozlov ); 2 ♂ , 23 km NNE Puli, 1200 m, 25.iv.2001 ( Kozlov ); 1 ♂ , 25 km NNE Puli, 1500 m, 25.iv.2001 ( Kozlov ); 3 ♂ , Taiwan, Liouguei, 60 km NE Kaoshiung, 900 m, 1.v.2001 ( Kozlov ); 1 ♂ 2 ♀ , Taiwan, Fushan , 600 m, at light 10.v.2001 (Kozlov) (all in MZH) . Japan. Hokkaido. 1♂, vi.1911 ( MINGA) ; 5 ♂, Oshima, Hakodate, 19.vi.1902 ( Wileman ); 1 ♂ , ibid.; 5 ♂, vi.1911 (all in NHM) ; 1 ♂, Apoi, 21.vi.1959 ( Kumata ); 1 ♀, Bibaim 2.vii.1961 (Kumata) (both in RMNH) ; 1 ♂, Sapporo, 13.vii.1957 (Kumata); 1 ♀, Okusiri, 14.vii.1958 ( Kumata ); 1 ♂, Kotoni, 6.vi.1961 (Kumata) (all in ZSM) ; 2 ♂, Sapporo, 15.vi.1919 (Issiki) ( NHMW and USNM) ; 1 ♀, Tomakomai, 26.vi.1919 (Issiki) ( TFRI) . Honshu. 2 ♂ 1 ♀, Yokohama ( Leech ); 1 ♂, Yokohama, iv.1911 ( HH) ; 2 ♂, Nagasaki, vi.1886 (Leech) (all in NHM) ; 1 ♂, Mie-ken, Mt. Gozaisho , 2.v.1967 (Ichibashii) ( RMNH) ; 4 ♂, Yokohama ( ZMB) ; 1 ♂, ibid., iv.1910 ( MINGA) ; 2 ♂ 3 ♀, Tokyo Prefecture, Takao, 28.v.1932 (Issiki); 1 ♂, Iwawakisan, Kii, 28.v.1920 ( Issiki ); 1 ♂ , ibid., 25.vi.1920 ( Issiki ); 1 ♀ , Tokyo, vi.1932 (Issiki) (all in TFRI) ; 1 ♂, Nara Prefecture, Oto-mura, 10.vi.1952 ( Issiki ); 1 ♂ , Kyoto Prefecture, Usiozan, 31.v.1947 ( Mutuura ); 1 ♀ , Kyoto Prefecture, Hanase, 2.vi.1951 ( Issiki ); 1 ♀ , ibid., 6.vi.1961 ( Kodama ); 1 ♂ , Tokyo Prefecture, Takao, 28.v.1932 ( Issiki ); 1 ♀ , ibid., 17.vi.1959 ( Inoue ); 1 ♂ , Mie Prefecture, Osugidani, 9.vi.1952 ( Issiki ); 1 ♂ , Mie Prefecture, Iwawaki Mt., 13.v.1950 ( Issiki ); 1 ♂ , Gifu Prefecture, Katayama, 15.v.1915 ( Takeuchi ); 2 ♂ , Akita Prefecture, Tazawa, 13.vi.1951 ( Issiki ); 3 ♂ 1 ♀ , Shizuoka Prefecture, Ito, 27.–28.v.1974 ( Issiki ); 3 ♂ , Kanagawa Prefecture, Yokohama, 12.v.1951 ( Inoue ); 1 ♀ , Kanagawa Prefecture, Yokosuka, Funakoshi , 22.v.1952 (Inoue) (all in USNM) ; 1 ♂, Kii, Oosima, 29.iv.1964 (Mutuura) ( ZMUC) ; 1 ♀, Karuizawa, 12.vii.1952 ( Savolainen ); 1 ♀ , ibid., 25.vi.1953 ( Savolainen ); 1 ♂ , ibid., 11.vii.1953 ( Savolainen ); 1 ♂, Odaira, 17.vii.1954 (Savolainen) (all in MZH) . Shikoku. 1 ♂ , Tokushima Prefecture, Turugi Mt., 15.vi.1961 ( Saito ); 2 ♂ , ibid., 30.v.1950 ( Issiki ); 5 ♂ , Kochi Prefecture, Imano-Yama, 11.–13.v.1951 ( Issiki ); 2 ♂, Asizuri-saki, 10.v.1951 (Issiki) (all in USNM) . Kyushu. 1 ♀, Province Higo, Iida San, 17.vi.1899 ( Wileman ); 1 ♂ 1 ♀, Province Higo, Takio, 10.v.1899 (Wileman) (all in NHM) ; 1♂, Gokanosyo, 5.vi.1926 ( Issiki ); 1 ♀, Sobosan, 4.vii.1937 (Issiki) (both in TFRI) ; 2 ♂ 1 ♀, Kagoshima Prefecture, Sata, Misaki, 16.–21.v.1952 ( Issiki ); 1 ♂ , Kagoshima Prefecture, Tasiro, 15.v.1952 ( Issiki ); 1 ♂ , Kagoshima Prefecture, Kirisima Mt., 3.v.1929 ( Issiki ); 1 ♂ , Kagoshima, 29.iv.1929 ( Issiki ); 1 ♂ , Kagoshima Prefecture, Izasiki, 20.v.1952 ( Issiki ); 1 ♂ , Kumamoto Prefecture, Nai-daizin-kei, 26.v.1952 (Issiki); 1 ♀, Kurodake, 8.vii.1937 ( Issiki ); 1 ♂, Hakone, 4.vii.1932 (Issiki) (all in USNM) . Unidentified localities in Japan. 1 ♂; 1 ♂, 1907 (R); 1 ♂, Kuushin, 1889 ( Leech ); 5 ♂ 3 ♀, 1886 (Pryer) (all in NHM) ; 1 ♂ (Weele) ( RMNH) ; 1 ♂ 1 ♀ ( ZMB) ; 1 ♀, 3.v.1939 ( MINGA) . South Korea. 1 ♀, Fusan, 31.i.1886 (Leech) ( NHM) . Russia. 1 ♂, Kunashir Island , 5.–7.vii.1962 (Krivolutskaya) ( ZIN) .

Diagnosis. Nemophora aurifera is nearest to N. nielseni ( Figs. 48 , 49 ), from which it differs by the absence of silver-grey bands on both sides of the medial yellow band in forewing fascia, yellow basal parts of all tarsomeres, shorter vinculum with nearly straight distal margin, wave-shaped internal margins of valvae, and long, thin subapical process on the dorsal side of phallus in male genitalia. Externally similar to N. associatella ( Zeller, 1839) , from which it differs by the dark bronze forewing sparsely suffused by yellow scales and by longer female antennae. Additional, although less reliable, differences include the larger size, wider forewing, lighter (yellow to ochreous brown) vertex, pale yellow PLB and longer valva in male genitalia of N. aurifera relative to N. associatella .

Description. Male ( Figs. 44–46 ). FWL 6.0– 9.6 mm, WLR 0.28–0.34. Vertex yellow to ochreous brown; frons glossy golden to bronze. PLB 0.5–1.0 × vertical eye diameter (1.4–1.7 × length of scape), pale yellow with sparse raised light brown scales. Proboscis light brown, base with yellow scales. Eyes enlarged to different extent, but not touching each other; interocular index 0.9–1.3; occipital distance 0.3–1.0 × vertical eye diameter. Antenna 3.3–3.7 × FWL, with simple inwardly directed pegs. Scape and base of flagellum dark coppery brown; at level of forewing fascia colour of flagellum gradually changes to silver-white. Tegulae and thorax light bronze to coppery bronze. Forewing ( Fig. 82 ) dark bronze to coppery bronze; fascia narrow (0.11–0.17 × FWL), straight to slightly convex, consists of narrow yellow (in some specimens white) band bordered on both sides by dark brown bands, which in some specimens are almost indistinguishable from background forewing colour; internal margin of yellow band at 0.42–0.49 × FWL. In some specimens, including holotype of N. limenites , light (medial) band of fascia is broken to costal and dorsal spots. Distal part of forewing (comprising 0.3–0.4 × FWL) is almost entirely covered by dark brown scales with pale yellow scales scattered among them. Fringe dark brown, with bronze lustre around apex. Hindwing dark brown with coppery tint; costal area white to grey; R and M1 stalked; fringe dark brown at apex to brownish grey at dorsum. Legs brown with coppery to bronze lustre, except for yellow basal parts of all tarsomeres (to 0.3–0.5 of tarsomer length); fore and mid legs darker than hind legs; hind femora basally yellow to light brown, with sparse raised piliform scales. Epiphysis at 0.5, almost reaching apex of tibia. Abdomen bronze, in some specimens with coppery lustre.

Female ( Fig. 47 ). FWL 5.7–8.7 mm. Antenna 1.30–1.45 × FWL, basal 0.5–0.6 densely covered with raised dark bronze to coppery black scales; distal part of flagellum silver-grey to white. Otherwise similar to male.

Male genitalia ( Figs. 104 , 121 ). Tegumen dome-shaped, with small to prominent medial ridge. Socii oval, 1.0 × diameter of phallus. Vinculum 1.5–2.4 × length of valva, wide anteriorly, with almost straight to slightly convex lateral margins and almost straight distal margin. Tips of valvae usually extend beyond tip of tegumen, although in some specimens valvae are short, hardly reaching tip of tegumen. Ventral valvar margin bent at 0.6–0.7 × length of valva, forming a lobe of variable shape; dorsal margin almost straight; tip of valva narrowly rounded. Valvae fused basally up to 0.25–0.35 × total length; internal valvar margins distinct. Anellus 0.2–0.3 × length of valva. Transtilla with long narrow medial process. Juxta 0.55–0.60 × length of phallus; arrow head wide (WLR 0.55–0.65), with narrowly to widely rounded tip and short to moderately long pointed lateral arms. Phallus 1.05–1.15 × length of vinculum, C-shaped to S-shaped in lateral view; tip with three (sometimes two) short (0.2 × length of phallus) narrow sclerotised bands; base narrowly to widely funnel-shaped.

Biology. Moths are flying from March to July, depending on locality and elevation. In mountains of Taiwan they were collected in Machilus – Castanopsis forest (ca. 1200 m a.s.l.) and in evergreen oak forest (ca. 1900 m a.s.l.). Both males and females were observed flying solitarily along a roadside and in forest gaps around mid-day and feeding on flowers of Lithocarpus kawakamii (Hayata) Hayata ( Fagaceae ) and Mallotus japonicus (L. f.) Müll. Arg. ( Euphorbiaceae ). Males were also observed swarming over the top of Castanopsis carlesii (Hemsl.) Hayata ( Fagaceae ) at about 7 am. Both sexes were attracted by light.

Distribution. China, including continental part (Meyrick in Caradja 1925), Taiwan ( Meyrick 1914) and Hainan ( Liao et al. 2023), Vietnam (this study), Japan ( Butler 1881), South Korea ( Park 1983), Russia ( Kozlov 2008).

Comments. The name Tinachma (Adela) fasciella as introduced by Motschulsky (1860; note the publication year!) is commonly cited with an incorrect publication date. Butler (1881) erroneously cited a later (1866) work by Motschoulsky, and subsequent researchers ( Meyrick 1912a, b; Matsumura 1932; Liao et al. 2023) copy-pasted this information without checking its accuracy. Ironically, all these citations mention the correct page number (39), paying no attention to the fact that Motschoulsky’s (1866) publication has a page range from 163 to 200, whereas page 39 exists in Motschulsky (1860).

Investigation of extensive samples from multiple localities (ca. 200 specimens in total) demonstrated substantial variation in both external characters and male genitalia traits of N. aurifera . Particularly, the relative size of the compound eyes in males is greater in more southern localities, paralleling the pattern previously observed in N. decisella sensu lato ( Kozlov & Robinson 1996a). This non-discrete variation was recognized already by A. Caradja, who combined in his collection (deposited in MINGA) the specimens previously identified as N. servata with ‘true’ N. aurifera . Importantly, different morphological traits of N. aurifera vary independently from each other, so that my long-term attempts to find some consistency in this variation failed. Therefore, at the current level of knowledge, I consider splitting of this species into multiple taxa, as proposed by Liao et al. (2023), premature. Indeed, there exists a possibility that N. aurifera (in its current morphology-based understanding), in parallel to N. degeerella (Linnaeus, 1758) , includes several cryptic species. However, even in this case, the description of new species-level taxa will only be justified if other available names, N. servata and N. limenites , cannot be applied to these species.

Figures

FIGURES 41–48. Adults of Nemophora spp. 41, N. umbripennis Stringer, 1930, male, from Nose, Kinki, Honsyu, Japan; 42, ditto, female, from Chin Hills, Myanamar; 43, N. chrysoprasias (Meyrick, 1907), male, lectotype, from Khasi Hills, Meghalaya, India; 44, N. aurifera (Butler, 1881), male, from Pilushen-mu, Hualien County, Taiwan; 45, ditto, male, from Sa Pa, Vietnam; 46, ditto, male, holotype of Nemotois servata Meyrick in Caradja 1925, from Linping, Yunnan Province, China; 47, ditto, female, from Kozagawa, Wakayama Prefecture, Honshu, Japan; 48, N. nielseni Kozlov, sp. nov., male, paratype, from Doi Ithanon National Park, Thailand. Scale: 2 mm.

FIGURES 63–88. Forewing pattern of Nemophora spp. 63, N. nieukerkeni Kozlov, sp. nov.; 64, N. karsholti Kozlov, sp. nov.; 65, N. szabokyi Kozlov, sp. nov.; 66, N. aglaospila (Meyrick, 1928); 67, N. sinicella (Walker, 1863); 68, N. ahenea Stringer, 1930; 69, N. vietnamensis Kozlov, sp. nov.; 70, N. cleodoxa (Meyrick, 1922); 71, N. pyrotechna (Meyrick, 1912); 72, N. punctifasciella Kozlov, sp. nov.; 73, N. satrapodes (Meyrick, 1894); 74, N. thailandensis Kozlov, sp. nov.; 75, N. melichlorias (Meyrick, 1907); 76, N. nigripunctella Kozlov, sp. nov.; 77, N. chalcoptera Kozlov, sp. nov.; 78, N. caeruliantenna Liao, Hirowatari & Huang in Liao et al., 2023; 79, N. sakaii (Matsumura, 1931); 80, N. auricapitella Kozlov, sp. nov.; 81, N. umbripennis Stringer, 1930; 82, N. aurifera (Butler, 1881); 83, N. nielseni Kozlov, sp. nov.; 84, N. meyi Kozlov, sp. nov.; 85, N. yeni Kozlov, sp. nov.; 86, N. rubicunda Kozlov, sp. nov.; 87, N. pecuniosa (Meyrick, 1921); 88, N. kuznetzovi Kozlov, sp. nov. Scale 2 mm.

FIGURES 100–105. Male genitalia of Nemophora spp. 100, N. caeruliantenna Liao, Hirowatari & Huang in Liao et al., 2023; 101, N. sakaii (Matsumura, 1931); 102, N. auricapitella Kozlov, sp. nov.; 103, N. umbripennis Stringer, 1930; 104, N. aurifera (Butler, 1881); 105, N. nielseni Kozlov, sp. nov.; a: genital complex, ventral view (right valva not shown); b: genital complex, lateral view; c: juxta; d: phallus, ventral view; e: phallus, lateral view. Scale: 0.2 mm.

FIGURES 119–121. Male genitalia of Nemophora spp. 119, N. auricapitella Kozlov, sp. nov., holotype, from Mergui, Myanmar, gen. prep. 29450 (NHM); 120, N. umbripennis Stringer, 1930, from Hakodate, Japan, gen. prep. 31284 (NHM); 121, N. aurifera (Butler, 1881), from Japan, gen. prep. 30662 (NHM); a: genital complex, ventral view; b: phallus; c: apex of phallus. Scale: 0.2 mm (valid for a and b only).

FIGURES 49–56. Adults of Nemophora spp. 49, N. nielseni Kozlov, sp. nov., female, paratype, from Doi Ithanon National Park, Thailand; 50, N. alba Kozlov, 2020, female, holotype, from Mergui, Myanmar; 51, N. maxinae Kozlov & Robinson, 1996, male, holotype, from Palace Rvin, Ko Sichang, Thailand; 52, ditto, female, paratype, from Sungai Burong, Brunei; 53, N. meyi Kozlov, sp. nov., male, holotype, from Sa Pa, Vietnam; 54, ditto, female, paratype, from the same locality; 55, N. yeni Kozlov, sp. nov., male, paratype, from Fushan, Ilan County, Taiwan; 56, ditto, head of male, paratype, from the same locality. Scale: 2 mm.