Ibotyporanga canudos Huber, 2024

Huber, Bernhard A., Meng, Guanliang, Král, Jiří, Ávila Herrera, Ivalú M. & Carvalho, Leonardo S., 2024, Diamonds in the rough: Ibotyporanga (Araneae, Pholcidae) spiders in semi-arid Neotropical environments, European Journal of Taxonomy 963, pp. 1-169 : 145-153

Ibotyporanga canudos Huber sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E4DFC4B5-599A-4B8D-AA79-C2E974F23449

Figs 22E , 23H , 73H , 96 , 125–128 ; SEM Figs 3C–D , 5B, F , 9C–D , 12C–D , 16F , 17F , 18H , 20B

Diagnosis

Distinguished from similar congeners (with split procursus with long dorsal branch; long male palpal patella, i.e., dorsally>1.8×as long as medially wide; wide epigynum, i.e.,>1.9 ×as wide as long; distinct epigynal pocket, i.e., narrow and relatively deep; and sclerite in female internal genitalia) by combination of: procursus main and dorsal branches proximally not overlapping, i.e., with space between them in lateral view ( Fig. 126C ); male palpal tarsus with large dorsal hump (arrow in Fig. 126C ); and median sclerite in female internal genitalia without posterior constriction ( Figs 127C , 128D–G ); from I. itajubaquara sp. nov. and I. kiriri sp. nov. also by tip of dorsal branch of procursus with distinct ‘buckle’, i.e., not evenly curved ( Fig. 126C ); from I. ouro sp. nov. also by smaller distance between dorsal and main branches of procursus (compare Figs 118C and 126C ). Females of I. canudos sp. nov. may be indistinguishable morphologically from females of I. itajubaquara , I. ouro , and I. kiriri .

Etymology

The species name remembers the autonomous movement at Canudos (now flooded by the Cocorobó Dam), which was the scene of violent clashes between peasants and police in the 1890s. Eventually, the Brazilian army killed the survivors and destroyed the village; noun in apposition.

Type material

Holotype

BRAZIL – Bahia • ♂; 25 km WNW of Morro do Chapéu; 11.475° S, 41.369° W; 760 m a.s.l.; 26 Nov. 2022; B.A. Huber and A.S. Michelotto leg.; CHNUFPI 5977 .

Paratypes

BRAZIL – Bahia • 5 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 5978 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; UFMG 31662 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 9054 [deposited in ZFMK Ar 24385] .

Other material examined

BRAZIL – Bahia • 1 ♂, 7 ♀♀, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for holotype; CHNUFPI 5979 [deposited in ZFMK Br22-230] • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; 16 km SW of Morro do Chapéu, at Buraco do Possidônio ; 11.6467° S, 41.2713° W; 970 m a.s.l.; 27 Nov. 2022; B.A. Huber and A.S. Michelotto leg.; CHNUFPI 5980 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5981 [deposited in ZFMK Br22-233] • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; 16 km SW of Morro do Chapéu, near Buraco do Possidônio ; 11.6473° S, 41.2694° W; 980 m a.s.l.; 3 Sep. 2015; L.S. Carvalho and G. Santana leg.; CHNUFPI 3700 • 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding but 5 Sep. 2015; CHNUFPI 3961 , 3963 • 2 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 3962 , 4204 • 2 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀; 10 km SW of Morro do Chapéu; 11.6130° S, 41.2339° W; 1010 m a.s.l.; 27 Nov. 2022; B.A. Huber and A.S. Michelotto leg.; CHNUFPI 5982 • 2 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀, 1 juv., in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5983 [deposited in ZFMK Br22-234; 1 ♂, 1 ♀ used for SEM] • 5 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; 5 km NE of Morro do Chapéu; 11.5034° S, 41.1281° W; 980 m a.s.l.; 27 Nov. 2022; B.A. Huber and A.S. Michelotto leg.; CHNUFPI 5984 • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9064 [deposited in ZFMK Ar 24386] • 1 ♂, 5 ♀♀, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5985 [deposited in ZFMK Br22-235] • 1 ♂, 7 ♀♀; SE of Lagoa do Boi ; 11.942° S, 41.717° W; 840 m a.s.l.; 21 Nov. 2022; B.A. Huber and A.S. Michelotto leg.; CHNUFPI 5986 • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 9065 [deposited in ZFMK Ar 24387] • 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, 3 juvs, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5987 [deposited in ZFMK Br22-203] • 4 ♀♀; NW of Ibipeba; 11.540° S, 42.170° W; 590–640 m a.s.l.; 22 Nov. 2022; B.A. Huber and A.S. Michelotto leg.; CHNUFPI 5988 • 4 ♀♀, in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5989 [deposited in ZFMK Br22-208] • 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀; 4 km SW of Andorinha ; 10.3668° S, 39.8636° W; 470 m a.s.l.; 28–29 Nov. 2022; B.A. Huber and A.S. Michelotto leg.; CHNUFPI 5990 • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5992 [deposited in ZFMK Ar 24388] • 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀, 1 juv., in pure ethanol; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 5991 [deposited in ZFMK Br22-239] .

Assigned tentatively (no males available)

BRAZIL – Bahia • 2 ♀♀; 14 km ESE of Central, rural area near BA-052 ; 11.1703° S, 41.9827° W; 770 m a.s.l.; 25 Aug. 2016; L.S. Carvalho and B.T. Faleiro leg.; CHNUFPI 3715 , 3766 .

Description

Male (holotype)

MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 1.7, carapace width 0.77. Distance PME–PME 55 µm; diameter PME 70 µm; distance PME–ALE 30 µm; distance AME–AME 20 µm; diameter AME 40 µm. Leg 1: 4.14 (1.13+0.30 +1.03 +1.25 + 0.43), tibia 2: 0.90, tibia 3: 0.83, tibia 4: 1.28; tibia 1 L/d: 10; diameters of leg femora 0.18–0.19; of leg tibiae 0.10.

COLOUR (in ethanol). Prosoma ochre-yellow, carapace medially with narrow darker band, ocular area and clypeus not darkened; legs ochre, with darker rings subdistally on femora and tibiae (darkening gradually towards distal rather than distinct rings); abdomen gray with many darker internal marks; ventrally with light ochre plates in front of gonopore and in front of spinnerets.

BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 73H . Ocular area slightly raised. Carapace with distinct but shallow thoracic groove. Clypeus with sclerotized rim with median notch. Sternum wider than long (0.52/0.46), with very low and indistinct anterior processes near coxae 1 not different from those in female. Abdomen globular.

CHELICERAE. As in Fig. 127A–B ; width 0.28; with strong but short median frontal apophysis; stridulatory files very fine and poorly visible in dissecting microscope.

PALPS. As in Fig. 125 ; coxa unmodified; trochanter with short rounded ventral process; femur proximally with distinct retrolateral process slightly directed toward distal, with prolateral stridulatory pick, distally widened but unmodified; femur-patella joints not shifted toward one side; patella dorsally ~1.9 × as long as medially wide; tibia with two trichobothria in relatively proximal position; tibia-tarsus joints slightly shifted toward retrolateral side; tarsus with large dorsal hump (arrow in Fig. 126C ); procursus ( Fig. 126A–C ) split into long dorsal and main (ventral) branches; dorsal branch narrow in lateral view, wide in dorsal view, distally with distinctive ‘buckle’ and slightly curved towards prolateral; main branch with light prolateral band, slightly wider in lateral view than in dorsal view, with tiny subdistal side-branch, distally transparent and curved backwards; genital bulb ( Fig. 126D–F ) with prolateral sclerite on bulbous part, embolus tip simple, without distinctive sclerotized elements.

LEGS. Without spines but with longer hairs ventrally on femora; without curved hairs; with short vertical hairs on tibiae 1 and 2; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 59%; prolateral trichobothrium absent on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~3–4 pseudosegments, only distally distinct.

Variation (male)

Tibia 1 in 36 males (incl. holotype): 0.90–1.17 (mean 1.01). The species delimitation analysis ( Fig. S7 ) suggested a possible split between the sequenced specimen from SW of Andorinha and the other three sequenced specimens; the respective K2P distances ranged from 10.1 to 12.1%. However, no morphological differences could be found, neither in males nor in females.

Female

In general, similar to male but ocular area and clypeus slightly darker, legs darker ochre but without or with less distinct dark rings, clypeus unmodified, leg tibiae with few vertical hairs. Tibia 1 in 63 females: 0.98–1.30 (mean 1.11). Epigynum ( Fig. 128A–C ) anterior plate much wider than long, posterior margin weakly indented, with distinct narrow anterior pocket; posterior plate large but simple. Internal genitalia ( Figs 127C , 128D–G ) with strongly sclerotized median structure and very thin-walled large anterior expandable membranous sac; pore plates elongate, integrated into posterior arc.

Distribution

Known from several localities in northeastern central Bahia, Brazil ( Fig. 96B ).

Natural history

At the type locality, a hillside with rocky fields, the spiders were found under rocks on soil; in a neighboring area with stones on a flat rock outcrop they were not found. At Buraco do Possidônio, the spiders were beaten out of a dead bromeliad and from dead wood lying on the ground in savanna with shrubs and scattered trees. NE of Morro do Chapéu, most specimens were beaten out of large tree trunks lying on bare rock ( Fig. 22E ). SE of Lagoa do Boi, they were also beaten out of dead wood in a highly degraded savanna with scattered trees and shrubs. SW of Morro do Chapéu, the spiders were abundant under rocks from road construction in the roadside shrubland ( Fig. 23H ). NW of Ibipeba, they were found under rocks on a hillside with scattered trees and thorny shrubs. SW of Andorinha, they were found in dead wood on a hillside with thorny shrubs and scattered trees. When beaten out of their shelters, the spiders either feigned death or they ran rapidly until touching a piece of ‘dirt’ where they stopped abruptly. None of the habitats was shared with another species of Ninetinae . Eleven egg sacs had diameters of 1.6–2.0 and contained ~12– 25 eggs each (mean ~20), with egg diameters of 0.56–0.58.

Sampling biases

On average, points of occurrences of Ibotyporanga representatives are located at 0.51 (± 0.94) km from access routes ( Fig. 129 ). This distance is significantly smaller (d.f. =1, F =23.14, p <0.000) than distances to random points selected at a 20 km radius buffer around the points of occurrences (1.40 ± 1.87 km). Localities more than 1.89 km from access routes were less sampled than expected by chance ( Fig. 129 ). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of Ibotyporanga species varied from 0.13 to 4 955 630 km ² (median =10 449 km ²; see Table S2). When I. naideae was excluded from the analysis, the proximity of access routes did not significantly explain the EOO (d.f. =1, F =0.086, p=0.776; Fig. S10 ). Ibotyporanga naideae had a much larger EOO and mean distance of records from access routes (n =57; 5.8± 28.7 km; see Table S2), compared to the other species. Including this synanthropic and widespread species in the analysis resulted in a significant relation between EOO and distance from access routes (d.f. =1, F =56.721, p <0.000).

The environmental niche occupied by Ibotyporanga species from Brazil shows a low overlap with records of species from Colombia and Venezuela, suggesting that these taxa occupy slightly different environments ( Fig. 130 ). The first principal component (PC) explained 38.0% of the variance (Table S3), being positively related to the mean temperature of the coldest quarter, the mean temperature of the driest quarter and the annual mean temperature (Table S4). The second PC explained 22.5% of the variation (Table S3), being positively associated with the precipitation of the driest quarter, the precipitation of the driest month and the aridity index (Table S4).

The species distribution modeling (SDM) was based on four principal components that encompassed 86.0% of the predictor layers’ variation (see Tables S5–S7). Three areas with higher relative occurrence rate were identified: (1) the Caatinga and Cerrado provinces in northeastern Brazil; (2) the Western Ecuador and Ecuadorian provinces; and (3) the Venezuelan province ( Fig. 131 ). Not included in these areas are the type-locality of I. kanoe sp. nov. in the state of Rondônia and several localities with records of I. naideae , even in natural environments ( Fig. 131 ). Although the ordination showed a low overlap between Brazilian and non-Brazilian species and the SDM did not support a high relative occurrence rate for the Colombian and Venezuelan points of occurrences, the environmental niche of Ibotyporanga evolved following the expectations of a Brownian motion in all analyzed scenarios (see Tables S8–S10).

Karyology

The testes of the analyzed males contained both spermatogonial mitoses and meiotic cells. Both species analyzed had the same diploid number (30) ( Fig. 132B, H ) and sex chromosome system X 1 X 2 X 3 Y ( Fig. 132G–H ). Metaphases of spermatogonial mitosis were composed of 30 chromosomes including the Y chromosome ( Fig. 132A–B ). The two studied species differed in the size of this element. While it was a small chromosome in both species, it was much bigger in I. naideae (2.8+ 0.61 µm, n= 4; Fig. 132A ) than in Ibotyporanga sp. (0.98+ 0.12 µm, n= 7; Fig. 132B ). The Y chromosome of I. naideae was metacentric and slightly positively heteropycnotic (i.e., stained more intensively than the other chromosomes) in some mitotic plates ( Fig. 132A ). The morphology of this element was not resolved in Ibotyporanga sp. In the interphase nucleus before meiosis, sex chromosomes formed a positively heteropycnotic, highly condensed mass at the periphery of the nucleus. In addition to this mass, some nuclei included a rod-shaped element exhibiting a slight positive heteropycnosis ( Fig. 132C ). The early prophase of the first meiotic division (leptotene-pachytene) was followed by a stage characterized by a considerable decondensation of chromosome pairs (so-called diffuse stage). On the contrary, the sex chromosomes were positively heteropycnotic and highly condensed, forming a cluster or body at the periphery of the nucleus. One bivalent often showed positive heteropycnosis ( Fig. 132D–E ). Late prophase I and metaphase I contained 13 bivalents, each with one chiasma. Although the sex chromosomes were considerably decondensed at these stages ( Fig. 132F ), the mode of their pairing was evident in some plates. Each X chromosome formed a loop, which paired by its ends with a Y chromosome ( Fig. 132G ). In late prophase I, a large bivalent exhibited positive heteropycnosis except for the chiasma region ( Fig. 132F ). Two types of metaphases II were found, one with 14 chromosomes including the Y chromosome, the other with 16 chromosomes including the three X chromosomes ( Fig. 132H ). The morphology of the chromosomes in metaphase II shows that most if not all chromosomes are biarmed. The X chromosomes did not differ in condensation intensity from the other chromosomes at this stage ( Fig. 132H ). In contrast to this, the Y chromosome was positively heteropycnotic in some metaphases II of I. naideae ( Fig. 132I ).

Figures

Fig. 22. Ibotyporanga spp., typical habitats, part one (cf. Fig. 23): rock outcrops; all localities are in Brazil. A. Bahia, S of Xique-Xique (type locality of I. xique Huber sp. nov.). B. Rondônia, near Jamari (type locality of I. kanoe Huber sp. nov.). C. Bahia, W of Itatim (type locality of I. itatim Huber sp. nov.). D. Bahia, Guanambi (type locality of I. guanambi Huber sp. nov.). E. Bahia, NE of Morro do Chapéu (I. canudos Huber sp. nov.). F. Pernambuco, NE of Cabrobó (I. sertao Huber sp. nov.). Photos BAH.

Fig. 23. Ibotyporanga spp., typical habitats, part two (cf. Fig. 22); all localities except for A are in Brazil. A. Colombia, Santa Marta (type locality of I. ziruma Huber sp. nov.). B. Bahia, E of São Félix do Coribe (type locality of I. imale Huber sp. nov.). C. Bahia, SE of Bom Jesus da Lapa (type locality of I. atikum Huber sp. nov.). D. Bahia, W of Bom Jesus da Lapa (I. emekori Huber & Brescovit, 2003). E. Bahia, Paramirim (type locality ofI. kiriri Huber sp. nov.). F. Pernambuco, NE of Lagoa Grande (type locality of I. sertao Huber sp. nov.). G. Bahia, near Toca do Índio (I. emekori Huber & Brescovit, 2003 and I. diroa Huber & Brescovit, 2003). H. Bahia, SW of Morro do Chapéu (I. canudos Huber sp. nov.). Photos BAH.

Fig. 73. Ibotyporanga spp., live specimens, part three (cf. Figs 25, 55), all from Brazil. A. I. sertao Huber sp. nov., male from Pernambuco, W of Orocó. B–C. I. guanambi Huber sp. nov., male and female with egg sac from Bahia, N of Guanambi. D. I. emekori Huber & Brescovit, 2003, male from Bahia, near Toca do Índio.E. I. tuxa Huber sp. nov., male from Bahia, W of Barra do Mendes. F. I. kiriri Huber sp. nov., male from Bahia, SE of Paramirim. G. I. ouro Huber sp. nov., male from Bahia, E of Gentio do Ouro. H. I. canudos Huber sp. nov., male from Bahia, SW of Morro do Chapéu.

Fig. 96. Known geographic distribution of Brazilian species with long procursus, with dorsal branch on procursus, and with median sclerite in female internal genitalia. The figure is split in order to avoid too much overlap. The question mark denotes a possibly mislabeled female specimen of I. tuxa sp. nov.

Fig. 125. Ibotyporanga canudos Huber sp. nov., male from Brazil, Bahia, 25 km WNW of Morro do Chapéu, ZFMK Ar 24385. Left palp, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. Scale line: 0.3 mm.

Fig. 126. Ibotyporanga canudos Huber sp. nov., male from Brazil, Bahia, 25 km WNW of Morro do Chapéu, ZFMK Ar 24385. A–C. Left tarsus and procursus, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views (arrow: dorsal hump on tarsus). D–F. Left genital bulb, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. Scale lines: 0.2 mm.

Fig. 127. Ibotyporanga canudos Huber sp. nov. A–B. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views, from Brazil, Bahia, 25 km WNW of Morro do Chapéu, ZFMK Ar 24385. C. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view (asterisk: expandable membranous sac not drawn, cf. Fig. 128E), female from Bahia, SE of Lagoa do Boi, ZFMK Ar 24387. Scale lines: 0.2 mm.

Fig. 128. Ibotyporanga canudos Huber sp. nov. A–C. Female abdomens, ventral views, females from Brazil, Bahia, SE of Lagoa do Boi (A), ZFMK Ar 24387, Bahia, 25 km WNW of Morro do Chapéu (B), ZFMK Ar 24385, and from Bahia, 4 km SW of Andorinha (C), ZFMK Ar 24388. D–E. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views, same specimen as in A. F. Cleared female genitalia, ventral view, same specimen as in B. G. Cleared female genitalia, ventral view, same specimen as in C. Abbreviation: es =expandable membranous sac. Scale lines: 0.3 mm.

Fig. 3. Ibotyporanga spp., prosoma and ocular area. A–B. I. payaya Huber sp. nov., female, frontal view and male ocular area, frontal-dorsal view. C–D. I. canudos Huber sp. nov., male and female, frontal views. E–F. I. naideae Mello-Leitão, 1944, female, frontal view and male ocular area, frontal view. G. I. ziruma Huber sp. nov., hump on male sternum. Scale lines: A, C–F =100 µm; B =20 µm; G =10 µm.

Fig. 5. Ibotyporanga spp., male gonopore and epiandrous spigots, and female epigynum. A. I. sertao Huber sp. nov., male gonopore. B. I. canudos Huber sp. nov., male gonopore.C. I. ziruma Huber sp. nov., epigynum, ventral view. D. I. payaya Huber sp. nov., epigynum, ventral view. E. I. sertao Huber sp. nov., epigynal pocket. F. I. canudos Huber sp. nov., epigynal pocket. Abbreviation: ep =epigynal pocket. Scale lines: A–B =10 µm; C–D= 100 µm; E–F =20 µm.

Fig. 9. Ibotyporanga spp., chelicerae, frontal-lateral views. A–B. I. ziruma Huber sp. nov., male and female.C–D. I. canudosHuber sp. nov., male and female.E. I. sertao Huber sp. nov., male.F. I. guanambi Huber sp. nov., female. Scale lines: A–B, D =20 µm; C, E–F =100 µm.

Fig. 12. Ibotyporanga spp., male palp. A. I. payaya Huber sp. nov., right procursus tip, distal view; arrow points at tiny side branch. B. I. payaya, tiny side branch (arrow) of left procursus, prolateraldorsal view. C. I. canudos Huber sp. nov., tiny side branch (arrow) on main branch of right procursus. D. I. canudos, tip of dorsal branch of right procursus. E. I. sertao Huber sp. nov., right procursus, dorsal view; arrow points at longitudinal slit. F. I. guanambi Huber sp. nov., stridulatory pick on left femur. Abbreviation: p=procursus. Scale lines: A=20 µm; B–E =10 µm; F =2 µm.

Fig. 16. Ibotyporanga spp., sexually dimorphic short vertical hairs on male tibiae. A. I. ziruma Huber sp. nov., right tibia 1, retrolateral view. B–C. I. itatim Huber sp. nov., right tibia 1, retrolateral views. D. I. guanambi Huber sp. nov., right tibia 1, retrolateral view. E. I. payaya Huber sp. nov., left tibia 1, prolateral view. F. I. canudos Huber sp. nov., left tibia 1, prolateral view. Scale lines: A, C–F =10 µm; B=2 µm.

Fig. 17. Ibotyporanga spp., putative chemoreceptors on male and female legs. A–B. I. ziruma Huber sp. nov., right female tarsus 1 and right male metatarsus 1. C. I. walekeru Huber sp. nov., left female metatarsus 1, near tip, prolateral view. D–E. I. itatim Huber sp. nov., right female metatarsus 2 and right female metatarsus 3. F. I. canudos Huber sp. nov., left female tarsus 4. Scale lines: A, E–F =2 µm; B–D =10 µm.

Fig. 18. Ibotyporanga spp., rimmed pores and cuticular plates. A. I. ziruma Huber sp. nov., left male tibia 1, prolateral view. B. I. itatim Huber sp. nov., left female tibia 1, dorsal view. C. I. itatim, right male chelicera. D. I. guanambiHuber sp. nov., right male tibia 3, retrolateral-ventral view.E. I. guanambi, male abdomen, above spinnerets. F. I. naideae Mello-Leitão, 1944, right female metatarsus 1. G. I. payaya Huber sp. nov., right female tarsus 4, retrolateral view. H. I. canudos Huber sp. nov., right female femur 4, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: pl = cuticular plate; rp = rimmed pore. Scale lines: A–G =10 µm; H =2 µm.

Fig. 20. Ibotyporanga spp., left leg tarsi, prolateral views. A. I. sertao Huber sp. nov., male tarsus 1. B. I. canudosHuber sp. nov., female tarsus 2. C. I. naideaeMello-Leitão, 1944, male tarsus 3. D. I. ziruma Huber sp. nov., female tarsus 4 (arrows: comb-hairs). E. I. walekeru Huber sp. nov., female tarsus 4 (arrows: comb-hairs). F. I. naideae, male tarsus 4 (arrows: comb-hairs). Scale lines: 10 µm.

Fig. 118. Ibotyporanga ouro Huber sp. nov., male from Brazil, Bahia, E of Gentio do Ouro, ZFMK Ar 24382. A–C. Left tarsus and procursus, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views (bold arrow: dorsal hump on tarsus). D–F. Left genital bulb, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. Abbreviation: db =dorsal branch of procursus. Scale lines: 0.2 mm.

Fig. 7. Ibotyporanga spp., spinnerets. A. I. walekeru Huber sp. nov., female AMS area. B. I. naideae Mello-Leitão, 1944, female AMS area. C–D. I. ziruma Huber sp. nov., male and female ALS and PMS. E. I. walekeru Huber sp. nov., male ALS. F. I. itatim Huber sp. nov., male ALS. Scale lines: 10 µm.

Fig. 129. Density plot of the distance from access routes (in km) of the points of occurrence (black bars) of species of Ibotyporanga Mello-Leitão, 1944, compared to the expected distance (blue bars) based on 200 random points sorted at a 20 km radius. Dashed lines represent the mean values (shown with the standard deviation beside them) for each class. Records of I. naideae Mello-Leitão, 1944 were excluded from this analysis.

Fig. 10. Ibotyporanga spp., stridulatory files on male chelicerae, lateral views (A, B, E are mirror images of left chelicerae). A. I. ziruma Huber sp. nov. B. I. walekeru Huber sp. nov. C. I. itatim Huber sp. nov. D. I. naideae Mello-Leitão, 1944. E. I. guanambi Huber sp. nov. F. I. sertao Huber sp. nov. Scale lines: A–D, F =10 µm; E= 20 µm.

Fig. 130. Principal component analysis of the environmental conditions for species of Ibotyporanga Mello-Leitão, 1944 from Brazil (red circles), Colombia (green triangles) and Venezuela (blue squares). The ellipses encompass the values within a 95% confidence interval of a multivariate t-distribution (absent for Venezuela owing to the small number of records). Records of I. naideae Mello-Leitão, 1944 were excluded from this analysis.

Fig. 131. Relative occurrence rate (ROR) of species of Ibotyporanga Mello-Leitão, 1944, and the points of occurrences of Ibotyporanga (grey circles). Records of I. naideae Mello-Leitão, 1944 were excluded from the distribution modeling, but are plotted in the map. Numbered sites represent areas with higher ROR, namely: (1) Caatinga province; (2) Western Ecuador and Ecuadorian provinces; and (3) Venezuelan province. Live spider: I. sertao Huber sp. nov., female with eggsac from Brazil, Cocal.

Fig. 132.Ibotyporanga Mello-Leitão, 1944, male chromosome plates ofI. naideae Mello-Leitão (A, C–I) and Ibotyporanga sp. (B). A. Spermatogonial metaphase, including Y chromosome; note metacentric morphology and slight positive heteropycnosis of this element.B. Spermatogonial metaphase (2n =30), including Y microchromosome. C. Premeiotic interphase; note a heteropycnotic body formed by sex chromosomes and rod-shaped element exhibiting weak heteropycnosis. D–E. Diffuse stage; note cluster comprising four heteropycnotic sex chromosomes (D) or sex chromosome body (E) and a heteropycnotic bivalent. F. Late prophase I consisting of 13 bivalents and sex chromosomes, which show considerable decondensation. One bivalent is positively heteropycnotic except for chiasma region. G. Sex chromosome tetravalent from metaphase I (separated by dashed line from bivalents); note scheme of sex chromosome pairing (blue – X chromosomes, orange – Y chromosome). H. Two sister metaphases II separated by dashed line. Left plate contains 16 chromosomes, right plate 14 chromosomes including small Y chromosome. Note predominance of biarmed chromosomes. I. Metaphase II containing 14 chromosomes; note small heteropycnotic Y chromosome.Arrows without letters point at sex chromosome body/cluster; arrowheads point at heteropycnotic bivalent/element. Abbreviations: X = X chromosome; Y=Y chromosome. Scale lines: A–F, H–I= 10 µm; G = 5 µm.