Araceae

Lucas, Eve J., Haigh, Anna L., Castellanos, Cesar, Aguilar-Cano, José, Biggs, Nicola, Castellanos, Carolina C., Fabriani, Federico, Frisby, Susan, García, Lina, Klitgård, Bente B., Morales-Puentes, Maria Eugenia, Parra-O, Carlos, Perezescobar, Oscar, Zuluaga, Alejandro & Lewis, Gwilym P., 2023, An updated checklist of Araceae, Leguminosae and Myrtaceae of the department of Boyacá, Colombia, including keys to genera and new occurrence records, Phytotaxa 589 (2), pp. 137-178 : 166-168

Key to Genera of Araceae of Boyacá

This key has been partly adapted from Mayo, Bogner and Boyce (1997). It includes all genera from Colombia, as those that are not currently recorded from Boyacá (marked with *) are either widely introduced or occur in biogeographic areas that extend into Boyacá and are therefore highly likely to occur there. Genera in the checklist are arranged alphabetically.

1a. Plants free floating aquatics................................................................................................................................................................ 2

2a. Plants forming a conspicuous rosette with many roots, not minute........................................................................................... Pistia

2b. Plants small to minute, few-rooted to rootless, thallus-like leafless bodies....................................................................................... 3

3a. Roots present ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 4

4a. One root per frond .................................................................................................................................................................... Lemna

4b. Several roots per frond ......................................................................................................................................................... Spirodela

3b. Roots absent........................................................................................................................................................................................ 5

5a. Fronds globose to ovoid ......................................................................................................................................................... Wolffia *

5b. Fronds flat, with airspaces.................................................................................................................................................. Wolffiella *

1b. Plants terrestrial or helophytes, climbing hemiepiphytes, epiphytes or lithophytes or other but never floating ............................... 6

6a. Flowers with obvious perigone of free or fused tepals....................................................................................................................... 7

7a. Higher order leaf venation parallel to primary lateral veins; tissues with abundant trichosclereids........................... Spathiphyllum

7b. Higher order leaf venation clearly reticulated; tissues without trichosclereids or trichosclereids very few...................................... 8

8a. Stem aerial, not tuberous or rhizomatous.......................................................................................................................... Anthurium

8b. Stem typically subterranean ............................................................................................................................................................... 9

9a. Leaf blade dracontioid (blades basally trifurcate, thereafter further divided, or at least basally trifurcate...................... Dracontium

9b. Leaf blade deeply sagittate or lanceolate.......................................................................................................................... Urospatha *

6b. Flowers without perigone of free or fused tepals ............................................................................................................................. 10

10a. Flowers bisexual; spadix uniform in appearance with flowers of only one type (sometimes with sterile flowers at spadix base). 11

11a. Petiole usually very short with non-annular insertion; trichosclereids not present in tissues, leaf never perforated or lobed; primary lateral veins forming distinct submarginal vein ............................................................................................................... Heteropsis *

11b. Petiole well-developed with annular insertion and usually conspicuous sheath; trichosclereids present in tissues ........................ 12

12a. Ovary 1-locular or incompletely 2-locular ................................................................................................................... Epipremnum *

12b. Ovary 2–5-locular............................................................................................................................................................................. 13

13a. Leaf blade entire; seeds fusiform, claviform or lenticular, less than 3 mm long, endosperm present; ovules (2–)3-many per locule .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14

14a. Placentation basal; seeds fusiform to claviform; leaf blades thickly coriaceous ..................................................... Stenospermation

14b. Placentation axile; seeds lenticular and flattened, strongly curved; leaf blades mostly membranous ........................... Rhodospatha

13b. Leaf blade variously shaped, often perforated or pinnatifid or both; seeds globose to oblong, 6–22 mm long, the raphe S-shaped; endosperm absent; ovules 2 per locule................................................................................................................................. Monstera

10b. Flowers unisexual; spadix clearly divided into basal female zone and apical or intermediate male zone....................................... 15

15a. Stamens of each male flower free or only the filaments connate..................................................................................................... 16

16a. Higher order leaf venation reticulate................................................................................................................................................ 17

17a. Spadix fertile to apex, terminal appendix absent. Robust herb ................................................................................. Montrichardia *

17b. Spadix with ± smooth terminal appendix. Small herb ................................................................................................. Zomicarpella *

16b. Higher order leaf venation parallel-pinnate...................................................................................................................................... 18

18a. Upper part of spathe persisting as long as lower part; ovary 1-many locular; thecae dehiscing by subapical pores or longitudinal slits; connective usually conspicuously thickened ........................................................................................................................... 19

19a. Spathe variously shaped, never campanulate; peduncle usually short ............................................................................................. 20

20a. Plants suffruticose. Fruits conspicuous red or pink berries not surrounded by a persistent spathe................................. Aglaonema *

20b. Plants not suffruticose. Fruits various, if red or orange berries then surrounded by a persistent spathe ......................................... 21

21a. Climbing hemiepiphytes, epiphytes or terrestrial herbs with petiolar sheath much reduced; if petiolar sheath well-developed then plants climbing; leaf blades highly variable – ranging from linear-lanceolate to complexly bipinnatifid; ovules orthotropous or hemianatropous.............................................................................................................................................................. Philodendron

21b. Plants always terrestrial, rarely aquatic, never climbing or epiphytic; petiolar sheath well developed; often armed with prickles; leaves lanceolate, elliptic, oblong, subtriangular or cordate to sagittate; ovules anatropous............................................ Adelonema

19b. Spathe obconic to campanulate; plants from Southern Africa (naturalized in America and Asia); peduncle long, sometimes longer than leaves ...................................................................................................................................................................... Zantedeschia

18b. Upper part of spathe marcescent or caducous at anthesis, lower part long-persistent; ovary 1-locular; thecae dehiscing by apical pores, connective not conspicuously thickened.............................................................................................................. Philonotion *

15b. Stamens of each male flower entirely connate into a distinct synandrium. ............................................................................ 22

22a. Laticifers simple ........................................................................................................................................................... Dieffenbachia

22b. Laticifers anastomosing.................................................................................................................................................................... 23

23a. Plants climbing hemiepiphytes, sometimes creeping on ground in submature growth, internodes long; berries connate into a syncarp............................................................................................................................................................................... Syngonium

23b. Plants terrestrial or geophytic, rarely aquatic, not climbing; internodes very short, berries free from each other .......................... 24

24a. Spadix without an appendix (occasionally absent in Colocasia esculenta , excluded here)............................................................. 25

25a. Pollen shed in tetrads; style usually laterally thickened or expanded into a diaphanous mantle; leaf blade entire or pedatifid...... 26

26a. Spathe tube subglobose, inflated; female zone of spadix free; styles normally discoid (laterally swollen) and coherent; synandrodes (sterile flowers) between male and female flowers well-developed, ± prismatic ........................................................... Xanthosoma

26b. Spathe tube narrow, elongate; female zone of spadix mostly adnate to spathe; stylar region thin, spreading, diaphanous, mantlelike; synandrodes (sterile flowers) betweeen male and female flowers usually irregular or fungiform, not prismatic Chlorospatha

25b. Pollen shed in monads; stylar region not laterally expanded; leaf blade entire or trifid ...................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... Caladium (including Phyllotaenium lindenii )

24b. Spadix with an appendix (occasionally absent in Colocasia esculenta ); palaeotropical plants....................................................... 27

27a. Placentas parietal; ovules many; leaf blade always entire................................................................................................... Colocasia

27b. Placenta basal; ovules few; leaf blade entire or pinnatifid .................................................................................................... Alocasia

Checklist of the Araceae of Boyacá ( Table 5 )

New records for Boyacá

For the Araceae one new genus and 57 new species records are registered for Boyacá.

New genus record: Adelonema .

New species records: Adelonema picturatum , A. wendlandii , Anthurium amoenum , A. breviscapum , A. clavigerum , A. crassinervium , A. denudatum , A. eminens , A. fendleri , A. formosum , A. glaucospadix , A. gracile , A. hodgei , A. lingua , A. longegeniculatum , A. macarenense , A. magnificum , A. mindense , A. obtusilobum , A. ptarianum , A. pulverulentum , A. sagittatum , A. uleanum , A. versicolor , Dieffenbachia parlatorei , D. seguine , Monstera dubia , M. lechleriana , Philodendron barrosoanum , P. deflexum , P. fragrantissimum , P. grandipes , P. gloriosum , P. hederaceum , P. holtonianum , P. inaequilaterum , P. longirrhizum , P. ornatum , P. radiatum , P. sagittifolium , P. tenue , P. wurdackii , Phyllotaenium lindenii , Pistia stratiotes , Rhodospatha latifolia , R. wendlandii , Spathiphyllum cannifolium , S. friedrichsthalii , S. wallisii , Stenospermation angosturense , S. angustifolium , S. popayanense , S. wallisii , Syngonium podophyllum , Xanthosoma caquetense , X. helleborifolium , Zantedeschia aethiopica .

Number of ENDEMIC SPECIES

Twelve species of Araceae are endemic to Boyacá

Excluded species

The seven species below were recorded for Boyacá in the CPLC or elsewhere in the relevant literature but are excluded from our checklist either because a) the binomial is a synonym of another name, or b) the specimen(s) on which the record for Boyacá was based was(were) misidentified.

Anthurium corrugatum Sodiro : the species does not occur in Boyacá.

Anthurium nitidum Benth. ; the species does not occur in Boyacá.

Anthurium pulchrum Engl = A. oxybelium Schott

Anthurium tenerum Engl. ; the species does not occur in Boyacá.

Xanthosoma hylaeae Engl. & K. Krause ; the species does not occur in Boyacá.

Xanthosoma robustum Schott ; the species does not occur in Boyacá.

Xanthosoma undipes (K. Koch & C.D. Bouché) K. Koch ; the species does not occur in Boyacá.

Remarks

Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G.Donis is widely cultivated as a subsistence crop and as an ornamental.

Anthurium magnificum Linden is an attractive plant used in horticulture.

The determination of Anthurium pulverulentum Sodiro is not confirmed.

Anthurium scandens (Aubl.) Engl. is the most widespread aroid in the New World.

Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. is widely used in horticulture; it is a common plant of roadsides and steep slopes in forests.

The type specimen of Chlorospatha croatiana var. enneaphylla Grayum is from Boyacá.

Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott is widely cultivated for the edible tuber.

Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott is a widespread and variable species which includes D. maculata (G. Lodd) Sweet as a synonym. Dracontium spruceanum (Schott) G.H.Zhu is the most widespread and morphologically variable member of this genus.