Rhaucus quinquelineatus Simon 1879

García, Andrés F. & Kury, Adriano B., 2017, Taxonomic revision of the Andean harvestman genus Rhaucus Simon, 1879 (Arachnida, Opiliones, Cosmetidae), Zootaxa 4338 (3), pp. 401-440 : 413-417

Rhaucus quinquelineatus Simon 1879 comb. rest.

( Figs 1d , 6–8 , 20a , 22 )

Rhaucus quinquelineatus Simon, 1879: 215 .

Flirtea quinquelineata: Roewer, 1912a: 76 ; Roewer, 1923: 346, fig. 393; Mello-Leitão, 1923: 112; Roewer, 1927: 594; Mello- Leitão, 1932: 79, fig. 47; B. Soares, 1945: 343; Roewer, 1963: 58; Flórez & Sánchez, 1995: 368; Kury, 2003: 63.

Rhaucus (Rhaucus) quinquelineatus: Sørensen in Henriksen, 1932: 358 .

Metarhaucus albilineatus Roewer, 1912a: 147 , pl. 7, figs 5–6; Flórez & Sánchez, 1995: 368. Synonymy established by Roewer, 1912b.

Pararhaucus obscurus Pickard-Cambridge, 1905: 572 ; Roewer, 1912a: 102; Roewer, 1923: 378. New synonymy.

Paecilaema obscurum: Goodnight & Goodnight, 1953: 54 [by implication].

Rhaucus (Rhaucus) muticus Sørensen, 1932: 360 . New synonymy.

Flirtea mutica: Mello-Leitão, 1933: 110 [by implication].

Rhaucus (Rhaucus) tristis Sørensen, 1932: 363 , fig. 26. New synonymy.

Flirtea tristis: Mello-Leitão 1933: 110 [by implication].

Type material. Types of Rhaucus quinquelineatus : ♂♀ syntypes, MNHN, examined by photograph. Holotype of Metarhaucus albilineatus , MHNN, lost. Holotype ♂ of Pararhaucus obscurus , BMNH, examined. Holotype ♀ of Rhaucus muticus , NHMW 1873.I. 31.28 (currently 3078), examined by photograph. Types of Rhaucus tristis , 3♀ syntypes, ZMUC, BMNH, examined by photograph.

Distribution and habitat. COLOMBIA, Boyacá Department: Villa de Leyva. Cundinamarca Department: Bogotá, Guasca, La Calera, Zipaquirá. Between 2700 and 3200 m a.s.l., especially in Northern Andean páramo and Cordillera Oriental montane forests ecoregions ( Figs 22 , 24a–b ).

Diagnosis. A pair of acuminate tubercles in area III, tilted backwards ( Figs 6c–e , contrasting with all other species of Rhaucus ). Differs from R. florezi sp. nov. by the weakly developed tuberculation of legs III–IV ( Figs7d– e ).

Redescription. Male (ICN-AO-465)

Measurements: CL=2.2, CW=3, AL=3, AW=4, BaCh=0.7, FeL III=4.6, FeL IV=6, TiL III=3, TiL IV=4. Intraspecific variation of body and appendages measurements in Table 1.

Dorsum ( Figs 1d , 6a, 6c–e , 7a–b , 18b ): Dorsal scutum alpha type, granulate ( Figs 6a , 7a ), with five yellow transverse irregular lines that vary in length and shape, and a reticulate pattern on each side of ocularium ( Figs 6a , 7a , 18b ). Abdominal scutum widest at level of groove II; areas I–IV granulate. Carapace without conspicuous ornamentation on the anterolateral region ( Figs 6a , 7a ). Ocularium low without median depression, armed with a cluster of granules ( Figs 6a, 6c–e , 7a ). Lateral margins of DS with a few granules on the medial region ( Figs 7a–b ). Mesotergum faintly delimited, divided into four areas: area I with a pair of medium-sized paramedian tubercles; area II with a pair of small paramedian tubercles; area III with a pair of paramedian, conical, acuminate tubercles pointing backwards; area IV with a pair of small paramedian tubercles ( Fig. 7a ). Posterior border of scutum curved and with a row of tubercles. Free tergites I–III with a row of granules ( Figs 6a , 7a–b ).

Venter ( Fig. 6b ): Stigmatic area with a few granules. Stigmata large, oval and transverse. Coxa I with two parallel rows of tubercles increasing size distally and with an anterior smooth space for the pedipalp to rest; coxa II longer than coxa I, granulate; coxa III longer than I and II, granulate, with posterior margin sigmoid; coxa IV strongly backward, granulate. Genital operculum finely granulate.

Pedipalps ( Figs 8a–c ): Coxa dorsally and ventrally with one meso-distal granule. Trochanter with one dorsal short tubercle and two ventral tubercles fused at base (mesal taller); femur compressed, dorsally with a row of aligned triangular setiferous tubercles of different sizes –not reaching the distal portion– and ventrally the same (the three most-basal tubercles fused, the fourth and the sixth tubercles smaller than the others, and the two mostdistal tubercles very small). Patella distally depressed with dorsal granules; tibia depressed, spoon-shaped, dorsally granulate, with lateral borders tuberculate and some setiferous tubercles at distal portion ( Figs 8a–b ). Tarsus long, conical, with some dorsal granules and ventrally with two rows of thickened setae ( Fig. 8c ).

Chelicera ( Figs 6a–b , 8d–e ): Chelicera swollen. Basichelicerite rectangular, with a few granules, the proximal border with two ectal tubercles and two small dorsal granules, the ectal face with two sub-distal joined tubercles, and the mesal face with one large distal tubercle ( Figs 6a , 8d ). Hand with one tubercle near the joint of the movable finger. Fixed finger with the inner surface finely grooved. Movable finger with one conical, sub-basal tooth and with the inner surface at distal portion dentate ( Fig. 8e ).

Legs ( Figs 6a–b , 7d–e ): Coxae I–II dorsally with one posterior process ( Figs 6a–b ); coxa III with one proximal retrolateral tubercle; coxa IV coarsely granulate ( Figs 6b , 7a ), with a prominent anterolateral clavi inguines and with a posterolateral multicapitate apophysis ( Fig. 6c ). Trochanter I–II dorsally with some minute granules and ventrally with some tubercles; trochanter III with some dorsal tubercles and one proximal prolateral tubercle, ventrally with a few granules; trochanter IV with a few dorsal tubercles and one small ventral prolateral tubercle ( Figs 7d–e ). Femora I–IV slightly sigmoid, granulated; III–IV ventrally with two longitudinal sub-straight rows of tubercles all along its length, increasing in size distally, and one prolateral and one retrolateral row of tubercles (dorsally just the two last ones evident, the last one curved, thinner and with irregular tip) ( Figs 7d–e ). Patellae I– IV dorsally granulate, curved. Tibiae I–IV granulate; tibiae III–IV sub-straight, with two longitudinal rows of tubercles all along its length (in tibia III the two distal tubercles are close together and the last one are larger and bicapitate) ( Fig. 7d ), tibia IV the same, but the distal tubercle separated from the others, larger and bicapitate ( Fig. 7e ). Metatarsus I–IV with one ventrodistal seta. Tarsi I–II with one smooth claw; tarsi III–IV with 2 subparallel smooth claws and a tarsal process ( Fig. 7c ). Tarsal counts: 6(3)–6(3)/19(3)–19(3)/8–8/9–10. Intraspecific variations in Table 2.

Color (in ethanol): Carapace Strong Reddish Brown (40), reticulated in the ocularium. Areas I–IV Dark Reddish Brown (44). Blots in carapace Brilliant Greenish Yellow (98). Pedipalps, coxae I–IV, free tergites and chelicera Strong Reddish Brown (40). Trochanters I–IV and legs I–III Strong Yellowish Brown (74). Legs IV Strong Reddish Brown (40).

Male genitalia ( Fig. 8f–h ): VP of penis subrectangular with concave distal border; VP with two lateral, elongated, dense patches of type 4 microsetae, slightly separated in the median longitudinal field, where type 1 microsetae appear ( Fig. 8h ). VP with two apical MS C curved and laterally inserted; two MS D, the most distal large and straight following the same lateral row as MS C and the other (D2) smaller, inserted dorso-laterally on the middle third of VP; two MS A straight and laterally inserted, near D2 ( Fig. 8g ); two small MS E volcano-shaped on the ventral face; one small MS B volcano-shaped inserted laterally at the base of the VP ( Fig. 8h ). Glans mostly smooth; stylus long falciform, papillae-like wattle barbels, spoon-shaped process ( Fig. 8f ). Remarks. Fig. 8h shows both MS B located inside symmetrical elliptical pits, which, however, are not present in all individuals examined.

Female. Similar to male, but differs by having anterior part of carapace narrower and coda divergent; tubercles of areas I–III shorter; ocularium lower; legs III–IV and associated rows of thinner tubercles; chelicerae not hyperthelic ( Figs 6d–e ).

Other material examined. 57 specimens (19 males, 38 females) in 13 lots. COLOMBIA: Boyacá Department: Villa de Leyva , 6♂ 2♀ 1 juv. ( MNRJ 19384 ), S.F.F. Iguaque [05°42'6.3''N 73°27'22.4''W], 2941 m, A. García & A.B. Kury leg . Cundinamarca Department: Guasca , 1♂ (ICN-AO-68) [4°50'52.76''N 73°52'4.69''W], 2750 m ; 1♀ (ICN-AO-1102), Reserva Biológica El Encenillo [4°47'N 73°54'W], 3050 m, 16.ix.2012, C. Suárez, A. Herrera, E. Henao, E. Ariza & C. Villalva leg. ; 3♀ (ICN-AO-1385), Reserva Biológica El Encenillo [4°50'N 73°53'W], 8–10.xii.2012, A. Herrera, C. Suarez & E. Ariza leg. ; Bogotá, 1♀ (ICN-AO-134), Páramo Cruz Verde [4°34'N 74°1'W], 21.ii.2010, D. Luna leg. ; 1♂ 1♀ (ICN-AO-160), same loc., 3200 m, xi.1996, O. Sanchez leg.; 4♂ 2♀ (ICN-AO-1026), same loc., v.2010, E. Florez & C. Mattoni leg; 5♂ 1♀ (ICN-AO-1038), vía a la Vírgen de la Peña [4°34'N 74°3'W], 2700 m, 12.v.2012, M. Medrano & A. García leg. ; 2♂ 10♀ (ICN-AO-418), Usme, Parque Entrenubes, Cerro Juan Rey [4°31'N 74°5'W], 2700 m, 23–25.v.2003, L. Benavides leg.; 4♂ 16♀ (ICN-AO-465), Usme, Vereda Corinto, Cerro Redondo, Paramo Parada del Viento [4°25'N 74°7'W], 3100 m, 17.v. 2008, I. Morales leg. ; La Calera, 1♀ (ICN-AO-876), E.A.A.B. Club La Aguadora - Embalse de San Rafael [4°42'N 74°0'W], 2700 m, ix.2000, P. Barriga & D. Tobar leg. ; 1♂ (ICN-AO-216), Via a Mundo Nuevo [4°38'N 73°54'W], 2850 m, 17.x.2000, E. Flórez leg. ; Zipaquirá , 1♂ 1♀ (ICN-AO-1198), Vereda Ventalarga, Represa Pantanoredondo [05°2'N 74°2'W], 3000 m, 27.iv.2003, E. Flórez & UN biology students leg.

Figures

FIGURE 1. Photographs of live males of Rhaucus. a – b, Rhaucus vulneratus: a. Showing the five transverse orange lines on DS, b. Morph without transverse lines on DS, c. Rhaucus robustus, d. Rhaucus quinquelineatus, e. Rhaucus florezi sp. nov., f. Rhaucus serripes. [Photographs by A. García (a, b, d) and courtesy of John Uribe (c) and Miguel Medrano (e – f)].

FIGURE 6. Rhaucus quinquelineatus (ICN-AO- 465). Habitus: a – d, male, a. Dorsal view, b. Ventral view, c. Frontal view, d. Lateral view. e. Female, lateral view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 7. Rhaucus quinquelineatus (ICN-AO- 465). Male: a. Dorsal view, b. Lateral view, c. Tarsus I – IV, d. Leg III: dorsal, ventral and retrolateral view, e. Leg IV: dorsal, ventral and retrolateral view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 8. Rhaucus quinquelineatus SEM (ICN-AO- 465). Male: a – c, pedipalp: a. Ectal view, b. Mesal view, c. Tarsus. d – e, chelicera: d. Basichelicerite, dorsal view, e. Fingers, ectal view. f – h, penis: f. Lateral view, g. Dorsal view, h. Ventral view.

FIGURE 18. Intraspecific variation of pattern of yellow markings on DS of Rhaucus spp.: a. Rhaucus vulneratus, b. Rhaucus quinquelineatus, c. Rhaucus serripes, d. Rhaucus robustus, e. Rhaucus florezi sp. nov.

FIGURE 20. Type material and labels of Rhaucus quinquelineatus and junior synonyms: a – b. Rhaucus quinquelineatus, male syntype (MNHN), a. Habitus, dorsal view; b. Original label; c – e. Rhaucus muticus, female holotype (NHMW), c. Habitus, oblique view; d. Entry from accession ledger NHMW 1873. I. 31.28, made in the 1890 s; e. Standard museum label handwritten by J. Gruber, containing the current number 3078; f – h. Rhaucus tristis, female syntype (ZMUC), f. Habitus, dorsal view; g – h. Original labels; i – k. Pararhaucus obscurus, male holotype (BMNH), i. Habitus, dorsal view; j. Labels of Koch and Pickard- Cambridge; k. Labels of Sørensen and Roewer. Images by: R. Pinto-da-Rocha (a, b), E. Schiller & C. Hoerweg (c – e), G. Miranda (f – h), A. B. Kury (i – k).

FIGURE 22. Central Colombia, showing the geographic distribution of Rhaucus quinquelineatus and Rhaucus vulneratus. Shaded areas in the background are WWF ecoregions. Abbreviations: NAP = Northern Andean Paramo; COMF = Cordillera Oriental Montane Forests; MVMF = Magdalena Valley Montane Forests. Solid red lines: administrative boundaries.

FIGURE 24. Habitat of Rhaucus spp.: a. Montane forests at Iguaque Flora and Fauna Sanctuary, Boyacá (Rhaucus florezi, Rhaucus quinquelineatus, Rhaucus serripes), b. Páramo at Chingaza National Natural Park, Cundinamarca (Rhaucus quinquelineatus, Rhaucus serripes, Rhaucus vulneratus) [Photographs by A García (b) and courtesy of Miguel Medrano (a)].